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TOPS-20
ARPANET USER UTILITIES GUIDE
AA-5221A-TM
AD-5221A-T1
AA-5221B-TM
Preliminary Draft
October, 1983
This manual describes the TOPS-20
utility programs available to users of
the Advanced Research Project Agency
NETwork. (ARPANET)
OPERATING SYSTEM AND VERSION: TOPS-20 (KL MODEL B), V6.0
SOFTWARE AND VERSION: TELNET Version 6
FTP Version 6
ISTATS Version 6
IPHOST Version 6
To order additional copies of this document, contact the Software
Distribution Center, Digital Equipment Corporations, Maynard,
Massachusetts 01754
Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts
1
First Printing, June 1978
Updated, November 1979
Updated, Janaury 1980
Revised, 1984
The information in this document is subject to change without notice
and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment
Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility
for any errors that may appear in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license
and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such
license.
Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use or
reliability of its software on equipment that is not supplied by
DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.
Copyright C , 1978, 1980, 1984 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
All Rights Reserved.
The postage-prepaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this
document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist us in
preparing future documentation.
The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:
DIGITAL DECsystem-10 MASSBUS
DEC DECtape OMNIBUS
PDP DIBOL OS/8
DECUS EDUSYSTEM PHA
UNIBUS FLIP CHIP RSTS
COMPUTER LABS FOCAL RSX
COMTEX INDAC TYPESET-8
DDT LAB-8 TMS-11
DECCOMM DECSYSTEM-20 TYPESET-11
DECSYSTEM-2020 TYPESET-20
2
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPS-20 ARPANET USER UTILITIES
1.1 USING ARPANET UTILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 INVOKING THE UTILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.3 TYPING FILE SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
CHAPTER 2 THE TELNET PROGRAM
2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 USERS AND SERVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 CREATING A TELNET CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.4 TERMINAL INPUT MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.5 RUNNING TELNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.5.1 CONNECT Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.5.2 TELNET Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.6 EXITING TELNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.7 GETTING HELP WITH TELNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.8 TELNET COMMAND CHARACTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.9 TELNET COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.10 CHANGING TELNET PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
2.11 CREATING A TELNET.CMD FILE . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
2.12 CREATING A TELNET LOG FILE . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.13 TAKING COMMANDS FROM FILES . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.14 TELNET MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
CHAPTER 3 THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 USING FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.3 RUNNING FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.4 EXITING FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.5 GETTING HELP WITH FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.6 FTP COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.6.1 Requesting Data Transfers or Remote File System
Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
3.6.2 FTP Information Commands . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.6.3 Controlling FTP Transfer Parameters . . . . . 3-16
3.7 RESPONSE CODES AND MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
3.7.1 Response-Coding System . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
CHAPTER 4 TSTATS
4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 RUNNING TSTATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.3 INTERPRETING TSTATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
3
CHAPTER 5 IPHOST
5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 RUNNING IPHOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.3 EXITING IPHOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.4 GETTING HELP WITH IPHOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.5 IPHOST COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.6 IPHOST MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
4
PREFACE
The TOPS-20 ARPANET User Utilties Guide is written for users who
communicate with remote sites on the Advanced Research Project Agency
NETwork (ARPANET). Before using this manual, you should be familiar
with the information contained in the latest version of Getting
Started with TOPS-20, the TOPS-20 User's Guide, and the TOPS-20
Commands Reference Manual.
This manual contains detailed information on the following TOPS-20
ARPANET utility programs: TELNET, FTP, TSTATS, and IPHOST.
Information in the manual is current as of the version of the utility
stated on the title page of this manual. Tutorial and reference
material is available in each chapter to accommodate inexperienced and
experienced ARPANET users.
The following conventions are used in the TOPS-20 ARPANET User
Utilties Guide:
<RET> Indicates that you press the RETURN key. On
some terminals, this key is labeled CR.
<ESC> Indicates that you press the ESCAPE (ESC)
key. This key is labeled ALT on some
terminals.
<CTRL/X> Indicates that you press the CONTROL (CTRL)
key and at the same time press the letter or
symbol indicated after the slash (/).
file spec Indicates a file specification.
The current version of the following TOPS-20 documents are referenced
in this manual:
TOPS-20 User's Guide
TOPS-20 Monitor Calls User's Guide
5
1-1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPS-20 ARPANET USER UTILITIES
The TOPS-20 ARPANET user utility programs allow users to connect to
remote sites on the Advanced Research Agency NETwork (ARPANET) and to
function as local users at the remote site. Once connected to a
remote site, you have access to the resources of the remote site. You
will be able to create directories; create, edit, and run programs;
create and edit files; transfer files and data between the local and
the remote site; communicate with users at both the local and remote
site; and obtain information about sites and the status of connections
between sites.
The following utility programs are described in this manual:
o The TELNET program, which allows you to communicate with
remote sites (Chapter 2)
o The FTP program, which allows you to transfer files and data
between local and remote sites (Chapter 3)
o The TSTATS program, which allows you to check the status of
host connections (Chapter 4)
o The IPHOST program, which allows you to get information about
hosts. IPHOST also allows an operator to cycle the ARPANET
(Chapter 5)
1.1 USING ARPANET UTILITIES
Three manuals, Getting Started with TOPS-20, the TOPS-20 User's Guide,
and the TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual, describe the commands that
are needed to use the TOPS-20 operating system. There are commands,
however, that are specific to ARPANET users. The commands needed to
use the TOPS-20 ARPANET utilities are described in this manual.
1-1
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPS-20 ARPANET USER UTILITIES
1.2 INVOKING THE UTILITIES
To invoke the ARPANET utilities, you need to be logged in to your
system. Type the name of the program after the TOPS-20 prompt (@) and
press the RETURN key. This invokes the utility program. The utility
then prompts you for input. The general format for invoking utilities
is:
@ Utility name <RET>
Utility prompt
1.3 TYPING FILE SPECIFICATIONS
The ARPANET utilities allow you to communicate with hosts that have
operating systems that are different from the one you are working on.
For this reason, each utility described in this manual documents the
format for typing file specifications. The use of recognition and
wildcards is also documented on a chapter by chapter basis.
1-2
CHAPTER 2
THE TELNET PROGRAM
2.1 INTRODUCTION
TELNET is a TOPS-20 utility that provides communication between
ARPANET hosts by establishing a connection between a local and a
remote host. This connection makes it appear as if you are a local
user at the remote site. TELNET accomplishes this by converting
terminals attached to a host running TOPS-20 software into a TELNET
connection.
2.2 USERS AND SERVERS
ARPANET installations, including Terminal Access Controllers (TACs),
are classified as users or servers. These terms are used to
distinguish the manner in which resources are shared. The terms are
also used to determine the roles of each host during a TELNET
connection.
The way resources are shared is established by each ARPANET
installation. A server installation shares its resources among all
ARPANET sites. A user uses the resources of other sites, but does not
share its resources. The classification of a resource as a user may
be determined by security requirements or by lack of resources at the
site. TACs, for example, have no resources to share. Do not attempt
a TELNET connection to a host classified as a user.
The terms user and server also define the function of the two hosts
during a TELNET connection. Used in this manner, the term user
designates the host that is using the resources of another site. The
server is providing the service. For example, two sites, Host A and
Host B, are classified as servers. Host A establishes a connection to
Host B. For the duration of the TELNET connection, Host A is
classified as a user, and Host B acts as a server.
In addition to an understanding of the terms user and server, you must
also be aware of the rules governing TELNET connections at your site
2-1
THE TELNET PROGRAM
and at the remote site. Check with your System Manager regarding the
rules and times for TELNET connections. Also, become familiar with
the requirements of the remote sites to which you make connections.
This is necessary because some sites require that you set up an
account with a specific individual at their site. Some sites require
a password unique to the individual user, while others allow a group
password such as "guest". Some sites restrict TELNET connections to a
designated time interval. Reading the ARPANET RESOURCE HANDBOOK, a
publication of the Network Information Center (NIC), is helpful. At
least one copy is available at each ARPANET site. The handbook is
organized by sites and contains such information as:
o Address and personnel contacts
o Main function and interest
o Tables containing host names and addresses, IMP number,
status (Server, User, TAC)
o Service schedules
o Typical load and peak load time
o Hardware and operating system
2.3 CREATING A TELNET CONNECTION
Creating a satisfactory TELNET connection is basic to TELNET.
Therefore, understanding the principles of TELNET protocol
negotiations helps you:
o Request added (more sophisticated) capabilities
o Request different capabilities
o Avoid option commands that will not be honored
o Avoid unnecessary option commands
o Make efficient use of available commands
TELNET negotiations for assigning capabilities to the TELNET
connection and the TELNET connection itself are invisible to you. A
completed connection appears to be direct.
What happens:
2-2
THE TELNET PROGRAM
What appears to happen:
The program has already created the TELNET connection. Refer to
Figure 2-1 for a more accurate and complete diagram of a TELNET
connection.
Once you type the TELNET command, a set of "current modes" for the
TELNET connection is available to you and TELNET. These values, such
as local echo, are a set of minimal capabilities that most hosts on
the ARPANET possess. The current modes form the basis for
negotiations; they are the default modes and exist for the TELNET
connection except as specifically changed by TELNET negotiations.
Following the establishment of the connection, TELNET has access to:
o The default values
o The actual capabilities of the user terminal
o The actual capabilities of the server terminal
o The preferences of user and server
-- As they exist in files (such files are helpful but are
optional)
-- As given in TELNET commands by user or server
TELNET considers all the above factors and selects a set of values
representing a "best fit" for the TELNET connection. TELNET resolves
differences in capabilities and option requests according to the
following practices:
o A server is expected to allow a user all terminal options
that the server supplies to local users.
o Either party to a proposed connection may refuse to change a
default mode. Each party must accept the other's refusal.
o All hosts are expected to use their local terminal in such a
way as to appear to be dealing with the TELNET connection.
