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Trailing-Edge - PDP-10 Archives - decuslib20-04 - decus/20-0121/venn.rel
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xxmu`g&iic\TRUE PHILOSOPHERSCONFIRMED SKEPTICSSUCCESSFUL LOGICIANSSENSUOUS WOMENSENSUOUS MENWASHINGTON POLITICIANSDISCO DANCERSRAVING IDIOTSABSENT-MINDED PROFESSORSGOOD LOVERSTOMATO FONDLERSCANDID PHOTOGRAPHERSPATIO GARDENERSWEE-HOUR SNACKERSBIG SPENDERSMATCHSTICK GAMBLERSSEX OBJECTSMIDNIGHT MARAUDERSMORNING-AFTER BRAGGERSBACKSEAT DRIVERSFREE LOADERSBATHTUB SAILORSMASSAGE ARTISTSCOLLEGE GRADUATESSELF-STYLED EXPERTSPARTY POOPERSGARBAGE PICKERSUNSUNG HEROESINCURABLE DREAMERSBATHROOM POETSCOMPU< 8LSIVE LIARSMEXICAN DENTISTSTOOTH FAIRIESFAST-FOOD JUNKIESDEADLY RIVALSCROP DUSTERSSTREET PEDDLERSWILLING PRISONERSSTRANGE BEDFELLOWSPEEPHOLE PERVERTSSTAND-UP COMICSREADY ROMANCERSLIVING THINGSCELLULAR ORGANISMSMORTAL THINGSCHROMOSOMAL CREATURESBIOLOGICAL ENTITIESBUNDLES OF PROTOPLASMFORMS OF LIFEHOMOSAPIENSRATIONAL BEINGSPROMISE MAKERSCONSCIOUS BEINGSHUMAN BEINGSPERSONSPOLITICAL ANIMALSFEATHERLESS BIPEDSWORLD BANK DIRECTORSMULTIBILLIONAIRESNOBEL LAUREATESOLYMPIC GOLD MEDALISTSSOVIET CHESS CHAMPIONSLUNAR EXPLORERSFORME< sR US PRESIDENTSFIVE-YEAR-OLD BOYSFIVE-YEAR-OLD GIRLSAFRICAN HEADS OF STATENegative premisesUndistributed middle+ Conclusion, - major+ Conclusion, - minor- Conclusion, + premisesIllicit majorIllicit minorExistential fallacy     .BLANKS?AEIOFaulty type specification for proposition ?1234Figure value (last item) other than 1, 2, 3, 4 or ?.Specification too short...something is missing.?AEIO?1234Major Premise:13AAllare/? BM BL ML BB< /ENoare/? LLISomeare? BB MB LB BM MM LM BL MLSomeare not? MB LB LM LLAAllare/? MB LB LM BBENoare/? LLISomeare? BB BM BL MB MM ML LB LMSomeare not? BM BL ML LLMinor Premise:34AAllare??/X\/X\?*///**BLANKS?BLANKS? BM BL ML BBENoare??/X\/X\?*///**BLANKS?BLANKS? LLISomeare//?/*/*< j BB MB LB BM MM LM BL MLSomeare not//?/*/* MB LB LM LLAAllare??/X\\?*///**BLANKS?BLANKS? MB LB LM BBENoare??/X\/X\?*///**BLANKS?BLANKS? LLISomeare//?/*/* BB BM BL MB MM ML LB LMSomeare not//?/*/* BM BL ML LLConclusion:   AAllare BM BL ML LLENoare BB BM BL MB MM ML LB LMISomeare LLSomeare n< &ot MB LB LM BB-TRUE Major Premise:13AAllareENoareISomeareSomeare notAAllareENoareISomeareSomeare notTRUE Minor Premise:34AAllareENoareISomeareSomeare notAAllareENoareISomeareSomeare notFALSE Conclusion:  AAllareENoareISomeareSomeare not1AAAB(a)rb(a)r(a)EAEC(e)l(a)r(e)ntAIID(a)r(i)(i)EIOF(e)r(i)(o)queAAInone givenEAOnone given2EAEC(e)s(a)r(e)AEEC(a)m(e)str(e)sEIOF(e)st(i)n(o)AOOB(a)r< a(o)c(o)AEOnone givenEAOnone given3IAID(i)s(a)m(i)sAIID(a)t(i)s(i)OAOB(o)c(a)rd(o)EIOF(e)r(i)s(o)nAAID(a)r(a)pt(i)EAOF(e)l(a)pt(o)n4AEEC(a)m(e)n(e)sIAID(i)m(a)r(i)sEIOFr(e)s(i)s(o)nAEOnone givenNOTE:  The syllogism you are about to see is the SOLE exception to the VENNprogram's parsimonious implementation of the Aristotelian (or existential)viewpoint.  If you work through the questions, you will discover why.EAOF(e)s(a)p(o)AAIBr(a)m(a)nt(i)pProgram error: Fallacy flag() set TRUE for valid Program error: No fallacy flags set<  TRUE for invalid ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    FALLACY():   BLANKS   ------------------       MAJOR CLASS:  M ! M     MINOR CLASS:  I ! A     MIDDLE CLASS: N !---------- J     MOOD-FIGURE:  O ! O     VIEWPOINT:    Aristotelian (existential)Boolean (hypothetical)R !! R     VALID:        Yes    VALID:        No  ------------------       LATIN NAME:         !!             !!             ----------               MIDDLE < X             BLANKS  ------------------M !1     !5 !2     ! M                    CONVENTIONSI !      !  !      ! AN !   ----------   ! J       '/' = this sector empty by Major PremiseO !   !4 !7 !6 !   ! O       '\' = this sector empty by Minor PremiseR !   !  !  !  !   ! R       'X' = this sector empty by BOTH the above  ------------------         '?' = this OR adjacent sector MUST have a member      !3       !             '*' = this sector MUST have a member      !        !      ----------             Otherwise, value of sector is 'BLANKS'        MIDDLE      <          (simply due to lack of information)The syllogism is valid only if you can 'read' the conclusion from the diagramjust as it is.  That is, Aboth sectors 1 and 4 would have to be shaded out.Eboth sectors 5 and 7 would have to be shaded out.Ieither sector 5 or 7 would have to contain a '*'.either sector 1 or 4 would have to contain a '*'.Under the Aristotelian (or existential) interpretation, the SUBJECTclass of each 'A' and 'E' (universal) premise is assumed to have atleast one member.  (Some logicians assume that each class mentioned--threein all--must ha< Ove members, but the stingy VENN program refuses to multiplyentities beyond necessity.  Under the Boolean (or hypothetical) viewpoint,even this stingy assumption about the subject class of 'A' and 'E' premisesis void.  Of course, it makes no difference which interpretation you selectin the case of 'I' and 'O' (particular) premises since 'some' forces usto assume that their subject classes have at least one member.The figure of a syllogism is determined by the spatial arrangement ofthe two occurrences of the MIDDLE term ('X') in the premises:              -1-                  <      -2-            X   Major               Major    X          Minor   X                 Minor    X          -----------               ----------              -3-                       -4-          X    Major                Major   X          X    Minor                  X   Minor          ----------                -----------TTY WIDTH reset to 80 by program.VENN Version 1 (c) copyright 1977 by its author, Dr. Walter Maner, Departmentof Philosophy, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508. TEL: (804) 489-6517Use of VENN implies an agreement to report all mod< Fifications and any programerrors directly to the author.NOTE:  Typing a capital 'H' gets help, if any is available.       Default answers (if any) appear between slash marks,       e.g.,'/yes/'.  If just the RETURN key is pushed, the       program will use the default value indicated.  If not       it will use the value you supply after the final ':'.Need to review the description of this program ('yes' or 'no')? yesHuh?This program will generate new  (standard)  syllogisms for you for  aslong  as  you want to work at analyzing them.  There are 256  formallydistinct  syllogisms<  and (in this  program) so many novel combinationsof terms  for  each of these 256 that the chance that you will get twosyllogisms alike in two successive generations approaches zero.  Sincemost  of  these  256  basic  forms  are  invalid and since the programchooses at random from these  forms (or a subset thereof), you must beskeptical of the arguments produced.  As a rule, the chance of gettinga valid syllogism under the Aristotelian interpretation is about 1  in11 while, under the tighter Boolean interpretation, it shrinks to near1 in 17.  (You'll get to choose which interpretation th< =e program is touse.)  When you have correctly answered all the questions posed by theprogram regarding a syllogism, the program will proceed  to  draw  theVenn diagram for the syllogism and print out a table of relevant data.At this point you can either work through the same syllogism again  orhave the program generate a new one (or quit).  Instead of answering aquestion, you can type 'H' for help.  A program clock will keep  trackof  how long it takes you to work through a given series of questions.You'll probably enjoy trying to best your own record.  Of course,  youcan skip the questio< yns if you just want to use VENN to check validity.You can even ask VENN to make up counterexamples to his own syllogism!Specify syllogism by MOOD and FIGURE (use '?' as a wild card): ???-?Response should resemble 'AEI-2','EOE-4', '??E-?', '???