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                                  TOPS-20
                         Commands Reference Manual



|                         Electronic Distribution
|  
|  
|                                July 1990

                  This  manual  describes  all   operating
                  system   commands   available   to   the
                  nonprivileged user of TOPS-20.  For easy
                  reference,  the command descriptions are
                  arranged alphabetically.

                  This manual supersedes the manual of the
|                 same name and order number, AA-FP65B-TM.

                  Change  bars  in  the  margins  indicate
                  material  that has been added or changed
                  since  the  previous  release  of   this
                  manual.



             OPERATING SYSTEM: TOPS-20 (KL Model B) Version 7.0

             SOFTWARE: TOPS-20 EXEC Version 7.0



             digital equipment corporation
             maynard, massachusetts


   First Printing, September 1985
   Revised, June, 1988
|  Software Update Tape 2, July 1990



   The information in this document is subject to change  without  notice
   and  should  not  be  construed  as  a commitment by Digital Equipment
   Corporation.  Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no  responsibility
   for any errors that may appear in this document.

   The software described in this document is furnished under  a  license
   and  may  only  be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such
   license.

   No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on
   equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its
   affiliated companies.


   Copyright  C 1985, 1988, 1990 Digital Equipment Corporation.

   All Rights Reserved.
   Printed in U.S.A.



   The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

   CI             DECtape     LA50             SITGO-10
   DDCMP          DECUS       LN01             TOPS-10
   DEC            DECwriter   LN03             TOPS-20
   DECmail        DELNI       MASSBUS          TOPS-20AN
   DECnet         DELUA       PDP              UNIBUS
   DECnet-VAX     HSC         PDP-11/24        UETP
   DECserver      HSC-50      PrintServer      VAX
   DECserver 100  KA10        PrintServer 40   VAX/VMS
   DECserver 200  KI          Q-bus            VT50
   DECsystem-10   KL10        ReGIS
   DECSYSTEM-20   KS10        RSX              d i g i t a l


                                      CONTENTS



   CHAPTER 1       INTRODUCTION  


   CHAPTER 2       COMMAND DESCRIPTION

           2.1     ACCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
           2.2     ADVISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
           2.3     APPEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
           2.4     ARCHIVE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-13
           2.5     ASSIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-17
           2.6     ATTACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-19
           2.7     BACKSPACE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-22
           2.8     BLANK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-24
           2.9     BREAK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-25
           2.10    BUILD  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-26
           2.11    CANCEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-43
           2.12    CLOSE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-51
           2.13    COMPILE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-53
           2.14    CONNECT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-62
           2.15    CONTINUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-65
           2.16    COPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-73
           2.17    CREATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-80
           2.18    CREF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-88
           2.19    CSAVE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-92
           2.20    DAYTIME  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-94
           2.21    DDT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-95
           2.22    DEASSIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-100
           2.23    DEBUG  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-102
           2.24    DEFINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-112
           2.25    DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-115
           2.26    DEPOSIT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-120
           2.27    DETACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-124
           2.28    DIRECTORY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-127
           2.29    DISABLE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137
           2.30    DISCARD  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-139
           2.31    DISMOUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-141
           2.32    EDIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-147
           2.33    ENABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-155
           2.34    END-ACCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-158
           2.35    EOF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-161
           2.36    ERUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-163
           2.37    EXAMINE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-165
           2.38    EXECUTE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-168
           2.39    EXPUNGE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-177
           2.40    FDIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-180
           2.41    FORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-181
           2.42    FREEZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-184
           2.43    GET  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-186


                                    iii


           2.44    HELP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-188
           2.45    INFORMATION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-190
           2.46    KEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-216
           2.47    LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-219
           2.48    LOGIN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-229
           2.49    LOGOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-235
           2.50    MERGE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-238
           2.51    MODIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-241
           2.52    MOUNT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-253
           2.53    PERUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-269
           2.54    PLOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-272
           2.55    POP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-279
           2.56    PRINT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-281
           2.57    PUNCH  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-292
           2.58    PUSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-301
           2.59    R  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-305
           2.60    RECEIVE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-307
           2.61    REENTER  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-310
           2.62    REFUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-312
           2.63    REMARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-315
           2.64    RENAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-317
           2.65    RESET  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-320
           2.66    RETRIEVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-322
           2.67    REWIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-327
           2.68    RUN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-329
           2.69    SAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-331
           2.70    SEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-333
           2.71    SET  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-337
           2.72    SET HOST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-374
           2.73    SKIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-380
           2.74    START  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-383
           2.75    SUBMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-388
           2.76    SYSTAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-401
           2.77    TAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-412
           2.78    TALK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-415
           2.79    TDIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-419
           2.80    TERMINAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-420
           2.81    TRANSLATE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-434
           2.82    TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-436
           2.83    UNATTACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-438
           2.84    UNDELETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-440
           2.85    UNKEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-442
           2.86    UNLOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-444
           2.87    VDIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-446