For example, if the TELNET connection has been negotiated as
having local echo, both hosts for this connection must be
prepared to interpret local echo.
o Option requests may be made during the TELNET session to
change the TELNET connection to suit a changed condition.
Option requests may then be negotiated back to the TELNET
connection.
2-3
THE TELNET PROGRAM
o A rejected option request should never be repeated until
something changes. For example, wait until a different task
or information is received from the other end.
o A bidirectional 7- or 8-bit byte is the facility supported by
the TOPS-20 user TELNET program. The most significant bit is
controlled by the TRANSPARENT command. See Section 2.9 for a
discussion of the TRANSPARENT command.
Most TELNET connections are negotiated by the program. Connections to
hosts with very different hardware/software facilities, however, may
require several option requests.
2.4 TERMINAL INPUT MODES
Because TELNET communicates with foreign hosts, TELNET distinguishes
between terminal input that is a command to the program, and terminal
input that is part of the user-to-server or server-to-user
communication. TALK mode and EXTENDED TALK mode serve these functions
in TELNET.
When a connection to a TELNET remote host is established, you enter
TALK mode. In this mode, you are talking directly to the remote host.
You are no longer dealing with the TELNET command protocol. The only
exceptions to this rule are:
o If you are not in TRANSPARENT mode, TALK mode will be
affected. TRANSPARENT mode is discussed in Section 2.9.
o OPAQUE and PAGE mode also affect TALK mode. These modes are
discussed in Section 2.10.
o If you hit the escape character, you are automatically
returned to Command level.
TALK mode is the only mode in which many of the TELNET commands and
arguments are valid. Command descriptions note whether or not
commands are valid in TALK mode.
EXTENDED TALK mode allows you to return to the local host to perform
certain tasks, such as logging file usage or renegotiating TELNET
parameters, without interfering with the terminal function you are
performing at the remote host. Once a command has been completed in
EXTENDED TALK mode, you are returned to TALK mode. Enabling the
EXTENDED TALK function of TELNET is discussed in Section 2.9.
Generally, EXTENDED TALK mode is entered from TALK mode. If, however,
you create a TELNET.CMD file (see Section 2.11 for a discussion of
TELNET.CMD files), you can enter EXTENDED TALK mode as soon as you
establish a TELNET connection. Command descriptions note whether or
2-4
THE TELNET PROGRAM
not the command is valid in EXTENDED TALK mode.
2.5 RUNNING TELNET
To run the TELNET program, you must already be logged in to your
system. You can determine if the ARPANET is available by using the
INFORMATION (ABOUT) ARPANET-STATUS command. This command gives you
information about the ARPANET status:
@INFORMATION (ABOUT) ARPANET <RET>
ARPANET service is enabled
The IMP interface is up
Most recent IMP ready line on-transition: 15-Dec-83 03:10:28
Most recent IMP ready line off-transition: 15-Dec-83 03:03:17
@
To run TELNET, type TELNET in response to the TOPS-20 prompt. You are
then prompted with the TELNET prompt followed by a right angle
bracket(>), as in:
@TELNET <RET>
TELNET>
Following this prompt, type the name, nickname, or host id of the host
you are attempting to connect to. You then receive a message
indicating the status of the connection that is being attempted. In
the following example, there is a successful connection to the foreign
host.
EXAMPLE:
Market - LCG's Timesharing System, TOPS-20 Monitor 5.3(5000)
@LOGIN PAETZOLD (PASSWORD) <RET>
Job 29 on TTY233 15-Dec-83 14:02:82
@TELNET <RET>
TELNET>RADC-TOPS20 <RET>
Trying...Open
In the next example, however, TELNET can not make a successful
connection. This example assumes that you are already logged in to
your system.
EXAMPLE: @TELNET<RET>
TELNET>SU-SCORE<RET>
Trying...Host dead, not scheduled up, up on Wednesday at 3:00 P.M. EST
@
If you are not able to make a successful connection, either choose a
different host or attempt a connection at the time indicated by the
TELNET message. For a list of available TELNET hosts, check the
2-5
THE TELNET PROGRAM
ARPANET RESOURCE HANDBOOK.
Once you are connected to an ARPANET site by means of TELNET,
typically the herald for that system appears. (Some ARPANET sites
have no herald. At this point, it is necessary for you to log in to
the remote system. Most ARPANET sites provide any unique information
needed to log in to that site. Therefore, be sure to read the herald
before you attempt to log in to the foreign host.
The example below shows the procedure for logging in to your own
system and then establishing a TELNET connection and logging in to the
foreign host.
Market - LCG's Timesharing System , TOPS-20 Monitor 5.3(5000)
@LOGIN PAETZOLD (PASSWORD) <RET>
Job 29 on TTY233 15-Dec-83 14:02:38 <RET>
@TELNET <RET>
TELNET>RADC-TOPS20 <RET>
Trying...Open
Rome Air Development Center, TOPS-20 Monitor 5.3(5000)
@LOGIN PAETZOLD (PASSWORD) <RET>
Job 11 on TTY64, last login 15-Dec-83 13:58:58
15-Dec-83 14:02:50, Up 7:53:27, 9+2 jobs
@
2.5.1 CONNECT Command
The CONNECT command can be used to establish a TELNET connection to a
remote site. The CONNECT command takes the form:
@TELNET CONNECT HOST-ID <RET>
where HOST-ID is the name of the remote site you want to connect to.
Using the CONNECT command eliminates the TELNET> prompt.
The following is an example of the CONNECT command:
@TELNET CONNECT DEC-MARLBORO
Trying...Open
Market - LCG'S Timesharing System, TOPS-20 Monitor 5.3(5000)
@
The CONNECT command is also used to establish a connection to a
specified host on a designated contact port. For a detailed
explanation of ports, see the following section. To use the CONNECT
command to establish a connection on a specified port, you must be in
EXTENDED TALK mode. The CONNECT command takes the form:
CONNECT (TO) INTERNET (HOST) host (ON PORT) port
2-6
THE TELNET PROGRAM
where host is either a recognized host name or a network name followed
by four 8-bit decimal numbers specifying the fields of the INTERNET
address. The numbers are separated from each other by periods.
The port specification for an INTERNET connection consists of two
8-bit decimal numbers from 1 to 255, separated by a period or a space.
The port default is 0,23.
An example of the use of the INTERNET CONNECT command is given below:
TELNET>CONNECT (TO) INTERNET (HOST)DEC-MARLBORO (ON PORT)SYSTAT <RET>
Trying...Open
Wed 15-Dec-83 14:11:05 Up 19:58:14
21+12 Jobs Load av 3.04 2.05 1.87
Job Line Program User Foreign Host
8 227 OPHIST REHILL.OPHIST
11 33 EXEC EIBEN
13 7 HELP SHERWIN
15 36 MM TITCOMB
.
.
.
Connection closed by foreign host
2.5.2 TELNET Ports
TELNET utilizes ports with the CONNECT command when establishing a
connection to a particular TELNET task. Once the task has been
executed by TELNET, the connection is closed by the remote host.
The argument line for the use of ports takes the form:
TELNET>CONNECT (TO) INTERNET (HOST) host name (ON PORT) port
where host name is the name of a recognized host name or host id (see
the ARPANET Handbook) and port is one of the following:
DAYTIME DISCARD ECHO FINGER FTP
OLD-TELNET SYSTAT TELNET TEXT TTYTST
You can use recognition and a question mark for help in typing the
correct argument line.
TELNET then establishes a connection to the remote host, performs the
task, and closes the connection. The following example shows the use
of ports in a TELNET session.
TELNET>INTERNET (HOST) DEC-MARLBORO (ON PORT) SYSTAT <RET>
Trying...Open
Wed 15-Dec-83 14:11:05 Up 19:58:14
2-7
THE TELNET PROGRAM
21+12 Jobs Load av 3.04 2.05 1.87
Job Line Program User Foreign host
8 227 OPHIST REHILL.OPHIST
11 33 EXEC EIBEN
13 7 HELP SHERWIN
15 36 MM TITCOMB
.
.
.
Connection closed by foreign host
2.6 EXITING TELNET
Two commands are used to exit from TELNET: CLOSE and EXIT.
To exit from TELNET TALK mode using the CLOSE command, type <CTRL/~>C
in response to the TELNET command prompt. The <CTRL/~>C is not echoed
on your terminal. You are then informed that the connection has been
closed:
Command: <CTRL/~>C
Connection closed
@
The CLOSE (Connection) command closes the network connection to the
remote host from EXTENDED TALK mode. Using this command returns you
to the TOPS-20 command level. To use this command, type:
TELNET>CLOSE <RET>
@
The EXIT or Quit (from TELNET) command returns you to command level
without closing the network connection. To use this command, type:
TELNET>EXIT <RET>
TELNET>
2.7 GETTING HELP WITH TELNET
There are two ways of getting help in using TELNET. Typing a ?
provides information on the single command or message that is
currently being displayed on the terminal. After typing the ? and
getting help, you are prompted for the next argument needed to
complete your command:
TELNET>ESCAPE (CHARACTER IS)? escape character in quotes
or ASCII code for character in octal
2-8
THE TELNET PROGRAM
To get information on running the TELNET program, use the HELP
command. Typing either HELP or TELNET HELP in response to the @
prompt prints a brief help text on how to use TELNET.
2.8 TELNET COMMAND CHARACTER
The TELNET protocol sends data to the foreign host. This data is not
interpreted by TELNET. It is only transmitted across the network.
The ^^character, which is the ASCII character 36, is the basic command
character TELNET uses to control the transmission of data. On a VT100
series terminal, this character is entered as <CTRL/~>.
The <CTRL/~> is the TELNET command character. This character
interacts with the TELNET program. The command character is followed
by an additional character to specify the action to be taken. If the
command character is followed by itself, as in <CTRL/~><CTRL/~>, the
command character is transmitted to the remote host.
The command character is not echoed on your terminal. However, in
this manual, command characters are shown in the examples.
2.9 TELNET COMMANDS
TELNET commands are specified by typing the TELNET command character
<CTRL/~> followed by another character that specifies the action to be
taken, as in <CTRL/~>P. The command sequence that you type is not
echoed on your terminal.
