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PROGRAMMING SPECIFICATION
BOOT11
PDP-11 BOOTSTRAP FROM PDP-10
Date: 12-Oct-72
File: BOOT11.RNO
Edition: 1
***COPYRIGHT 1972, DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP., MAYNARD, MASS.***
This document reflects the software as of
version 4(34).
The information in this memorandum is subject
to change without notice and should not be
construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment
Corporation.
Actual distribution of the software described
in this specification will be subject to terms
and conditions to be announced at some future
date by Digital Equipment Corporation.
Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no
responsibility for the use or reliability of
its software on equipment which is not supplied
by Digital Equipment Corporation.
BOOT11 Page 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
BOOT11 is a bootstrap program designed to load or dump
programs from the PDP-10 into a PDP-11 thru the PDP-10,
PDP-11 Data Link (DL10). The two main functions of BOOT11
are:
1. Loading a program into PDP-11 memory from a PDP-10
disk file or the PDP-10 paper tape reader.
Warning: BOOT11 reads ONLY formatted binary PDP-11
files.
2. Dumping PDP-11 memory into a PDP-10 disk file,
creating an ASCII listing of the contents of the
PDP-11 suitable for listing on a line printer.
BOOT11 runs in USER mode under a DECsystem-10 timesharing
system. It requires a minimum of 2K of memory but expands
for IO buffers and for the common memory area the DL10
provides to the PDP-11. BOOT11 "locks" itself in PDP-10
memory and does IO instructions direct to the DL10 hardware.
For this to work, the BOOT11 job must have privileges for
the TRPSET and LOCK functions of the timesharing system.
2.0 OPERATION AND COMMAND STRING FORMAT
The program BOOT11 should normally reside in the system SYS:
area. "R BOOT11" starts the program which responds by
typing
FILE:
and waiting for some typed input, terminated by a carriage
return. The expected input is a standard DECsystem-10 file
descriptor, followed by switches telling BOOT11 what to do:
2.1 Loading the PDP-11
/LOAD:S Load the PDP-11 from the specified
PDP-10 file and set the starting address
to the octal value S.
/START:S Load the PDP-11 from the specified
PDP-10 file and start the -11 at octal
location S. If :S is not present, the
default :S is the starting address from
the file loaded. If the starting
address from the file or from :S is odd,
do /LOAD and don't start.
BOOT11 Page 3
/CLEAR:C Zero PDP-11 memory from 0 to C-1.
/CLEAR can be used with /LOAD or /START
to zero -11 memory before loading.
/IMAGE Read the PDP-11 load file in /IMAGE
mode. The PDP-11 assemblers can write
binary files in the DECsystem-10 file
system in either a "packed" or an
"unpacked" format. The /IMAGE switch
tells BOOT11 to assume "unpacked" form.
Reading from the paper tape reader
automatically sets the /IMAGE switch so
the file is read in the "unpacked"
format.
/PORTNO:P Do the specified operation for PDP-11
number P. (PDP-11s 0-3 are on DL10#0,
4-7 are on DL10#1.)
/CLEAR, /IMAGE and /PORTNO may be used with /LOAD or /START.
/LOAD and /START may not be used together.
2.2 Dumping the PDP-11
/DUMP:M Dump PDP-11 memory starting at octal
location M into the specified PDP-10
file.
/END:N N-1 is the last address of the dump.
/PORTNO:P Do the specified operation for PDP-11
number P. (PDP-11s 0-3 are on DL10#0,
4-7 are on DL10#1.)
These three switches may be used together. /DUMP is
required for dumping.
2.3 Getting Help
/HELP Read and type the help text from file
SYS:BOOT11.HLP
BOOT11 Page 4
2.4 Defaults
Standard default values are assumed for any parts of the
file descriptor or switch values not explicitly specified:
Item Default value
DEVICE: DSK:
FILENAME PDPXIp
"p" represents the PDP-11 number
from /PORTNO:P.
EXTENSION .BIN for loading ,or
.LSD for dumping
(A blank extension may be specifed
by explicitly typing a dot with no
extension following it.)
[PROJ,PROG] [self], allows SFD's
:C First UNIBUS trap
:M 0
:N First UNIBUS trap
:S starting address in input file
:P 0
If no switches are specified, BOOT11 defaults to /START. If
the entire input command is omitted and only a carriage
return is typed, the default action is:
DSK:PDPXI0.BIN/START/PORTNO:0
The simplest dump command is /D. The defaults expand to:
DSK:PDPXI0.LSD/DUMP:0/END:first UNIBUS trap/PORTNO:0
The switches may all be abbreviated to their first letter or
letters.