   APPENDIX A      FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  

           A.1     SYSTEM ACCESS COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
           A.2     FILE SYSTEM COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
           A.3     DEVICE-HANDLING COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
           A.4     PROGRAM CONTROL COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3


                                     iv


           A.5     INFORMATION COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
           A.6     TERMINAL COMMANDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
           A.7     OUTPUT COMMANDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
           A.8     BATCH COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7


   APPENDIX B      ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS


   APPENDIX C      FILE ATTRIBUTES


   APPENDIX D      CONTROL CHARACTERS


   INDEX


   FIGURES

           2-1     Directories and Subdirectories . . . . . . . . .  2-40














                                  PREFACE



   The TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual  is  an  alphabetically-arranged
   description of all operating system commands (EXEC commands) available
   to the nonprivileged timesharing user of TOPS-20.

   In addition, there are two appendixes for quick reference - a list  of
   commands  grouped by function, and an alphabetical summary of commands
   showing what variety of argument each uses  and  whether  it  calls  a
   program or otherwise affects memory.

   To use the TOPS-20 Commands  Reference  Manual  properly,  you  should
   first  read  and  understand the TOPS-20 User's Guide.  The occasional
   summary of information you will find here cannot  substitute  for  the
   more complete presentations offered in this manual.

   In addition, you may need to reference the following manuals for  more
   information related to operating system commands:

        TOPS-20 Operator's Command Language Reference Manual

        TOPS-20 Monitor Calls Reference Manual

        TOPS-20 System Manager's Guide

        TOPS-20 Operator's Guide

        TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide

        TOPS-20 Edit Reference Manual

        EDT-20 Reference Manual

        TOPS-20 LINK Reference Manual

        TOPS-10/20 Batch Reference Manual

        EXEC Message Manual


                                     vi


                      Conventions Used in This Manual

        Underlined text     indicates what  the  user  types  in  command
                            examples.

        ^letter             means press the keys  labeled  CTRL  and  the
                            specified  letter simultaneously, for example
                            ^C.

        Ellipsis ...        means that items in a  command  line  can  be
                            optionally repeated.

        Carriage return     is implied in command examples.









































                                    vii











                                 CHAPTER 1

                               INTRODUCTION  



   COMMANDS AND ARGUMENTS

   A complete TOPS-20 command consists of the command  name  and  usually
   one  or  more arguments.  In the most general sense, arguments are any
   combinations  of  letters,  numerals,  punctuation  marks  and   other
   characters that you type after the command name itself to complete the
   meaning of the command.  These arguments can be  file  specifications,
   switches,  subcommands,  and  values  for switches and subcommands, as
   well as words and numbers (the  arguments  to  the  SET  and  TERMINAL
   commands,   for   example).    The  following  pages  contain  general
   information about each variety of argument.


   File Specifications

   Information and programs for TOPS-20 are usually  stored  in  uniquely
   labeled  files.  Therefore, file specifications or "filespecs" are the
   most common variety  of  argument  to  a  command.   A  complete  file
   specification is of the form:

        dev:<dir>name.typ.gen;att;...;att

   where:

        dev:   is a device (usually a file structure)

        <dir>  is a directory name (enclosed in angle < > or  square  [ ]
               brackets)

        name   is a filename

        .typ   is a file type

        .gen   is a generation number

        ;att   is a file attribute



                                    1-1
                               INTRODUCTION  


   You need file attributes in only a few situations and can usually  let
   dev:,  <dir>, and .gen take default values (that is, values defined by
   the state of your job   -  see the Special Features section below), so
   you can give most file specifications in the shortened form, name.typ,
   without being unclear.  In a few cases, an entire  file  specification
   is assumed if you do not supply one when you give the command (for the
   CREATE  and  EDIT  commands,   for   example,   and   for   LOAD-class
   commands - COMPILE, LOAD, EXECUTE, and DEBUG).

   Whenever you omit the dev: field of the filespec, the  system  assumes
   you  mean  your  connected  structure  (DSK:).   This  is  the  public
   structure (usually named PS:), which all users must log in to,  unless
   you  connect  to a directory on another structure by using the CONNECT
   command.  Give the INFORMATION STRUCTURE command if you are unsure  of
   the name for your connected structure.

   Whenever you omit the <dir> field of the filespec, the system  assumes
   you  mean  your  connected directory.  Unless you have given a CONNECT
   command, this is your "log-in" directory, the directory on the  public
   structure  that  you  must  log  in  to  and  which usually has a name
   composed of your surname, or surname and initials, enclosed  in  angle
   or square brackets.  You can change your connected directory by giving
   a CONNECT command.  Use the DIRECTORY command to see the name of  your
   connected directory.