Some of the TELNET commands are only legal in TALK mode, while others
can only be used in EXTENDED TALK mode. These commands are explained
in detail below.
QUESTION MARK (?) COMMAND:
The Question Mark command, which is input by typing a <CTRL/~>?, gives
information about what is needed to complete your current task. The
following example shows the use of the ? command:
<CTRL/~>?
Type a single character command:
? This message
A Send ATTN
B Send BREAK
C Close connection
O Abort output
P Push to inferior EXEC
2-9
THE TELNET PROGRAM
S Status of TELNET connection
Q Quit
T Transparent Mode toggle
X Enter extended command mode
Typing the escape character twice sends it to the host.
Command:
ATTN (KEY) COMMAND:
The ATTN command can only be used in TALK mode. Its function is to
send the TELNET "interrupt process" protocol sequence for the
"Attention" signal. This command is used primarily for MULTICS or IBM
systems. To use this command, type <CTRL/~>A in TALK mode,as shown in
the following example:
<CTRL/~>A
BREAK COMMAND:
The BREAK command can only be used in TALK mode. Use the Break
command to send the TELNET "break" sequence and to terminate whatever
task is being performed at the remote host. To use this command, type
CTRL/~B in TALK mode, as in the following example:
<CTRL/~>B
CLOSE (CONNECTION) COMMAND:
As discussed previously, the CLOSE command is one method of exiting
from TELNET and closing the ARPANET connection. When you are in TALK
mode, typing the <CTRL/~>C returns you to the TELNET command level.
When in EXTENDED TALK mode, typing CLOSE in response to the TELNET
prompt closes the connection and returns you to TELNET command level.
An example of the use of the CLOSE command is given below.
Using the CLOSE command from TALK mode:
<CTRL/~>C
Connection closed by foreign host
Using the CLOSE Command from EXTENDED TALK mode:
TELNET>Close <RET>
Connection closed by foreign host
ABORT (OUTPUT) COMMAND:
The ABORT command is legal only in TALK mode. When you type a
2-10
THE TELNET PROGRAM
<CTRL/~>O, the TELNET "abort output" signal is sent to the remote host
and any output from the remote host is halted. To use this command,
type:
<CTRL/~>O
PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL) COMMAND:
You can use the PUSH command in either TALK or EXTENDED TALK mode.
The PUSH command functions in the same manner as it does at TOPS-20
command level. Use this command when you wish to perform a task at
your local host. When you have completed the task, typing POP returns
you to TELNET TALK mode.
Not only is the PUSH command useful for doing a temporary task at the
local host and then returning to TELNET, the command also protects you
against accidentally logging out while you still have an active
connection. You cannot log out once you have executed the PUSH
command.
To use this command in TALK mode, type <CTRL/~>P as in:
<CTRL/~>P
To use this command in EXTENDED TALK mode, type PUSH in response to
the TELNET command prompt, as in:
TELNET>PUSH <RET>
STATUS (OF TELNET CONNECTION) COMMAND:
The STATUS command allows you to ask the remote host to send a message
indicating that it is still available. This command is only legal in
TALK mode. Most often you receive a job/system message that
identifies the remote host. The minimum response you receive is a
yes.
To use the STATUS command, type <CTRL/~>S in response to the TELNET
prompt. Neither the control nor the command character is echoed on
your terminal. The most frequent response to this command is listed
in the example given below:
@<CTRL/~>S <RET>
This is DEC-TOPS20, ARPANET TCP/IP Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor 6(5646)
Connected to host DEC-TOPS20 via Internet
New TELNET protocol
Remote host is echoing
Line editor disabled
GA's are suppressed
Host is not sending binary
2-11
THE TELNET PROGRAM
Transparent mode disabled
Opaque mode disabled
Page mode disabled
No log file
No TAKE file
Simple talk command mode
Remote host status reply:
09:38:55 Used 0:00:00.2 in 0:00:12, Load 0.31
[NO] TRANSPARENT (MODE) COMMAND:
The TRANSPARENT command controls whether or not the most significant
bit of the 8-bit character (also called the edit key) is transmitted
to the remote host as an editing character. This command is legal
only in TALK mode. In TRANSPARENT mode, the edit key functions as a
character modifier at the remote host. When the [NO] TRANSPARENT
command is chosen, the edit key is suppressed and cannot be used as a
character modifier.
To enable TRANSPARENT mode, type either <CTRL/~>T or TRANSPARENT. To
suppress the edit key, use the NO TRANSPARENT command, which you
enable by typing a double <CTRL/~>T.
The following example shows the use of the TRANSPARENT command.
Remember neither the control character nor the single character is
echoed on your terminal.
<CTRL/~>T
[NO] EXTENDED (COMMAND MODE AUTOMATICALLY WHEN ESCAPE CHARACTER TYPED)
COMMAND:
The EXTENDED command controls entry into the EXTENDED TALK mode of
TELNET. You can use the EXTENDED command in two ways: to enter
EXTENDED TALK mode immediately upon entering TELNET, or to enter
EXTENDED TALK mode from TALK mode.
If you have created a TELNET.CMD file, you can place the EXTENDED
command in this file. If you use the EXTENDED command, you bypass
TALK mode and automatically enter EXTENDED TALK mode when you make a
TELNET connection. The default for the EXTENDED command is the NO
EXTENDED command. If the default is used, you enter TALK mode when
you enter TELNET.
NOTE
If you set EXTENDED in your TELNET.CMD file, you
cannot send the escape character <CTRL/~> to the
remote host.
2-12
THE TELNET PROGRAM
The EXTENDED command can also be used from TALK mode. When you are in
TALK mode, typing <CTRL/~>X places you in EXTENDED TALK mode. This
allows you to perform certain TELNET tasks at your local site without
interfering with the task being performed at the remote site.
2.10 CHANGING TELNET PARAMETERS
Four commands are available for changing TELNET transmission
parameters: ECHO, LINE, OPAQUE, and PAGE. Descriptions of each of
these commands are given below.
[NO] ECHO (BY REMOTE HOST) COMMAND:
The ECHO command controls which host performs echoing of user input.
When the NO ECHO command is enabled, echoing occurs at the local host
and is under TELNET protocol control. If the ECHO command is
specified, the remote host handles echoing. The ECHO parameter is
part of TELNET negotiations and must be agreed to by the remote host.
If the remote host does not agree to handle echoing, TELNET reverts
back to local echo. On most occasions, TELNET negotiates remote
echoing when establishing the TELNET connection.
Once a connection is in effect, ECHO or NO ECHO can be used only in
TALK mode. To use the ECHO command, type:
@TELNET>ECHO<RET>
[NO] LINE (EDITOR FOR LOCAL ECHO CONNECTIONS) COMMAND:
The LINE command controls the use of the TOPS-20 editing characters
rubout, CTRL/R, CTRL/W, and CTRL/U, as well as the manner in which
text is sent to the remote host. The LINE command can be used only
when local echoing is in effect.
When the LINE command is enabled, the rubout, CTRL/R, CTRL/W, and
CTRL/U characters can be used. Also, no text is sent to the remote
host until a carriage return or a line feed is typed. The LINE
command is useful for connections to a line-oriented system.
To use the LINE command, type LINE in response to the TELNET prompt:
@TELNET>LINE <RET>
[NO] OPAQUE (MODE) COMMAND:
The OPAQUE command controls the degree of local terminal handling that
is done during a TELNET session. When the OPAQUE command is enabled,
2-13
THE TELNET PROGRAM
the local host continues to handle such functions as padding and
keeping track of the cursor's position. The OPAQUE command is
generally used with terminals whose capabilities are different than
the terminal you are working on.
In addition, when the OPAQUE command is enabled, nulls are ignored;
and character conversion may take place. You will, in most instances,
not be able to use a display editor at the remote host. The OPAQUE
and PAGE commands must both be enabled in order to have automatic
holding at the end of the terminal screen.
The NO OPAQUE command is the TELNET default. The NO OPAQUE command
specifies that the remote host will handle all terminal functions. No
local terminal handling is done.
To use the OPAQUE command, type OPAQUE in response to the TELNET
prompt, as in the following example:
TELNET>OPAQUE<RET>
[NO] PAGE (MODE) COMMAND:
The PAGE command controls whether or not the local host handles
terminal paging. When the PAGE command is enabled, the local host
handles paging using the CTRL/Q and CTRL/S characters. There is no
way to send these characters to the remote host. If you enable the
PAGE command, you should also enable the OPAQUE command, since these
commands, used jointly, tell the local host how many lines of text
have been input.
Use the PAGE command when you need to have paging in effect and the
remote host will not or can not handle this task. For example, VT100
terminals in smooth scroll mode require faster handling than the
networks allow.
NO PAGE is the TELNET default command. When the NO PAGE command is in
effect, the CTRL/Q and CTRL/S characters are passed to the remote
host.
To use the PAGE command, type PAGE in response to the TELNET prompt,
as in the following example:
TELNET>PAGE<RET>
2.11 CREATING A TELNET.CMD FILE
A TELNET.CMD file, which is automatically read when you invoke TELNET,
is used to change TELNET's default behavior. If you want your
terminal to have command characters from a previous version of TELNET,
2-14
THE TELNET PROGRAM
you can place these commands in your TELNET.CMD file.
For example, if you want Y for the intercept character, immediate
entry into EXTENDED TALK mode, and OPAQUE mode (see Section 2.10),
create a TELNET.CMD file that contains the following:
ESCAPE 031 ;or a quoted control-y
EXTENDED
OPAQUE
PAGE
To determine how to define a command in your TELNET.CMD file, consult
the latest version of the TOPS-20 User's Guide.
2.12 CREATING A TELNET LOG FILE
To create a file that contains a transcript of your TELNET session,
use the LOG command. The command takes the form:
LOG (FILE IS) log file name
Where log file name is the name you choose for your file. The default
file name for a log file is TELNET.LOG.