-4', 'EII-?', etc.Each statement's type (A,E,I, O or ?), followed by figure (1,2,3, 4 or ?).Suggest a label (for the MAJOR class): ? Too long...try againAny general category term not beginning with 'H' will work.hAnd another label (for the MINOR class): ? Too long...try againAny general category term not beginning with 'H' will w< 4ork.hAnd one more (for the MIDDLE class): ? Too long...try againAny general category term not beginning with 'H' will work.hAristotelian interpretation ('yes' or 'no')? yesHuh?  Type 'H' for help.Want to skip the question routine ('yes' or 'no')? noHuh?  Type 'H' for help.If you say 'yes', the program will generate the Venn diagram immediately.Here we go...the clock is running.  Good luck!MOOD of this syllogism:No.  Try again or type 'H' for help.A 3-letter word giving the type of each proposition in turn e.g., 'AEI'Right!Figure:No.  Try a< pgain or type 'H' for help.Right!Venn diagram, sector 1, will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Sector 2 will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Sector 3 will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Sector 4 will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Sector 5 will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Sector 6 will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or < +BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Sector 7 will contain (/, \, X, ?, * or BLANKS): BLANKSWrong.  Type 'H' for help.Right!Now study the syllogism and the complete Venn diagram carefullyin order to decide whether the syllogism is valid or invalid:YESNOIs it valid ('yes' or 'no')? noWrong.  Shame on you!  Try again or type 'H' for help.Right!From these same two premises, i.e.,we can validly deduce the following conclusions:\\/XConclusion:     All  are //\XConclusion:     All  are \/X\< g/XConclusion:     No  are .Conclusion:     No  are .**Conclusion:     Some  are .Conclusion:     Some  are .**Conclusion:     Some  are not .**Conclusion:     Some  are not .     NONE!No other valid deductions are possible.You will have about 45 seconds to verify this for yourself byreferring again to the Venn diagram:Now let's determine which fallacies were committedby evaluating the following TRUE/FALSE questions...TF(1) Both premises negative ('T' or 'F'): FNo.Right!TF< 	"(2) Neither premise distributes middle term ('T' or 'F'): FNo.  Try again or type 'H' for help.'..distributes..' = '..refers to ALL members of the class named by..'Right!TF(3) Positive conclusion from negative Major Premise ('T' or 'F'): FNo.  Try again or type 'H' for help.'A' and 'I' are positive (affirmative) while 'E' and 'O' are negative.Right!TF(4) Positive conclusion from negative Minor Premise ('T' or 'F'): FNo.  Try again or type 'H' for help.'A' and 'I' are positive (affirmative) while 'E' and 'O' are negative.Right!< 	^TF(5) Negative conclusion from all positive premises ('T' or 'F'): FNo.Right!TF(6) Conclusion distributes MAJOR term but Major Premise doesn't ('T' or 'F'): FNo.  Try again or type 'H' for help.'..distributes..' = '..refers to ALL members of the class named by..'Right!TF(7) Conclusion distributes MINOR term but Minor Premise doesn't ('T' or 'F'): FNo.  Try again or type 'H' for help.'..distributes..' = '..refers to ALL members of the class named by..'Right!TF(8) Both premises universal, yet conclusion is particular ('< 
T' or 'F'): FNo.Right!You worked through these questions in  seconds.Now it's time to summarize our findings:Want VENN to try to make up a counterexample ('yes' or 'no')? yesHuh?  Type 'H' for help.A syllogism of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion.You must be kidding.  It can't be done.After tries, of which almost succeeded, VENN ran out of ideas and gave up.VENN can't think of another one.  Sorry.The original syllogism was:VENN proposes this as a counterexample:Want VENN to try to make up another counterexample ('yes' or 'no')?   
UnoHuh?Want to stop ('yes' or 'no')? noHuh?  Type 'H' for help.'No' will end execution of the program.Different syllogism this time ('yes' or 'no')? yesHuh?  Type 'H' for help.'No' repeats the cycle on the current syllogism.iJm|X
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