   When you omit the .gen  field  of  the  filespec  the  system  usually
   assumes you mean the highest generation (largest generation number) of
   the  file.   (A  few  commands,  for  example,  DELETE,  RENAME,   and
   DIRECTORY,  act  on  all  generations  of  a file unless you specify a
   particular generation.)  When you create and edit text files,  compile
   and  debug programs, or do anything else to produce another generation
   of a file, the system automatically works with  the  highest  existing
   generation and labels the changed file with the next higher generation
   number.  Therefore when you omit the generation number in  a  filespec
   given  as  argument to a TOPS-20 command, you are assured of using the
   most recent version of the  file.   Although  you  can  override  this
   default  action  by  specifying  particular  generations  of input and
   output files, it is simplest and most  straightforward  to  allow  the
   defaults to prevail.

   Specification  of  file  attributes  is  optional.   You  can   assign
   attributes  in  order to have a file automatically marked for deletion
   when you log out; to associate a file with a  valid  account;  and  so
   forth.  Appendix C lists the available file attributes.

   Pressing the ESC key instead of typing a filespec field  will  usually
   cause  any  default  for  the  remaining  fields to be printed on your
   terminal.

   There are two characters (called "wildcard" characters) that  you  can
   include  in  any field of a filespec to include all files matching the
   rest of the filespec.  An asterisk (*)  fills  in  for  zero  or  more


                                    1-2
                               INTRODUCTION  


   characters  of a field, while a percent sign (%) fills in for a single
   character only.  (However, only the complete field "DSK*:" is  allowed
   as  wildcard  for the device field, and only the complete field "*" is
   allowed as wildcard for the generation field.)   Therefore  you  could
   give the command DIRECTORY *.CBL to find out what source files written
   in COBOL are in your connected directory, or the command  DELETE  *.Q*
   to remove the EDIT program's backup files from your directory.


   Switches

   Switches are arguments used with LOAD-class (COMPILE,  LOAD,  EXECUTE,
   and  DEBUG) and EDIT-class (CREATE and EDIT) commands, as well as with
   Queue-class commands - that is, those affecting entries in  processing
   queues  (CANCEL,  DISMOUNT,  MODIFY,  MOUNT,  PLOT,  PRINT, PUNCH, and
   SUBMIT).

   Switches can also be used with the following program-control commands:
   DDT,  GET,  MERGE,  R,  and  RUN.   The  REWIND command also accepts a
   switch.

   Switches allow you to quickly give many options chosen  from  a  large
   list, and let you specify to which files they apply when you give more
   than one filespec in a single command.

   Give switches on the same line as the  command,  typing  a  slash  (/)
   before  each  switch.   If  your  command requires more than one line,
   simply keep typing without giving a carriage return.  The system  will
   begin  a  new  line automatically and will read your command as if you
   had typed it on a single line.  Or you can end your  command  line  at
   any  point  with  a  hyphen  (-) and carriage return, and continue the
   command on the next line; the hyphen will not be  considered  part  of
   your input.

   Keep in mind  the  way  each  class  of  command  considers  switches.
   EDIT-class  commands  operate  on  only  one  file  at a time, and the
   switches must  be  given  before  the  input  filespec - this  is  the
   simplest case.

   Queue-class and LOAD-class commands treat switches according to  their
   position  in the command line.  If you give them before any filespecs,
   they act as default switches for all filespecs in  the  command  (they
   will  be  in  effect  unless  you  override  them  with later switches
   applying to individual files only).  If you give them after the  first
   filespec,  they  apply only to the preceding file.  In addition, there
   are a few switches of a different sort for the PLOT, PRINT, and  PUNCH
   commands - these apply to all files no matter where they appear in the
   command line.  These are called job switches (because they affect  the
   entire  printing  job)  and  are presented in a separate list in those
   command descriptions.

   A switch is a default if the system  assumes  it  in  the  absence  of


                                    1-3
                               INTRODUCTION  


   others.  For example, for LOAD-class commands, /FORTRAN is the default
   for all switches that specify which  compiler  to  use  (like  /MACRO,
   /COBOL,  and  /PASCAL).   The  /NOCOMPILE  switch  is  the default for
   /COMPILE, /NOCOMPILE,  and  /RELOCATABLE.   Most  defaults  for  these
   commands  apply  to  only  a  pair  of switches; however, the /BINARY,
   /NOSEARCH, and /NOOPTIMIZE switches are assumed, for  example,  unless
   you specify /NOBINARY, /SEARCH, and /OPTIMIZE.

   Default switches for the other classes of command  operate  similarly.
   Some  are  in  effect unless you specify their opposite; others are in
   effect with a default argument unless you  specify  another  argument;
   still  others must be specified to be in effect, but are supplied with
   a default argument.  The list of switches presented with each  command
   description  distinguishes  these  cases.   When  you give two or more
   switches of the same kind (for example, /BINARY  and  /NOBINARY),  the
   last switch given usually prevails.