TELNET's default is not to keep a log. If you want to have a log, you
must use the LOG command. Note that the LOG command only logs
information from the foreign host.
A CLOSE command automatically closes the log file. However, when
another connection is opened, the log file is reopened for append.
If you decide during your session that you no longer want a log file,
you can use the NO LOG command. To use this command, type:
@TELNET>NO LOG<RET>
This closes your log file.
The following example shows the creation of a log file.
@TELNET>LOG (FILE IS)TELNET.TXT <RET>
2.13 TAKING COMMANDS FROM FILES
TELNET accepts commands from specified input files by using the TAKE
command. At the end of the file, TELNET reverts to accepting commands
from the terminal. In addition, TELNET automatically reads the
TELNET.CMD file at start-up.
2-15
THE TELNET PROGRAM
To use the TAKE command, type TAKE in response to the TELNET prompt,
followed by the name of the input file from which you want commands
taken:
TELNET>TAKE (Commands from file)input filespec <RET>
where input filespec is the name of the file that you want commands
taken from.
2.14 TELNET MESSAGES
The most common TELNET messages, with their descriptions and suggested
user responses, are listed alphabetically below. Some of these
messages are informational, describing that conditions are normal.
These messages merely confirm that TELNET is doing what you requested.
Other messages indicate an error at the remote site. These errors are
not user errors. The user has no control over them.
When TELNET is unable to continue with a user command, it outputs one
of the error messages listed below. Generally, any TAKE file or
command that is in progress is aborted. These errors are usually
errors in the user's command line. In the list below, fatal errors
are preceded by a question mark (?), and warning messages are preceded
by a percent sign (%).
?Abnormal fork termination interrupt
TELNET's network input fork died involuntarily. Because TELNET
is supposed to check for all error conditions, this message is
not expected to appear.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Contact the system people at your site
if this message appears on the terminal.
?Can't continue
It is not possible to continue TELNET after a fatal error.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Restart the TELNET program.
?Character doesn't have a control form
You gave the CONTROL command with an argument that cannot be made
into a control character.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Respecify an argument that can be made
into a control character and issue the control command.
Connection Closed
2-16
THE TELNET PROGRAM
The user gave a CLOSE command. TELNET is confirming that it has
closed the connection.
Connection closed by foreign host
The remote host has closed the connection for reasons known to
itself, but not to TELNET. For example, many hosts "hang up" the
connection when you log out. TELNET takes the same action it
does when you give a CLOSE command.
Foreign host sent a subnegotiation
The remote host is using the subnegotiation part of the TELNET
protocol. Since TELNET does not allow subnegotiations, the host
is violating protocol. Some garbage may follow this message.
This message is not expected to appear.
Insufficient system resources
TOPS-20's network connection tables are full; there is no room
for a new connection.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Try connecting at a later time.
?Invalid ASCII value
The number specified for the escape characters was not between 0
and 177 octal.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Specify a number between 0 and 177
octal.
?Invalid port number
The number given was out of range for the named field.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Specify a number that is within the
range of the named field.
?Log file error-...more details...
TELNET was unable to reopen the log file when opening the
connection. The log file has been turned off, and the connection
continues without it.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Correct the condition indicated in the
error message, and reissue a LOG command if you still want a
transcript of your session.
?...message...
A miscellaneous nonfatal error occurred. This is usually a user
2-17
THE TELNET PROGRAM
error.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Correct the error and try the task
again.
?...message...,...instruction...at PC=...PC value...
A fatal error has occurred. The PC printed is the location of
the error.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Contact the system people at your site
if this problem occurs.
?Must have CONTROL-C capability to run TELNET
The superior fork has denied TELNET the <CTRL/C> capability,
which is necessary for TELNET to be able to trap a <CTRL/C>.
TELNET needs the capability to perform properly.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: This error message occurs if you try to
run TELNET in a batch job. Contact the system people at your
site if this occurs and you are not using batch or have not given
the SET NO CONTROL-C command to the EXEC. Also, make sure not to
run TELNET in batch.
?Not implemented with this protocol
The command the user gave is meaningless on the current
connection because the current protocol doesn't support that
function.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Use a command that is implemented by
the protocol to which you are connected.
?No such host name-...more details...
TELNET was expecting a host specification, but the input given
could not be interpreted. Possibly a host name was misspelled.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Correct the error and try the command
again.
?TAKE command in progress
A command file run by the TAKE command tried to execute another
TAKE.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Remove the second and any additional
TAKE commands from the TAKE file.
?Time out
2-18
THE TELNET PROGRAM
TELNET spent more than 30 seconds trying to do a single network
output operation. TELNET assumes that the host at the other end
is hung and aborts the connection.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Contact the system people at your site
or the remote site if this problem occurs repeatedly.
Trying...
The user gave a CONNECT command, and TELNET is attempting to open
the connection. TELNET reports the result of the connection
attempt with one of the following messages:
o Host dead...more details...- The remote host is not available
at the present time. If TELNET can get any details about the
unavailability, it will report them. This may include such
things as a message left by the remote host before it went
down detailing why it went down and when it is expected to be
up again.
o Insufficient system resources- TOPS-20 network connection
tables are full; there is no room for a new connection.
o Open- TELNET has succeeded in opening a connection to the
remote host. The next output on the terminal will probably
be some greeting message from the remote host.
o Refused- The remote host is up, but it is not accepting
connections at the present time. This condition is usually
temporary; for example, the host might be momentarily unable
to accept the connection. Some hosts refuse connections when
they are down for system work. TACs always refuse
connections if you try to TELNET to them.
?Undefined error
A system call returned an error number that is not in
SYSTEM:ERRMES.BIN.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Contact the system people at your site.
?Unrecognized command-...more details...
TELNET was expecting a command or host specification, but the
input given could not be interpreted as either. Possibly a
command or host name was misspelled.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Correct the error in the command line
and retry the command.
2-19
3-1
CHAPTER 3
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The ARPANET File Transfer Program (FTP) is a TOPS-20 function-oriented
protocol that is used to transfer files between ARPANET hosts.
Through controls and specifications, the FTP protocol establishes a
common ground for file exchange and manipulation.
The FTP protocol uses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) to establish a connection. This connection sends
FTP commands from the User-FTP to the Server-FTP, and sends FTP
replies from the Server-FTP to the User-FTP. The Server program also
establishes a data connection for transferring data. Thus, two
connections are required: one connection for commands and replies and
one connection for transferring data. The data connection, however,
is transparent to the user.
The FTP protocol is implemented by two programs: a User program and a
Server program. At the local host, you interface with the FTP
protocol through the User-FTP program. At the remote host, you are
dependent on the Server-FTP program.
The following diagram illustrates a user request for a file at the
remote site using the FTP protocol.
3.2 USING FTP
The User-FTP commands are the commands that you use at your terminal.
These FTP protocol commands handle communication between processes on
different hosts. For this reason, FTP is more transparent and less
user interactive, and has more restrictions placed on the way the
program implements the protocol.
The recognition feature of TOPS-20 is not implemented for all FTP
commands. If you press the escape (altmode) key after typing enough
letters to make a command unique, the bell sounds if recognition is
3-1
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
not implemented with the command. In this case, you must type the
full command.
The FTP protocol may initiate transparent Host-to-Host interactions,
such as establishing or refusing connections, on your behalf.
Normally, you do not need to know that these transactions are
occurring. If you need to act, you receive a message indicating what
action you should take.
If you are a system programmer, you should be familiar with the
RFC-765 ARPANET TCP/IP File Transfer Protocol Handbook and the TOPS-20
Monitor Calls User's Guide.
User-FTP commands can be classified into four categories:
o Controlling access to remote hosts
o Requesting a data transfer or remote file system service
o Controlling User-FTP locally
o Specifying data transfer parameters
Sections 3.3 through 3.6 of this manual describe these four categories
and the commands that implement the program.
3.3 RUNNING FTP
To gain access to the FTP program, type FTP in response to the TOPS-20
Exec prompt. You are then prompted with an asterisk (*). The *
indicates that the FTP program is ready to accept commands.
To access a remote site and to request data transfers between two
sites, you must also connect to the site and log in at the site.
The two commands used to perform these functions are:
o Connect
o Login
CONNECT COMMAND
The CONNECT command establishes the connection to the remote site.
The CONNECT command takes the form:
CONNECT (to host)<host-name>
or <decimal-byte>.<decimal-byte>.<decimal-byte>.
<decimal-byte>
3-2
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
or <octal-number>
where host-name is the official host name or the official host
nickname, decimal-byte refers to a four-decimal octet INTERNET host
number, and octal-number refers to the host's octal number.
The following example shows a completed FTP CONNECT command.
*CONNECT (to host) DEC-MARLBORO <RET>
It is recommended that you use the official host name or host
nickname. If the host name or nickname is used, the User-FTP program
refers to a table of Server characteristics to establish the
connection. The connection parameters selected from this table are
specific and efficient. If you use the host number, the User-FTP uses
whatever parameters were last used for a connection. Therefore, you
may need to specify options.
If the CONNECT command is successful, you receive a message indicating
that the connection has been established between the local and remote
sites. This message is followed by the herald of the remote host.
The following example shows a CONNECT command followed by the response
of the remote host.
@FTP
*CONNECT (to host) DEC-MARLBORO <RET>
Connection opened
Assuming 36-bit connections, Paged transfers
*<DEC-MARLBORO FTP Server Process 5T(4)-7 at Thu 3-Mar-83
08:55-EST
*
Once the connection has been established, you are dependent on the
Server-FTP conventions. Since parameters may vary widely between
ARPANET hosts, you may have to use the *VERBOSE and *QUOTE commands to
help you at first. (These commands are discussed in Section 3.5.)
This should not normally be required.
If your FTP connection is not successful, you receive a message from
the remote host indicating the reason. You can either follow the
action indicated by the message for that remote host, or you can
attempt a connection to another FTP host.
LOGIN COMMAND
Having established a connection to a remote host, many sites require
that you log in at the remote host before attempting to accomplish a
data transfer. The LOGIN command performs this function.