3.0 PDP-11 FORMATTED (ABSOLUTE) BINARY FILES
(Formatted binary is completely described in the PDP-11
PAPER TAPE SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING HANDBOOK, DEC-11-GGPB-D,
page 6-11, under "6.2.3 Absolute Loader Operation.")
BOOT11 reads only PDP-11 formatted binary files . These
files may be produced (at present) by any of five programs:
1. MACRO-11 (which runs on the PDP-11). The ".ENABL
ABS" pseudo instruction or the "/EN:ABS" switch in
the command string produces the binary output in
formatted binary form.
2. MACX11 (which runs on the PDP-10). The ".ABS"
BOOT11 Page 5
pseudo instruction gives formatted binary output.
The output may be directed to the file system or to
paper tape. The /I switch in the command string
gives "unpacked" formatted binary. The MACX11
assembler is not supported by Digital now; the
MACY11 assembler is the supported PDP-11 assembler
running on the PDP-10.
3. MACY11 (which runs on the PDP-10). The ".ENABL
ABS" pseudo instruction, the ".ABS" pseudo
instruction (which is not preferred), and the
"/EN:ABS" switch in the command string may be used
to give formatted binary output. The /I command
string switch gives "unpacked" binary output as
opposed to "packed" output which is the normal
default.
4. LINK (running on the PDP-11) loads relocatable
binary files and produces formatted binary output.
5. LNKX11, the PDP-10 executable version of LINK,
reads relocatable binary files for the PDP-11 and
produces formatted binary output. The /I command
string switch gives "unpacked" binary output as
opposed to "packed" output which is the normal
default.
There are two versions of formatted binary output produced
by MACX11, MACY11 and LNKX11: "packed" and "unpacked." The
"packed" variation is the normal default and consists of
four 8-bit frames of formatted binary output packed into one
PDP-10 word. (The packed binary files are very conveniently
stored in the PDP-10 file system.) The packed format cannot
be punched onto paper tape directly with any current program
other than the paper tape spooler. QUEUE's /TAPE:ELEVEN
switch tells the spooler to unpack the packed data for the
paper tape punch.
The "unpacked" variation consists of one 8-bit frame per
PDP-10 word and is produced by using the /I command string
switch. The "unpacked" variation is the required form of
the binary data if it is to be punched onto paper tape
either directly or with PIP. (If PIP is used PIP's /I
switch is required.)
BOOT11 reads either "packed" or "unpacked" binary data. For
"unpacked" data, the /IMAGE switch is required. If BOOT11
reads an "unpacked" file from the file system without the
/IMAGE switch, it detects an error and prints a warning
message, sets the /IMAGE switch and starts the loading
operation over again. When reading from the paper tape
reader, BOOT11 always sets the /IMAGE switch itself, so no
/IMAGE switch is required in the command string.
PDP-11 paper tapes in formatted binary may be transferred to
BOOT11 Page 6
the -10 file system for future use. The tape should be
placed in the PDP-10 paper tape reader with the read head in
the blank tape area after the punched title, if any, and
before the binary data. (The start of the binary data is
indicated by a frame of 1 followed by a frame of 0.) PIP,
with the /I switch, copies the tape into the file system.
Files tranferred this way are in the "unpacked" format. Use
the /IMAGE switch in BOOT11.
4.0 GENERAL INTERNAL OPERATION
BOOT11 uses the DL10 hardware to load, clear, or dump the
PDP-11 memory and to start or stop the PDP-11 processor
itself.
The PDP-11/15 console panel (KY11C) has a "remote control
cable" that plugs into the DL10. This cable enables the
DL10 to toggle the PDP-11 HALT and START switches remotely,
to examine the state of PDP-11 power, and to determine if
the PDP-11 is running or is stopped. When the DL10 starts
the PDP-11, the DL10 sends the starting address to the
PDP-11 over the Unibus. The starting address (100002) is in
an area of -11 memory to which the DL10 responds and
supplies data from PDP-10 memory cores. In effect, a PDP-11
program is started which executes out of PDP-10 memory.
This PDP-11 program is part of BOOT11 and has the major
function of transferring data from the -10 to the -11 for
loading and clearing operations, or from the -11 to the -10
for the dumping operation. BOOT11 either supplies data to
the -11 from the formatted binary input file, or takes the
PDP-11 core image and writes an -11 dump file on some -10
device.
Various things can go wrong with these operations. Error
messages are generated for any of a multitude of
malfunctions. These messages are listed in the next
section.