   Subcommands

   Subcommands  are  a   variety   of   arguments   used   chiefly   with
   DIRECTORY-class  (DIRECTORY,  FDIRECTORY,  TDIRECTORY, and VDIRECTORY)
   commands and with the BUILD command.  If you want to give  subcommands
   to any of the DIRECTORY-class commands, type a comma at the end of the
   command line just before pressing  the  carriage  return.   After  the
   system   prompts  you  with  a  double  at  sign  (@@)  you  can  give
   subcommands, one on each line.  If you  give  no  subcommands  to  the
   DIRECTORY command, the ALPHABETICAL and HEADING subcommands will be in
   effect,  giving  an  alphabetical  listing  of  files.   For   a   few
   subcommands,  default  arguments  will  be  in  effect if you give the
   subcommands without supplying any.  You can give  subcommands  in  any
   order,  requesting  or declining special categories of information and
   specifying the format of  its  presentation.   If  you  give  mutually
   exclusive  subcommands  (ALPHABETICAL  and CHRONOLOGICAL, for example)
   the  last-given  subcommand  prevails.   Note  that  the   FDIRECTORY,
   TDIRECTORY,  and  VDIRECTORY  commands are equivalent to the DIRECTORY
   command with certain subcommands automatically included,  and  can  be
   further  modified  with  other  subcommands from DIRECTORY's list.  To
   cancel a DIRECTORY-class command  while  giving  subcommands,  type  a
   CTRL/C.

   The BUILD command operates differently from  DIRECTORY-class  commands
   in  putting you automatically into subcommand mode without your typing
   a final  comma  on  the  command  line,  and  in  offering  a  special
   subcommand to cancel the command while you are typing subcommands.

   See the individual command descriptions for more detailed  information
   about subcommands.






                                    1-4
                               INTRODUCTION  


   Other Arguments

   Some command arguments are not introduced by special  characters  such
   as  slashes  or  double  at  signs, but still are particular words, or
   "keywords," having a special meaning to the system.  Give these on the
   same line as the command itself, leaving at least one space before and
   between arguments.  Certain of these (for example,  the  LOGICAL-NAMES
   argument  to  the  INFORMATION  command) are actually composed of more
   than one word, joined by hyphens so that the system will not interpret
   them  as more than one argument.  If the complete command will not all
   fit onto one line,  simply  keep  typing:   the  system  automatically
   begins  a  new line when necessary, but interprets the typing as if it
   had all appeared on one line.  Or you can end a command  line  at  any
   point  with  a  hyphen  (-)  and  a  carriage return, and continue the
   command on the next line; the hyphen will not be  considered  part  of
   your input.

   A few command arguments must be accompanied by special symbols  to  be
   interpreted correctly.  Enclose directory names in angle brackets when
   using them with the CONNECT or names (for DEFINE), device names  (used
   with  ASSIGN),  and  structures  and  tape  sets  (used  with MOUNT or
   DISMOUNT) all require a  colon  at  the  end.   (But  note  that  when
   supplying  what  look like structure and tape set names to the related
   CANCEL command, you are supplying jobnames, and must not  include  the
   colon.)  If  you  punctuate a command argument incorrectly, the system
   will usually print a message reminding you of this.


   SPECIAL FEATURES

   Defaults

   The concept of "defaults," or command arguments assumed  when  you  do
   not  specify  a  choice,  is  important for understanding TOPS-20.  To
   speed processing of commands and  to  help  inexperienced  users,  the
   system  uses  defaults when necessary for completing commands that you
   give.  By taking advantage of this defaulting action, you can make the
   system work faster and more efficiently for you.  This manual displays
   prominently  the  available  choices  of  command  arguments  and  the
   established defaults for these.

   There  are  different  kinds  of  default.    When   you   give   file
   specifications  as  arguments  to,  say, the PRINT command, the system
   assumes that you are referring to the highest (most recent) generation
   of  these  files  in your connected structure and connected directory.
   By specifying a different structure, directory, or generation you  can
   override  this  default,  but  only  if  you  already  have  the right
   (established by user membership in a group, perhaps,  or  by  a  prior
   ACCESS command) to do so.





                                    1-5
                               INTRODUCTION  


   When you give the INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS command  without  further
   arguments,  you  are  presented  with a listing of all requests in the
   batch input queue.  The /USER switch allows you to limit this  display
   to  the  jobs  of  the  user  named.   If  you give the switch without
   supplying a user name, your own user name is used  as  default.   (But
   the  /USER  switch  to  the  related  SUBMIT  command  has meaning for
   privileged users only, who can use it to run batch  jobs  under  other
   user  names; for non-privileged users this switch effectively defaults
   to your own user name.)  Only a few command arguments behave like  the
   /USER switch.  The /TIME switch to the SUBMIT command is worth noting:
   by not giving the switch, you set a time limit of 5 minutes; by giving
   the  switch  without specifying a time limit, you are setting a 1-hour
   limit; and you can set  any  other  time  limit  by  supplying  it  as
   argument to the switch.