The LOGIN command takes the form:
3-3
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
*LOGIN (user-ident) username (password)password (account)account
where user-ident or username is the name assigned for your login at
the remote host, password is the password required by the remote host,
and account is the account required by the remote host.
Since you are dependent on the requirements of the remote host during
login at the remote site, you must know the requirements of the host
you are attempting to log in to. All three arguments to the LOGIN
command may not be required, or they may be different arguments from
those required for login at the local host. For example, TOPS-10
systems require project number and programmer number in the [n,m] as
the username parameter. Some hosts require a previously assigned
account number or string; some ignore the account parameter. Most
remote hosts, however, do require that the LOGIN command be given
immediately after a successful connection.
Documentation on login is available in the ARPANET Resource Handbook.
If you require additional help in securing FTP service, contact the
liaison officer for that site. The ARPANET Resource Handbook contains
a list of liaison officers.
An example of a LOGIN command is given below.
*LOGIN (user-ident) CPERLMAN (password) (account)341 <RET>
*<User CPERLMAN logged in at Thu 3-Mar-83 08:57-EST, job 13
*
3.4 EXITING FTP
Three FTP Commands that are used to terminate an FTP connection are:
o BYE
o DISCONNECT
o QUIT OR EXIT
These commands determine whether your FTP connection is closed or
maintained while you return to the local host.
BYE COMMAND
The BYE command terminates your access to the remote host and closes
your connection to the remote site. The BYE command for the TOPS-20
FTP program logs out your job at the remote host, closes the
connection, and returns you to FTP command level.
The BYE command takes the form:
3-4
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
BYE closes connection
There is no argument after the command. Once the BYE command has been
executed, you receive a message indicating that the connection has
been terminated as in:
*BYE <RET>
*<QUIT command received. Goodbye
*
-- Connection has terminated --
*
NOTE
If you give a second CONNECT command without
executing a BYE command, FTP responds with
"closing first connection" before the new
connection is opened. Only one connection can be
active at any one time.
DISCONNECT COMMAND
The DISCONNECT commands aborts the connection to the remote host. The
DISCONNECT command takes the form:
DISCONNECT from remote host (abort) <RET>
where a carriage return is used to confirm the command. Following the
execution of this command, you receive a message from the remote host
indicating that the connection has been aborted. A complete
DISCONNECT command, therefore, appears as:
*DISCONNECT <RET>
<QUIT command received. Goodbye.
--Connection has terminated.--
@
EXIT AND QUIT COMMANDS
The EXIT and QUIT commands allow you to return to the TOPS-20 Exec
level without terminating the connection to the remote host. To use
the EXIT and QUIT commands, type either EXIT or QUIT in response to
the FTP prompt. After you type a carriage return, you receive a
message indicating that the connection is still open, followed by the
TOPS-20 prompt (@). You can then perform a task at the local host and
type CONTINUE to return to the FTP program. An example of a completed
EXIT command follows. The QUIT command takes the same format.
*EXIT <RET>
[The connection is still open.]
@
3-5
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
@CONTINUE <RET>
*
3.5 GETTING HELP WITH FTP
The User-FTP program has a HELP command available to help you use FTP.
The HELP command types information on commands, gives an example of
FTP usage, or types current status, according to your response to the
HELP command. To use the HELP command, type HELP in response to the
FTP * prompt. You are then prompted with:
*HELP <RET>
C, E, S or ?
Your response to this prompt dictates what type of help you receive
from the FTP program.
If you type C in response to the HELP command you are given a list of
available FTP commands. The following example shows the use of the C
response to the *HELP command:
*HELP <RET>
C, E, S or ? C <RET>
commands are:
CONNECT to <host-name>
or
<decimal-byte>.<decimal-byte>.<decimal-byte>.<decimal-byte>
or #<octal-number>
LOGIN <username> <password> <optional-account>
ACCOUNT <number> or <string>
GET <remote-file> to <local-file>
SEND <local-file> to <remote-file>
MULTIPLE GET/SEND <local-file-group>
Allows "*", TOPS20/TENEX sites only.
APPEND <local-file> to <remote-file>
RENAME <remote-file> to be <new-remote-file>
DELETE <remote-file>
DIRECTORY of <remote-user>
CWD change working directory to <directory-path>
STATUS of remote system
BYE closes connection
DISCONNECT from remote host (abort)
EXIT returns to EXEC, without closing connection
QUIT returns to EXEC, without closing connection
MODE sets transmission mode to one of (S}
STRUCTURE sets structure of data to one of [F, P}
TYPE sets data type to one of [A, N, I, L n}
ASCII a shorthand for STRU
PAGED a shorthand for STRU P, TYPE L 36
TENEX a shorthand for TYPE I
3-6
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
IMAGE a shorthand for TYPE I
VERBOSE typeout mode
BRIEF typeout mode
QUOTE <arbitrary-FTP-line>
STATISTICS turns on typeout of timing statistics
NOSTATISTICS turns off typeout of timing statistics
RETAIN turns on retention of generation numbers
NO RETAIN turns off retention of generation numbers
HELP types this information
Type BELL (^G) to abort a file transfer and return to command
level
Type ^O to clear typeout buffer.
Use ^V to quote characters in LOGIN.
If you type E in response to the FTP HELP command, you are given an
example of what an FTP connection is:
*HELP
C, E, S or ? E <RET>
@FTP ;call in the subsystem
*BBN ;connect to host BBN
*LOG SMITH SECRET 12345 ;declare, name, password, account
;the password will not be echoed.
*DIR *.MAC <RET>
(to local file)TTY: [confirm] ;get a partial directory
listing
*GET PROGRAM.MAC <RET> ;must end with carriage return
(to local file)<esc>PROGRAM.MAC ;escape causes the same name
to be used
*BYE ;request server to terminate
*QUIT
@
If you type the S response to the HELP command, you receive the
current status of connections, as follows:
*HELP
C, E, S or ? S <RET>
DEC-MARLBORO FTP User Process 5T(13)-7
The current data transfer parameters are:
MODE S
STRU P
TYPE L 36
NORETAIN generations
A connection is open to host DEC-MARLBORO
The data connection is closed.
*
If you type the ? in response to the HELP command, you receive a
message indicating which of the responses you should make to this
3-7
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
command:
*HELP <RET>
C, E, S or ? ? <RET>
Type "C" for a list of commands, "E" for an example of FTP use,
or "S" for current status.
C, E, S or ?
? Type "HELP<RETURN>" for help.
Three other FTP commands are useful in getting help in using the
User-FTP program. These commands, VERBOSE, BRIEF, and QUOTE, provide
more information on user input required to accomplish FTP tasks.
These commands are discussed below.
VERBOSE COMMAND
The VERBOSE command causes additional informational messages to be
displayed on your terminal. These messages, which are usually
transparent during your FTP session, are the User-FTP commands and
Server-FTP replies. Included in these messages are the
response-coding numbers. The FTP response-coding system is discussed
in Section 3.7.1. The VERBOSE command takes the form:
VERBOSE <RET>
where a carriage return is used to confirm the command. Once this
command is executed, you receive additional information at your
terminal.
The VERBOSE command is typed prior to the command for which additional
information is required. The command is especially useful when you
are unfamiliar with a command that you want to use. It is also useful
when attempting a connection to a remote host whose procedures you are
unfamiliar with. In this case, type VERBOSE prior to attempting to
log in to the host.
An example of the VERBOSE command follows:
*VERBOSE <RET>
*CONNECT (to host) DEC-MARLBORO <RET>
Connection opened.
Assuming 36-bit connections, Paged transfers.
*<220 DEC-MARLBORO FTP Server Process 5T(4)-7 at Thu 3-Mar-83
09:31-EST
*LOGIN (user-ident) CPERLMAN (password) (account)
*<331 User name ok. Password, please.
*<230 User CPERLMAN logged in at Thurs 3-Mar-83 09:31-EST, job 19.
*
BRIEF COMMAND
3-8
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
The BRIEF command, which is the FTP default, cancels the VERBOSE
command. There is no argument for this command. Once you have
received the information you require through the VERBOSE command,
typing BRIEF cancels the display of the additional information. To
use the BRIEF command, type:
*BRIEF <RET>
where the carriage return is used to confirm the command.
QUOTE COMMAND
The QUOTE command is used to send information to the remote host with
no translation by the FTP program. The text is sent directly to the
Server. To use the QUOTE command, type QUOTE followed by a space,
followed by whatever information you wish the remote host to receive.
When you press the carriage return, this information is sent exactly
and directly to the remote host. The FTP protocol does not interpret
this information.
In the following example, a user has requested a new password using
the CWD command. (See Section 3.6.1 for a discussion of CWD.) The
user wants to send this password directly to the remote host. The
command, therefore, appears as:
*QUOTE PASS DEC-20 <RET>
The QUOTE command causes the string "pass DEC-20" to be sent directly
to the remote host.
3.6 FTP COMMANDS
The following sections discuss the FTP commands used to: request data
transfers or remote file system service, get local information, and
specify the data transfer parameters.
3.6.1 Requesting Data Transfers or Remote File System Service
Some FTP commands are used to request a service from the remote host.
Included are commands that request files to be moved, deleted, and
renamed. The requests that are made must conform to the User-FTP
requirements. If defaults are allowed, they are Server defaults. If
a name is used for a device or file presently located or to be located
at the remote site, the name follows the Server-FTP naming
conventions.
You cannot give any commands during a file transfer. You must wait
3-9
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
for the * prompt following the transfer complete message. You can
type <CTRL/G>, however, if you want to abort the transfer.
NOTE
Some Servers are able to monitor the command
connection (commands and responses) and the data
connection (file transfers) simultaneously. Consult
your System Manager before attempting to use this
feature.
The following sections discuss the FTP Service commands.
GET COMMAND
The GET Command is used to request that a copy of a file at the remote
site be transferred to a file at the local site. The GET command
takes the form:
GET (foreign-filename) filename 1 <RET>
to (local-file) filename 2 <RET>
where filename 1 is the name of the remote file you are requesting and
filename 2 is the name of the local file. Filename 1 uses the naming
conventions of the remote host, and filename 2 uses the naming
conventions of the local host. It is recommended that you always use
a complete file specification for the local file.