5.0 BOOT11 PROGRESS MESSAGES AND WARNINGS
" PDP-11 loading
The PDP-11 is being loaded with the formatted
binary input file data.
" PDP-11 loaded
" PDP-11 started
The loading is complete and the PDP-11 is now
executing code in its own memory.
" PDP-11 dumping
The PDP-11 memory is being dumped into a
BOOT11 Page 7
PDP-10 file.
" PDP-11 dumped
" Clearing PDP-11
The -11 memory is being zeroed.
% File zero byte count--trying again in /IMAGE mode
This warning message indicates that the
formatted binary input file is not in
"packed" form and probably is really
"unpacked" data. BOOT11 sets the /IMAGE
switch and tries to load the file again in
the "unpacked" format.
5.1 Command String Error Messages
? Can't /CLEAR and /DUMP at the same time
? Can't /LOAD and /DUMP at the same time
? Can't do both /LOAD and /START
? Port number must be 0-7
? Ambiguous switch--type /H for help
? Unknown switch--type /H for help
? Command error--type /H for help
5.2 Formatted Binary File Input Error Messages
? Can't OPEN the input device
The input device does not exist or is in use.
(Also refer to the DECsystem-10 MONITOR CALLS
Manual.)
? LOOKUP failed
The input file is not found, is read
protected, or the input device doesn't do
input. (Also refer to the DECsystem-10
MONITOR CALLS Manual.)
? EOF at start of file group
This and the next five EOF failures occur
when the end of the input file is reached and
more data is required for the binary format.
? EOF after file constant 1
? EOF during data in file group
? EOF found when looking for checksum
? EOF during first byte of a word
? EOF during second byte of a word
? Input file read error
? File group has junk instead of constant 0
This and the next five errors indicate that
the input binary file is not in the correct
BOOT11 Page 8
data format.
? File group has junk instead of constant 1
? File group byte count less than 6
? Junk bits in input file
? Junk in input file--may not be /IMAGE mode
Reading a "packed" formatted input file with
the /IMAGE switch will normally produce this
message. Try again without the /IMAGE
switch.
? Junk after start group
Not enough zero 8-bit frames are on the end
of the file. A paper tape torn to close to
the end of the binary data will give this
message. Leave at least ten zero frames on
the tape end (at least one inch or 2.5cm).
? Checksum failure
The data check in the binary file is wrong
for some unknown reason.
5.3 Dump File Output Error Messages
? Can't OPEN the output device
The output device does not exist or is in
use. (Also refer to the DECsystem-10 MONITOR
CALLS Manual.)
? ENTER failed
The output file is being modified or the file
or the UFD is write protected. Also see the
DECsystem-10 MONITOR CALLS manual.
? Output device error
Insufficient room exists on the output device
for the dump file. (Refer to the
DECsystem-10 MONITOR CALLS Manual.)
5.4 Miscellaneous Failure Messages
? Insufficient core
BOOT11 needs more memory and can't get it
from the Monitor. Call your DEC salesman.
? TRPSET failed
The job does not have the privileges for
TRPSET, or TRPSET is not built into this
version of the Monitor. (See your friendly
system manager.)
BOOT11 Page 9
? LOCK failed
The job does not have LOCK priveleges, LOCK
is not built into the Monitor, doing the LOCK
UUO would exclude from memory an already
existent job, or locking the job would cause
the amount of unlocked memory to be less than
CORMIN. In this last case, persuade the
operator to "SET CORMIN n" to a smaller
value.
? NXM in -11 memory
The PDP-11 had a bus trap failure. This
usually results from trying to load or dump
more PDP-11 memory than exists. (Your DEC
salesman can arrange for more PDP-11 memory.)
? NXM or parity error in -10 memory
This shouldn't happen. The DL10 has
referenced non-existent PDP-10 memory or has
discovered a memory problem. Notify DEC of
any parity errors.
? PDP-11 won't start--check HALT switch
The DL10 can't start the PDP-11 within one
second. The usual reason is the PDP-11 HALT
switch is depressed. Check the HALT switch
and try again.
? PDP-11 won't stop
The DL10 can't stop the PDP-11. The problem
is likely the control cable from the DL10 to
the PDP-11.
? PDP-11 absent or power off
Either a DL10 is not connected to the PDP-10,
the PDP-11 or the DL10 has its power turned
off, or there is not a DL10.
? PDP-11 took too long in transfer loop
BOOT11 has counters in each wait loop for the
PDP-11. The counter counted out one second
before the PDP-11 completed a step in a
PDP-10/PDP-11 transfer operation for /LOAD,
/DUMP, or /CLEAR.
[End of BOOT11.RNO]