   Note that none of the three switches to INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS and
   INFORMATION  OUTPUT-REQUESTS  (/ALL,  /FAST,  and  /USER) is used as a
   default:  each calls for a listing that differs in some respects  from
   that  yielded  by  the  unmodified  command.  However, the INFORMATION
   LOGICAL-NAMES command, which allows keywords ALL, JOB, and SYSTEM, has
   JOB  as default for these.  The list of arguments associated with each
   command makes these choices clear.

   To discover what default  argument  (if  any)  is  established  for  a
   switch,  subcommand,  or  other argument, press the ESC key instead of
   giving the argument:  the default will be printed on your terminal.

   "Recognition" input is another feature of the TOPS-20 operating system
   that  speeds  up  your  input, by finishing the typing of a command or
   command argument for you when you have given only part of it and  then
   prompting your next response.

   As soon as  you  have  typed  enough  of  a  command  or  argument  to
   distinguish it from others, press the ESC key:  the system will finish
   the word, if possible, and prompt  your  next  input  with  guidewords
   enclosed  in  parentheses.   (Note  that  this  manual  does  not show
   guidewords except in the Format section of each command  description.)
   By  pressing  the  ESC  key without beginning an argument you make the
   system print the default argument, if there is  one.   If  the  system
   cannot  help  you, either because you have not typed enough characters
   to make your intentions clear or because there  is  no  default,  your
   terminal makes a warning noise - either a ringing bell or high-pitched
   beep.

   Because the ESC key does not produce a printed character, you  may  be
   unable  to  remember exactly where you pressed it when later examining
   the output from a hard-copy terminal.   If  you  want  to  avoid  this
   possibility,  use  the TERMINAL NO RAISE command to make your terminal
   produce lowercase input, to distinguish it from the uppercase printing
   of the system.

   For TOPS-20 Version 7, recognition has been expanded so that presssing


                                    1-6
                               INTRODUCTION  


   the  ESC  key  also  shows  as  much  of  a  command  keyword  or file
   specification as possible.  For file specifications, recognition is in
   effect only for the file name, extension, and version.

   You cannot  use  recognition  for  device  names  or  directory  names
   (including file structures), jobnames (for example, with the MODIFY or
   CANCEL command) or logical names.


   Abbreviation

   By abbreviating  commands  and  command  arguments,  you  can  further
   increase  the  speed with which you give instructions to TOPS-20.  The
   smallest unique abbreviation for a command or argument will stand  for
   the  entire  word; if there is a default choice for further arguments,
   the system  will  assume  you  want  this  too.   (You  can  determine
   sufficient   abbreviations  by  using  the  ESC  key:   any  correctly
   recognized abbreviation will stand for the  word.)  For  example,  the
   abbreviated  command  FD stands for the FDIRECTORY command; I L stands
   for INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES JOB.

   There are a few cases  where  non-unique  abbreviations  stand  for  a
   frequently  used  command.   For  example, DIS is the abbreviation for
   DISABLE even though two other commands begin with the  letters  DIS  -
   DISCARD and DISMOUNT.

        Special Abbreviation              Command

        C                                 CONTINUE

        D                                 DEPOSIT

        DIS                               DISABLE

        E                                 EXAMINE

        EX                                EXECUTE

        INFORMATION F                     INFORMATION FILE-STATUS

        LOG (When not logged in)          LOGIN

        LOG (When logged in)              LOGOUT

   You cannot use abbreviation (or recognition)  in  a  few  cases.   The
   names of devices (including file structures), and jobnames (given, for
   example, as arguments to the MODIFY or CANCEL command) must  be  typed
   in full; and of course passwords cannot be abbreviated or recognized.






                                    1-7
                               INTRODUCTION  


   Question Marks

   Whenever you type a question mark (?)  instead  of  (or  even  in  the
   middle  of) a TOPS-20 command or command argument, the system responds
   with instructions  or  a  list  of  possible  completions.   By  using
   question  marks  and  recognition  when  you  are unsure of the proper
   command or argument, you can have the  system  help  you  during  your
   terminal session.

   These  features,  together  with  the  HELP  command,  which  provides
   information  on  various  system programs, are valuable supplements to
   the written documentation for TOPS-20.

   For TOPS-20 Version 7, new functionality has been added  to  make  the
   question  mark  feature  more  useful.   More possible completions and
   choices are now listed.  In addition to possible command names  listed
   in  response  to  a  question  mark, the system also displays possible
   filenames from the system (SYS:) directory.  For example:

        @L ? Command, one of the following
           LOAD    LOGOUT
            or system program name
           LOGIN
           LOGOUT


   Where the LOGIN and LOGOUT that appear after "or system program  name"
   are files from the system directory that start with L.