If you do not type a directory name preceding either file name, a
default is used. For the remote file, the default directory is the
FTP-login directory. Or, if a CWD (Change Working Directory) command
has been given (see discussion of CWD below), the directory named in
the CWD command is the default. For the local file, the default
directory is your current connected directory. If you press the <ESC>
key for the local file, the exact name string used in the remote file
name is used for the local file name.
When a GET command has been executed, you receive a message indicating
that the transfer has begun. A second message appears indicating that
the transfer has been completed. If the transfer cannot be completed,
you receive a message indicating this. You can follow the
instructions in this message to correct the problem and then reissue
the *GET command.
The following example shows a completed GET command:
*GET (foreign-filename) TELNET.LOG.3 <RET>
(To local-file)TELNET.LOG.3 <RET>
<PAGED retrieve of <CPERLMAN> TELNET.LOG.3 started
<Transfer completed.
*
3-10
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
SEND COMMAND
The SEND command is used to transfer a copy of a file from the local
host to the remote host. The SEND command takes the form:
SEND (local-file) filename1 <RET>
(to remote-file) filename2 <RET>
where filename 1 is the name of the local file, and filename 2 is the
name of the remote file.
The same naming conventions and messages that apply to the SEND
command apply to the GET command.
An example of the SEND command follows:
*SEND (local-file) TELNET.LOG.5 <RET>
(to remote-file)TELNET.LOG.5 <RET>
<Paged store of <CPERLMAN> TELNET.LOG.5; P777700; A341 started.
<Transfer completed.
*
MULTIPLE GET/SEND COMMANDS
TOPS-20 ARPANET sites allow MULTIPLE GET/SEND commands. These
commands allow the use of the TOPS-20 wildcard feature for the
transfer of multiple files either to or from a remote host.
The MULTIPLE GET/SEND commands take the form:
MULTIPLE GET (remote-file group) group filename
or extension <RET>
or
MULTIPLE SEND (local-file group) group filename
or extension <RET>
where in either command a wildcard can be used for the file names or
the extensions, as in:
*MULTIPLE GET (remote-file group) FTP.* <RET>
or
*MULTIPLE SEND (local-file group) *.MEM <RET>
All other naming conventions and defaults that apply to the GET and
SEND commands apply to the MULTIPLE GET/SEND commands.
An example of a MULTIPLE GET command follows:
*MULTIPLE GET (remote-file group) *.MEM <RET>
<List started.
<Transfer completed.
3-11
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
ARPA.MEM.4
<Paged retrieve of <CPERLMAN> ARPA.MEM.3 started.
<Transfer completed.
<SAMPLE.MEM.13
.
.
.
*
RENAME COMMAND
The RENAME command is used to rename a file at the remote host. The
RENAME command takes the form:
RENAME (existing-file) filename 1 <RET>
(to be) remote-filename <RET>
where filename 1 is the current name of the remote file and remote
filename is the new file name for the file. File-naming conventions
follow the requirements of the remote host.
An example of the RENAME command follows:
*RENAME (existing-file) ARPA.MEM.4 <RET>
(to be) ARPA.TXT.1 <RET>
<Old file renamed <CPERLMAN> ARPA.TXT.1
*
DELETE COMMAND
The DELETE command is used to delete files at the remote host. The
command takes the form:
DELETE (foreign file) filename <RET>
where filename is the name of the file you want to have deleted.
When you have issued a DELETE command, you are asked whether this is
the file you want to delete. This is done to insure that you do not
delete the wrong file. If you make a mistake in typing the file name,
you can edit the file name before pressing the <RET> key. If you do
not want to delete the file, answer N in response to the message. You
then see the FTP prompt.
An example of the DELETE command follows:
*DELETE (foreign file) FTP.LOG.2 <RET>
Do you really want to delete FTP.LOG.2 (Y or N)? Y <RET>
*<Lowest generation deleted ok, file <CPERLMAN> FTP.LOG.2
*
3-12
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
CWD COMMAND
The CWD (Change Working Directory) command is used either to change
your default directory at the remote site or to connect to a different
directory at the remote site. This command is similar to a TOPS-20
Connect command. Access to a different directory for file storage or
retrieval at the remote site is possible with this command. The
command takes the form:
CWD (to directory) directory name <RET>
where directory name is the name to be given to the working directory
or the name of the directory you want to access.
This command saves the overhead of repeating the log-in and accounting
information. Transfer parameters remain as originally selected. The
name given for the directory follows the convention of the remote
host. Also, the remote host may require that you type a password or
account at this time. The TOPS-20 Server-FTP program requires that
you give a password if you are required to give a password when doing
a connect to the named directory.
An example of the CWD command follows:
*CWD PS:<PAETZOLD> <RET>
*<250 Connected to PS:<PAETZOLD>.
NOTE
TOPS-20 directory format is STRUCTURE:<DIRECTORY>
where STRUCTURE, if not specified, defaults to the
current connected structure and <DIRECTORY>, if not
specified, defaults to the current connected
directory.
TENEX and several other operating systems use the
format USERNAME or username for directory.
DIRECTORY COMMAND
The DIRECTORY command is used to request that a listing of the names
of the files in the named directory at the remote host be sent to the
local host. The DIRECTORY command takes the form:
DIRECTORY (of remote user) DIRECTORY NAME <RET>
to local file: filename or TTY: <RET>
where DIRECTORY NAME is the name of the remote directory you want
listed, filename is the name of the local file you want to have the
directory placed in, and TTY: is used to have the directory output to
your terminal.
3-13
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
You must type TTY: if you want output to your terminal. File-naming
conventions follow the local host requirements if you want to have
output placed in a file. If you do not type a directory name, the
default argument is your current connected directory.
You receive a message indicating that the transfer has been completed.
An example of the DIRECTORY command follows:
*DIRECTORY of <CROSSLAND> <RET>
to local-file: TTY: <RET>
<List started.
PS:<CROSSLAND>
CHING.MAC.4
DUMMY.1
MAIL.TXT.1
TEMP.FIL.1
<Transfer completed.
*
STATUS COMMAND
The STATUS command is used to request information about the parameters
of your current connection to the remote host. The STATUS command
takes the form:
STATUS (of server) <RET>
where a carriage return <RET> is used to confirm the command. You
then receive a message that shows the current parameters for your
connection, as follows:
*STATUS <RET>
DEC-MARLBORO FTP User Process 5T(13)-7
The current data transfer parameters are:
MODE S
STRU P
TYPE L 36
NORETAIN generations
A connection is open to host DEC-MARLBORO
The data connection is closed.
*
ACCOUNT COMMAND
The ACCOUNT command takes the form of:
ACCOUNT <number> or <string> <RET>
The ACCOUNT command accepts either a number or a string as the
3-14
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
argument identifying the user's account at the remote site. This
command is not necessarily related to the account parameter in the
LOGIN command. Some hosts require that an account be given to access
specific files, or to manipulate files in a specific way. The ACCOUNT
command is provided to satisfy this requirement.
RETAIN COMMAND
The RETAIN command causes the generation number of a file to be
transferred either to or from a remote host. The generation number of
the file is not changed by the FTP protocol during transmission. The
RETAIN command takes the form:
RETAIN <RET>
where a carriage return is used to confirm the command. Once this
command is executed, generation numbers are sent/received exactly as
they appear in the name string.
NORETAIN COMMAND
The NORETAIN command, which is the system default, cancels the RETAIN
command. This command takes the form:
NORETAIN <RET>
where a carriage return is used to confirm the command. Once the
NORETAIN command is executed, generation numbers of files can change
during transmission. Therefore, if there is a file being requested
that has a generation number of 4 and there is no existing file at the
receiving site, the file will have a generation number of 1 when it is
received, as follows:
*GET (foreign-filename) TELNET.TXT.4 <RET>
(to local-file) <ESC> TELNET.TXT.1 <RET>
If the NORETAIN command is executed, you must type the generation
number if you want to have the generation number retained.
3.6.2 FTP Information Commands
In addition to the VERBOSE and QUOTE commands already discussed in
Section 2.5, another command, the STATISTICS command, is passed
directly to the program. Neither the command connection nor the data
connection are involved. All communication is accomplished at the
local site.
3-15
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
[NO]STATISTICS COMMAND
The STATISTICS command and its counterpart, the NOSTATISTICS command,
are used to control the terminal display of statistical information
about a transfer. The information you receive displays statistics on
file transfer rate, bits sent, and time consumed during data transfer.
This information is displayed after the data transfer has been
completed.
The STATISTICS command takes the form:
STATISTICS <RET>
where a carriage return <RET> is used to confirm the command. There
is no argument to the command. The STATISTICS command is typed
immediately prior to the command for which you are requesting the
statistical information.
An example of the STATISTICS command follows:
*STATISTICS <RET>
*GET (foreign-filename) TELNET.LOG.2 <RET>
(to local-file) TELNET.LOG <RET>
<Paged retrieve of <CPERLMAN> TELNET.LOG.5 started.
<Transfer completed.
137. bytes transferred, run time = 96. MS,
Elapsed time =3080. MS, Rate =1601. Baud
*
The NOSTATISTICS command cancels the STATISTICS command. There are no
arguments to the NOSTATISTICS command. The NOSTATISTICS command is
the system default. Therefore, the NOSTATISTICS command is only used
if you want to cancel a STATISTICS command.
The NOSTATISTICS command takes the form:
NOSTATISTICS <RET>
where a carriage return is used to confirm the command.
3.6.3 Controlling FTP Transfer Parameters
FTP transfer parameters specify how bits are transmitted and how the
data is represented. You seldom need to use these parameter commands
since the User-FTP protocol selects those parameters that provide the
best fit for a connection before attempting a connection. This is
done transparently. All but a few hosts accept the parameters
selected by the program.
3-16
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
If you give a data transfer parameter command that is known by the
program to be "unsuitable," the command is ignored. If you are trying
to receive service from a host and the host is either unwilling or
unable to accept the existing data transfer parameters, the remote
host generally sends you a message indicating that the parameter is
not supported. If this happens, it is recommended that you try some
other combination of parameter values. If it is important that you
receive some service from that particular host, contact the System
Manager or the liaison contact for that site.
WARNING
If you need to use the FTP transfer parameter
commands, contact a system person at your site. Do
not attempt to use these commands if you are not
experienced with them.
All hosts in the FTP program must accept a set of "minimum
implementation" values for data transfer parameters. All FTP hosts,
therefore, accept the following values as standard defaults:
TYPE: ASCII NONPRINT
BYTE: 8 bits
MODE: STREAM
STRU: FILE
These four default values are implemented in the TOPS-20 FTP programs.
The default values are assumed unless the user or, more frequently,
the User-FTP program gives a command with different values. The
transfer values set are normally reported in a message.
The data transfer commands supported by the User-FTP program are
discussed below.
TYPE COMMAND
The TYPE command specifies the data representation type. Possible
arguments are A, I, and L. The TYPE command takes the form:
TYPE (key letter) letter (decimal) number <RET>
where key letter can be A, I, or L and number is 8, 32, or 36.
TYPE A specifies NVT-ASCII, that is a 7-bit ASCII string
right-justified in an 8-bit byte with no vertical format information
for printing. TYPE I (Image) specifies contiguous bits that, for
transfer, are packed into bytes of the size specified in the BYTE
command. Type L (Long) specifies a logical byte size. Theoretically,
the logical byte size and the data transfer byte size may differ.
Because of the restrictions described, and because the byte size is
taken from the BYTE command (explicit or implied), the TYPE L command
3-17
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
is seldom used.
An example of the TYPE command follows:
TYPE (key letter) L (decimal) 36 <RET>
STRUCTURE COMMAND
The STRUCTURE command specifies the file structure to be used. FTP
currently recognizes file structure and paged structure. The TOPS-20
user-FTP program selects a default structure based on the type of
operating system at the remote site. If the remote site is listed as
TOPS-20, TOPS-10, or TENEX, PAGED structure is used as the default.
Other systems use FILE structure as the default.
The STRUCTURE command takes the form:
STRUCTURE (key letter) letter <RET>
where letter is either P for page structure, F for file structure, or
R for record structure.
An example of the STRUCTURE command follows:
*STRUCTURE (key letter) F <RET>
MODE COMMAND
Only the stream transfer mode is supported by TOPS-20. This is the
default mode. If the MODE command is given, the argument must be S.
The FTP protocol also recognizes block and compressed mode
(represented as B and C, respectively). B and C modes are not
supported by TOPS-20. Since all FTP implementations must support
stream mode, there should be no problem.
The MODE command takes the form:
MODE (key letter) letter <RET>
where the letter for TOPS-20 is S. An example of a completed MODE
command follows:
*MODE (key letter) S <RET>
3.7 RESPONSE CODES AND MESSAGES
The FTP protocol specifies that each command received by the FTP
Server generate at least one reply. Thus, the User process is aware
3-18
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
of the current state of the Server whether the command is successful
or unsuccessful. There is currently one exception. Before a
connection is made, any error in the CONNECT command itself results in
the ? response rather than a meaningful message. Once the connection
is established, you generally receive sufficient response to commands
to permit you to continue.
A 3-digit numbering system is followed for all response codes. These
codes are for the User-FTP program and are interpreted by the program.
The program may or may not verbalize the implied content of the code
and display it for the user. If you use the VERBOSE command, reply
codes with explanatory verbal messages are displayed on your terminal.
Use of the VERBOSE command is recommended whenever you are engaged in
unfamiliar tasks or are connecting to a host whose operating system
you are not familiar with.
Command responses that appear on your terminal may originate in either
the User- or Server-FTP program. Messages from the server are
preceded by a left angle bracket (<). The content of responses is
specified, but the specific wording is left to the implementing site.
Because you may be connecting to many different Servers, it is not
possible to list all possible responses. There are varying texts for
the same reply code.
Server-FTP responses may sometimes appear on your terminal while you
are typing commands to the User-FTP. The * prompt may appear before
the response to the previous command.
If you have any problems with coded responses from a Server, contact
the liaison person at the Server site. See the current ARPANET
RESOURCE HANDBOOK for both a list of liaison contact and instructions
on getting an up-to-date list by means of the ARPANET. Such problems
as replies not clearly worded, replies that do not appear appropriate
in the context of the existing connection, or negative completion
replies that you cannot understand should be reported to the
appropriate Server site.
3.7.1 Response-Coding System
The major category of the response code is specified by the first
digit. This digit indicates the general acceptability of the command.
The second digit distinguishes the first digit by function, and the
third digit distinguishes the second.
The first digit indicates acceptability as follows:
1nn Positive Preliminary Reply.
An action has been requested and has been started; there
3-19
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
will be another reply before the next command is considered.
Example: 150 file status okay; about to open data
connection.
2nn Positive Completion Reply.
An action has been requested and completed successfully.
The next command can be given.
Examples: 212 Directory status.
250 Requested file action okay, completed.
3nn Positive Intermediate Reply.
A command has been given and accepted, but more information
is required. This is used specifically in command sequence
groups.
Example: 332 Log in first, please.
4nn Transient Negative Completion Reply.
This reply encourages you to try again. Your command was
received and no action was taken. The error condition can
be corrected without changing the command, the arguments,
the file access, or the username, and without requiring
additional implementation on the part of the Server. You
are most likely to get this reply code when there are
problems not associated with errors in the commands.
Examples: 421 Service not available closing connection.
This is given in reply to any command when the
server knows the system is going down.
452 Requested action not taken: insufficient
storage space in system.
5nn Permanent Negative Completion Reply.
A command was given but it was not acceptable. No action
was taken. A reply with 5 as the first digit always
indicates an error. The user must decide from the verbal
message what action should be taken. Read the message and
then examine the command that caused the message to be
given. Perhaps a change in spelling or in your connected
directory is in order. Perhaps the remote system is using a
file you have requested. If so, give the BYE and QUIT
commands and return later. However, if the verbal message
3-20
THE FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM
indicates the command is not implemented, no further action
is possible.
Examples: 501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.
502 Command not implemented.
550 Requested action not taken: file unavailable.
The second digit is based on a functional classification as follows:
n0n Syntax, including syntax errors or unnecessary commands
n1n Information
n2n Connections
n3n Authentication (logon) and Accounting
n4n Reserved
n5n File system
The third digit further defines the meaning assigned in the second
digit. Hosts adding to or implementing an FTP program are requested
to adapt the verbal expression for a reply code if an already similar
3-digit code exists. An example of the function of the third digit is
found in the 21n series. All four replies below are positive
completion; all are information replies. The third digit indicates
the type of information.
211 System status or system help
212 Directory status
213 File status
214 Help message
3-21
4-1
CHAPTER 4
TSTATS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
TSTATS is an ARPANET utility that provides information about
connections between hosts. TSTATS gives you the following
information:
o The existing connections
o The state of the connections
o The number of bytes of data you can send to a receiving host
4.2 RUNNING TSTATS
To run TSTATS, type TSTATS in response to the command level prompt, as
in the following example:
@TSTATS <RET>
When you press carriage return, a statistical listing of ARPANET
connections is displayed on your terminal.
The following example shows the information displayed in response to
the TSTATS command.
@TSTATS <RET>
JFN STATE LPORT FPORT FGN-HOST R-SEQUENCE S-SEQUENCE SENDW
1,2 FIN.FIN.--P---- 25 0 0,0,0,0 0 0 0
0,2 -3-.EST.0-PAV-- 23 13591 RADC-TAC 1780306709 359662611 256
0,4 -3-.EST.O-PAV-- 23 6679 RADC-TAC 1791488463 3027243164 256
0,5 -3-.EST.0-PAV-- 23 4582 DEC-MARLBORO3056730154 3066953916 777
0,1 FIN.FIN.--P-V-- 23 0 0,0,0,0 0 0 0
1,1 FIN.FIN.--P---- 21 0 0,0,0,0 0 0 0
@
4-1
TSTATS
Once this information is displayed on your terminal, you are returned
to command level. The TSTATS utility has no other commands or
arguments.
4.3 INTERPRETING TSTATS
This section discusses the information displayed by TSTATS.
JOB NUMBER, JFN
The first column in TSTATS lists the job number for your job and the
job file number (JFN) within the job. In the example presented above,
the numbers 1,2 under JFN represent job number 1 and job file number
2.
STATE
The second column in TSTATS lists the state of the connection for the
local port and the foreign port. The first code word indicates the
state of the local port. The second code word indicates the state of
the foreign port. The code words that are printed are states caused
by the TSTATS protocol. The letters, called flags, represent the
states caused by what the user requests. Both words and flags are
displayed in the STATE column.
Connections can be in one of the following states:
CODE MEANING
EST Established
PND Pending
SYN Opened by one host
FIN Closed by one host
NOT Closed by both host
O Connection open
P Push (to send information)
A Connection aborted
V Send sequence number is valid
U Urgent data to be received
An established connection (EST) is an active connection between two
hosts. A pending connection (PND) exists when one host has requested
a connection (SYN) and is waiting for the other host to indicate
whether or not the host will accept the connection. A closed
connection (NOT) exists when both hosts have closed the connection. A
NOT connection may also exist when a local host has never established
a connection and is open or listening for a connection. A FIN
connection exists when one host has closed the connection and is
4-2
TSTATS
waiting for the other host to close the connection.
An O flag is displayed when an active connection exists. A P (PUSH)
flag is displayed when the user has issued a command that requires
immediate delivery of data. An A flag is displayed when the
connection has been aborted. A V flag is displayed when the send
sequence number (see discussion of sequence number below) is valid. A
U flag is displayed when there is a high-priority message, such as a
TELNET control message, to be sent to the local host. This priority
message takes precedence over all other data.