   The functionality of the question mark feature has been  expanded  for
   file  specifications  also.   Question mark lists possible file names,
   extenstions (including nulls), and file version numbers.  For example:

        @DIRECTORY E? FILE NAME
           EXTRA
           EXTUSR
           EMACS
        @DIRECTORY EMACS.? FILE NAME
           INIT
           VARS
        @DIRECTORY EMACS.INIT.? FILE NAME
          1
          2


   DATE-TIME ARGUMENTS

   You can specify date  and  time  arguments  to  many  of  the  TOPS-20
   commands.   The  following  sections  describe  the  formats for these
   arguments.


   Date

                                    1-8
                               INTRODUCTION  


   The examples below show the various formats that  are  acceptable  for
   the date argument:

        Jun 30 1981         30 Jun 1981
        May 1, 82           1/May/1982
        January 000005 75   0005-January-000075
        F/13-83             5/17/83

   If the month and day are both numeric, the first number of the two, if
   less  than  13,  is considered to be the month.  Otherwise, the second
   number is considered to be the month.  For example:

        2/15/83             is February 15th
        15/2/83             is February 15th

   You can abbreviate the month to as few characters as possible  without
   causing it to be confused with another month.  Thus,

        O
        Jun
        Jul
        Ja

   are acceptable abbreviations for October, June, July, and January.

   Many commands allow you to give the day of the week or "today" for the
   date.

   If you specify the time along with the date, you must separate the two
   arguments by at least one space and/or no more than one tab.

   For the time argument you can specify:

        o  time according to a 24-hour clock:

                /AFTER:17:00:00

        o  AM and PM:

                @SET ALERT 5:00PM

        o  the following time zones:

                                                     Hour Offset
                  Arguments             Zone         from Greenwich

                 GST, GDT, GMT        Greenwich           0
                 AST, ADT             Atlantic            4
                 EST, EDT             Eastern             5
                 CST, CDT             Central             6
                 MST, MDT             Mountain            7
                 PST, PDT             Pacific             8


                                    1-9
                               INTRODUCTION  


                 YST, YDT             Yukon               9
                 HST, HDT             Hawaii/Alaska       10
                 BST, BDT             Bering              11
                 DAYLIGHT             Daylight time
                                      for your zone
                 STANDARD             Standard time
                                      for your zone


   Examples

        6:00PM-EDT     is 5:00PM EST
        6:00PM-PST     is 9:00PM EST
        6:00PM-GMT     is 1:00PM EST

   Note that a hyphen (-) is required before the zone.

   The basic time format is:

        hh:mm:ss

   where:

        hh      is hours, must be less than 24, and is optional
        mm      is minutes, must be less than 60, and is required
        ss      is seconds, must be less than 60, and is optional

   The colon between hours and minutes is optional.


   Examples (based on a 24-hour clock):

        3       is 00:03:00AM
        125     is 1:25AM
        14:30   is 2:30PM
        25:33   is 00:25:33AM


   Relative Date-Time Arguments

   Many commands accept relative dates and times.  You can  specify  that
   an  event  is  to  occur  at a certain amount of time from the current
   time, from today, or from a certain day of the  week.   Likewise,  you
   can specify relative times in the past.


   Examples

        @SET ALERT +30      sets an alert for 30 minutes from now

        @DIRECTORY,         produces a listing of files that
        @@BEFORE TODAY      were created before today's date


                                    1-10
                               INTRODUCTION  


   EXEC MESSAGES

   The TOPS-20 Command Processor, or EXEC, displays messages in  response
   to  errors  or  other  conditions  that  arise  when using the TOPS-20
   Command Language.  There are three kinds  of  EXEC  messages:   error,
   warning, and information.

   Error messages begin with a  question  mark  (?).   An  error  message
   indicates  that a failure has occurred and execution of the command or
   program has stopped.  If, for example, you type the wrong password  in
   a  LOGIN  or  CONNECT  command,  you  receive  the  message ?Incorrect
   password, and the command is not executed.

   Warning messages begin with percent sign (%).  A warning message  also
   indicates that a failure has occurred, but execution of the command or
   program usually continues.  For example, suppose you type the  command
   DIRECTORY  *.PAS, *.REL to list all the files with the extensions .PAS
   and .REL, and, your connected directory  does  not  contain  any  .REL
   files.  The EXEC lists all the files with the .PAS extensions and then
   prints the warning message, %No such file type *.REL.

   The third type of message you can get from  the  EXEC  (and  sometimes
   from  the system) is an information message.  Information messages are
   enclosed in square brackets [ ] and inform you about the status of the
   system  or  the  result  of an EXEC command.  For example, the message
   [DECSYSTEM-20 continued] indicates that a temporary pause  in  service
   has  ended.   The  message [n pages freed] indicates that your EXPUNGE
   command freed n disk pages.  Usually information messages  require  no
   response from you.

   When you need more information than is provided by  an  EXEC  message,
   see   the   EXEC   Message  Manual.   This  manual  contains  detailed
   descriptions of all EXEC messages, plus actions to take for correcting
   errors.


   NEW AND CHANGED FEATURES

   The TOPS-20 EXEC has been enhanced considerably for TOPS-20 Version 7.
   The   following  is  a  list  of  new  commands,  and  new  arguments,
   subcommands and switches to  previously  existing  commands.   Changes
   affecting the command are shown as bulleted items.


   Changes to Commands and New Arguments, Subcommands, and Switches

|       ARCHIVE
|  
|            NORETAIN
|            VISIBLE
|       BUILD



                                    1-11
                               INTRODUCTION  


|            ABSOLUTE-INTERNET-SOCKETS
|            [NOT]EXPIRATION-OF-PASSWORD
|            EXPIRE
|            INTERNET-ACCESS
|            INTERNET-WIZARD
|            NOT SECURE
|            SECURE
|  
|       INFORMATION DIRECTORY
|  
|             o  Displays date and time of last interactive login
|  
|             o  Displays date and time of last non-interactive login
|  
|             o  Displays date and time password expires
|  
|             o  Displays number of interactive login failures since last
|                login
|  
|             o  Displays number of non-interactive login failures  since
|                last login
|  
|             o  Indicates if directory is SECURE
|  
|  
|       INFORMATION INTERNET STATUS
|  
|       INFORMATION SYSTEM-STATUS
|  
|             o  Displays number of days for password to expire
|  
|             o  Indicates whether the password dictionary is enabled
|  
|       MODIFY
|  
|            /REMOTE-PRINTER:
|  
|       SET
|  
|            DIRECTORY NO SECURE
|            DIRECTORY SECURE
|            FILE [NO] PERMANENT
|            FILE [NO] TEMPORARY
|            FILE [NO] SAVE-BY-BACKUP-SYSTEM
|            FILE [NO] SECURE
|            FILE [NO] UNDELETABLE
|            PASSWORD
|  
|       SYSTAT
|  
|            CONNECT-TIME



                                    1-12
                               INTRODUCTION  


|             o  Displays remote user name in the origin field
|  




















































                                    1-13











                                 CHAPTER 2

                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION



   2.1  ACCESS

   Obtains ownership rights to a directory and the group  rights  of  its
   user-group list.


   Format

        @ACCESS (TO DIRECTORY) dev:<directory>
        Password:password

        where:

        dev:<directory>     is the directory that you want to access.
                                 Default dev:  - your connected structure

                                 Default <directory> - the directory  (on
                                                       the      specified
                                                       structure) of  the
                                                       same  name as your
                                                       connected
                                                       directory.

        password            is  the  password  of  the   directory   (not
                            requested  for  your  log-in  directory  or a
                            directory of the same  name  as  your  log-in
                            directory on a domestic structure).


   Characteristics

        Capabilities

             Your capabilities (such as  WHEEL,  OPERATOR,  CONFIDENTIAL)
             are associated with your log-in user name only.  If you give
             the ACCESS command for  a  directory  whose  owner  has  for
             example   WHEEL   capabilities,   you   do  not  gain  these


                                    2-1
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ACCESS)


             capabilities.


   Restrictions

        One Directory Per Structure

             You can access only one directory at a time on each  mounted
             structure.   Each  ACCESS  command  ends any previous ACCESS
             command for that structure (including  the  implicit  access
             obtained  by  the  LOGIN  command).   If  you access another
             directory on the public structure you give up your own group
             rights on the public structure.  These are restored when you
             give an ACCESS command for your log-in directory.

        Not For Files-only Directories

             Because a files-only directory does not  have  an  owner  or
             user group rights, you cannot give an ACCESS command for it.
             Use CONNECT instead.


   Related Commands

        CONNECT             for  making  a   directory   your   connected
                            directory

        END-ACCESS          for  surrendering  rights  to   an   accessed
                            directory

        MOUNT STRUCTURE     for making a structure available for  access,
                            and ensuring the continued availability of an
                            accessed structure


   Examples

        1.  Access another user's directory.

            @ACCESS <HOLLAND>
            Password:___

        2.  Access another user's directory so you can copy a  file  from
            it to your connected directory.

            @ACCESS <HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @COPY <HOLLAND>MAX.MEM HOLMAX.MEM
             <HOLLAND>MAX.MEM.1 => HOLMAX.MEM.1 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS <HOLLAND>



                                    2-2
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ACCESS)


        3.  Access the login directory of a user whose group  rights  you
            want to borrow.

            @COPY <MANUALS>CHKCRF.MAC CHKCRF.MAC
            ?Directory access privileges required - "<MANUALS>CHKCRF.MAC"
            @ACCESS <HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @COPY <MANUALS>CHKCRF.MAC CHKCRF.MAC
             <MANUALS>CHKCRF.MAC.4 => CHKCRF.MAC.1 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS <HOLLAND>

        4.  Access the directory of a user on  another  structure.   Then
            examine the directory and copy a file from it.