In the following example of a STATE column, both hosts are waiting for
the connection to be closed. The FIN.FIN indicates this. The P flag
indicates that data has been sent and is guaranteed delivery.
STATE
FIN.FIN.--P----
LOCAL PORT, FOREIGN PORT
The third and fourth columns in TSTATS list the ports that the
connections exist on. TCP/IP establishes connections between hosts on
specific ports. Ports indicate the type of connection. Ports may be
TELNET, FTP, or mail. (For a detailed discussion of ports, see
Chapter 2, TELNET.) The third column of TSTATS lists the local port
(LP) or the connection on the local host side.
In the following example, a TELNET connection exists for the local
port. This is indicated by the number 23.
LPORT
23
The fourth column of TSTATS lists the foreign port (FP) or the
connection on the foreign side. The ports for the foreign port are
given as decimal numbers.
The most common ports are:
Port 21 FTP
Port 23 TELNET
Port 25 Mail
A port designated as 0 indicates that a host is waiting for a
connection.
FOREIGN HOST (FGN-HOST)
The fifth column, FGN-HOST, lists the host name for the foreign host
side of the particular connection. Most often, this column lists the
4-3
TSTATS
host name. If the host name is unknown, the decimal octet number of
the host is displayed. If zeros (0) are displayed in the foreign host
column, there is no connection to a foreign host.
In the following example, the first foreign host has zeros listed.
This indicates that no connection exists. In the second line under
the header, the name RADC-TAC is listed. This indicates that the
foreign host is RADC-TAC.
FGN-HOST
0,0,0,0
RADC-TAC
RECEIVE SEQUENCE (R-SEQUENCE)
The sixth column in TSTATS lists the receive sequence (R-SEQUENCE).
The receive sequence is the number of the next byte that the foreign
port will receive.
In the following example, the receive sequence is 1780306709.
R-SEQUENCE
1780306709
SEND SEQUENCE (S-SEQUENCE)
The seventh column in TSTATS lists the send sequence (S-SEQUENCE).
The send sequence is the number of the last byte that the local host
sent to the foreign host.
In the following example, the send sequence is 359662611.
S-SEQUENCE 359662611
SEND WINDOW (SENDW)
The final column in TSTATS is the send window (SENDW). The send
window in TSTATS is the number of bytes of data that a foreign port is
either willing or able to receive from the local port. Most often,
the send window is determined by the buffer space available at the
foreign host. If the SENDW is at 0, the foreign port will not accept
data transmission. The SENDW does change as space becomes available
or unavailable.
In the following example, there is a send window of 0 and a send
window of 256. The send window of 0 indicates that the foreign port
is unwilling or unable to accept data. The send window of 256
indicates that the foreign port is able or willing to accept 256 bytes
of data.
4-4
TSTATS
SENDW
0
256
4-5
5-1
CHAPTER 5
IPHOST
5.1 INTRODUCTION
IPHOST is an ARPANET utility that:
o Gives information about ARPANET hosts.
o Converts host numbers from one format to other formats.
o Cycles the ARPANET up and down.
5.2 RUNNING IPHOST
To run IPHOST, type IPHOST in response to the TOPS-20 prompt. You are
then prompted with IPHOST followed by a right angle bracket (>), as
in:
@IPHOST <RET>
IPHOST- TOPS-20AN TCP/IP Host Utility Program - Version 5.2(10)
IPHOST>
At this point, the IPHOST program is ready to accept commands.
5.3 EXITING IPHOST
To exit from IPHOST, type EXIT in response to the IPHOST prompt, as
in:
IPHOST> EXIT <RET>
@
You are then returned to the Exec command level.
5-1
IPHOST
5.4 GETTING HELP WITH IPHOST
The two commands used to get help with IPHOST are the question mark
(?) and the HELP command.
The question mark typed after the IPHOST prompt gives a list of the
IPHOST commands. The following example shows the use of the question
mark:
IPHOST>? one of the following:
ARPANET CONVERT EXIT HELP LOCAL NAME NUMBER
Escape can be used to help complete command strings. In this case,
type an <ESC> following the command. The IPHOST program then prompts
you for the information needed to complete the command, as in the
following example:
IPHOST>NAME (OF HOST IS)DEC-MARLBORO ? confirm with carriage return
The HELP command prints a brief help text at your terminal. The
following example shows the text printed in response to the HELP
command.
IPHOST> HELP <RET>
Command Description
---------------------------------------------------------------
ARPANET Arpanet interface control functions.
CONVERT Convert host numbers from one format to the
other formats.
EXIT Return to EXEC level
HELP Type this text.
LOCAL Dump information about the local host.
NAME Dump information about a specific host given
the name.
NUMBER Dump information about a specific host given
the number. The number is in the
format aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd.
5.5 IPHOST COMMANDS
IPHOST commands fall into three categories:
o Commands that give information about ARPANET hosts.
o Commands that convert decimal, octal, and INTERNET numbers to
other formats.
o Commands that cycle the ARPANET up and down.
The following section discusses the IPHOST commands.
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IPHOST
NAME COMMAND
The NAME command gives information about ARPANET hosts. The
information includes decimal octet number, host name, status as user
or server, and type of software. The NAME command takes the form:
IPHOST>NAME (OF HOST IS) host name <RET>
where host name is either the host name or host nickname. If you are
unsure of the host name or nickname, typing a question mark after the
NAME command displays a list of server host names, server host
nicknames, user host names, and user host nicknames. The following
example shows the information displayed in response to the question
mark after the NAME command:
IPHOST>NAME (OF HOST IS) ? <RET>
Server Host Name
----------------
One of the following:
ACC ADA-VAX AEROSPACE AFGL
AFSC-AD AFSC-DEV AFSC-HG AFSC-SD
AFWL AMES-11 AMES-67 ANL
ANL-MCS ARPA-DMS BBN-CLXX BBN-INOC
.
.
.
The following example shows the information displayed in response to
the NAME command.
IPHOST> NAME (OF HOST IS) DEC-MARLBORO <RET>
010.001.000.079 DEC-MARLBORO, SERVER, USER, TOPS-20
LOCAL COMMAND
The LOCAL command provides the same information for the local host as
the NAME command provides for a specified host. The LOCAL command
takes the form:
IPHOST>LOCAL (HOST INFORMATION) <RET>
Following a carriage return, the information shown in the following
example is displayed at your terminal:
IPHOST>LOCAL (HOST INFORMATION) <RET>
010.001.000.079 DEC-MARLBORO, SERVER, USER, TOPS-20
NUMBER COMMAND
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IPHOST
The NUMBER command gives the same information as the NAME and LOCAL
commands, but you input a host decimal octet number instead of a host
name. The NUMBER command takes the form:
IPHOST>NUMBER (OF HOST)DECIMAL OCTET <RET>
where decimal number is one of the decimal octets for the INTERNET
host you want information about. The following example shows the
information displayed with the NUMBER command.
IPHOST>NUMBER (OF HOST) 10.1.0.79 <RET>
010.001.000.079 DEC-MARLBORO, SERVER, USER, TOPS-20
CONVERT COMMAND
The CONVERT command is used to change the format of a host number from
Internet to decimal or octal, from decimal to Internet or octal, and
from octal to decimal or Internet. The CONVERT command takes the
form:
IPHOST>CONVERT (A HOST NUMBER FROM)decimal,internet, octal <RET>
where decimal, internet, and octal followed by a number specify the
address of the host you want information about.
The following examples show the three formats of the CONVERT command:
IPHOST>CONVERT (A HOST NUMBER FROM)INTERNET 010.001.000.079<RET>
Internet: 010.001.000.079, Decimal: 167837775, Octal: 1200200117
IPHOST>CONVERT (A HOST NUMBER FROM) DECIMAL 167837775 <RET>
Internet: 010.001.000.079, Decimal: 167837775, Octal: 1200200117
IPHOST>CONVERT (A HOST NUMBER FROM) OCTAL 1200200117 <RET>
Internet: 010.001.000.079, Decimal: 167837775, Octal: 1200200117
ARPANET COMMAND
The ARPANET command is a privileged command that is used to cycle the
ARPANET up and down. Any one of three words is used to complete this
command: initialize, status, and state. The ARPANET command takes
the form:
IPHOST>ARPANET command word <RET>
where command word is either initialize, status, or state.
The ARPANET INITIALIZE command is used to reload host tables. This
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IPHOST
command takes the form:
IPHOST>ARPANET INITIALIZE (HOST TABLES)<RET>
where a carriage return confirms the command.
The ARPANET STATUS command tells you whether the ARPANET is up or
down. This command takes the form:
IPHOST>ARPANET STATUS <RET>
where a carriage return confirms the command. Following the execution
of this command, an informational message is displayed at your
terminal:
ARPANET status is on
or
ARPANET status is off
The ARPANET STATE command is used to bring up or bring down the
ARPANET. This command takes the form:
IPHOST>ARPANET STATE (IS) ON OFF<RET>
where the arguments ON or OFF are used to complete the command. The
ON argument turns the ARPANET on. The OFF argument turns the ARPANET
off. An example of the ARPANET STATE command with the argument ON
follows:
IPHOST>ARPANET STATE (IS) ON <RET>
5.6 IPHOST MESSAGES
The most common IPHOST messages, their descriptions, and suggested
user responses are listed alphabetically below. When IPHOST is unable
to continue with a user command, it outputs one of the error messages
listed below. The errors are generally errors in the user's command
line. Fatal errors are preceded by a question mark (?), and warning
messages are preceded by a percent sign (%).
%Does not match switch or keyword
You specified a keyword or switch that is not valid.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Correct the keyword or switch and try
the command again.
%Name for Host not found
You specified an invalid host name.
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IPHOST
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Check to see that you have specified a
valid host name. Check the spelling of the host name to make
sure that you have typed it correctly.
%Special Privileges are required for this command.
You have tried to execute an ARPANET command without
WHEEL or OPERATOR privileges enabled.
SUGGESTED USER RESPONSE: Enable WHEEL or OPERATOR privileges
before executing this command.
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