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: Mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:<HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @DIRECTORY SNARK:<HOLLAND>

               SNARK:<HOLLAND>
             ACCT.MEM.1
             ACTGEN..1
             COMP.FOR.1
             COMPUT.CBL.1
               .REL.1
             DIFFER.FOR.1
               .QOR.1
             MAIL.TXT.2
             OVERVIEW.MEM.1

             Total of 9 files
            @COPY SNARK:<HOLLAND>COMP.FOR
             SNARK:<HOLLAND>COMP.FOR.1 => COMP.FOR.1 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS SNARK:<HOLLAND>
            @DISMOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: Dismounted
















                                    2-3
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ADVISE)


   2.2  ADVISE

   Links your terminal with another user's terminal so that you can  give
   commands  to  that user's job.  The advisee can still give commands to
   his job.


   Format

        @ADVISE (USER) argument

        where:

        argument       is either a user name or terminal line number.


   Characteristics

        Input to Other Job

             For as long as the ADVISE command is in effect, the commands
             you give affect the advisee's job instead of your own.

        Ending Advice

             To end  an  advising  link  that  you  have  formed  between
             terminals,  you must type CTRL/E.  This CTRL/E is not echoed
             on either terminal.

        Refused Advice

             Ordinarily, you cannot advise a job unless its  terminal  is
             set  to  receive  advice.   However,  if  you  have WHEEL or
             OPERATOR capabilities  enabled,  you  can  ADVISE  any  job,
             providing  the  user  has  not  given  the  TERMINAL INHIBIT
             command.

        Special ADVISE Commands

             Once you are advising another  job,  you  can  give  special
             commands  to  send  comments  or  control  characters, or to
             relink to a terminal  that  has  broken  links  with  yours.
             These commands are:

             CTRL/E         End an ADVISE link

             CTRL/~ +       Restart an ADVISE link after a BREAK  command
                            is typed at the advised terminal

             CTRL/~ (       Start a comment (or use the REMARK command)



                                    2-4
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ADVISE)


             CTRL/~ )       End a comment (or use the REMARK command)

             CTRL/~ ?       Display the list of ADVISE control characters

             CTRL/~<CHAR>   Send CTRL/CHAR

                            Note that the tilde character  (~)  can  have
                            different   meanings  with  various  terminal
                            models.  Consult your terminal's  manual  for
                            the character equivalent to 36 octal in ASCII
                            code.


   Special Cases

        Advisee Has More Than One Job

             If more than one job is logged in under the  user  name  you
             specify, the system gives you a list of that user's terminal
             numbers and associated programs to choose from, then  prints
             TTY:  to prompt your response.  Type your choice of terminal
             number after the prompt.

        Advising a Pseudoterminal (PTY:)

             If you try to advise a PTY: the system informs you  of  this
             and asks you to confirm with a carriage return.


   Restrictions

        Compatible Terminals

             Unless the terminals  involved  in  an  advising  link  have
             compatible  characteristics (such as terminal width, ability
             to handle tabs and lowercase letters), some information  can
             be  lost or overprinted.  To avoid this problem, the user of
             the faster  or  more  capable  terminal  should  adjust  his
             terminal's  characteristics,  if  possible before the ADVISE
             command is given.

        Detached Jobs

             You cannot advise detached jobs.


   Warning

        Talking Between a VT100 and a VT52

             If links between VT100 and VT52  terminals  are  established


                                    2-5
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ADVISE)


             using  an  ADVISE  (or  TALK) command, the VT52 may function
             improperly during or after the linked interval (for example,
             by  requiring  frequent  CTRL/Q  commands  to print multiple
             lines of output).  Turning the  terminal  off  and  then  on
             again (after the linked interval) will correct this problem.


   Effect on Terminal

        The  ADVISE  command  leaves  your  terminal  at  the   advisee's
        terminal's command level, controlling his job.


   Related Commands

        RECEIVE ADVICE     for allowing other users to advise you

        REFUSE ADVICE      for preventing other users from advising you

        REMARK             for sending comments only

        TALK               for linking terminals so  that  your  commands
                           affect only your own job

        TERMINAL INHIBIT   for   refusing   all   types    of    terminal
                           communication  including advice, links, system
                           messages, user messages, and  notices  of  new
                           mail.


   Examples

        1.  Advise a user, then immediately type CTRL/E to end advice.

            @ADVISE D.CROWLEY
             Escape character is <CTRL>E, type <CTRL>^? for help
             D.CROWLEY JOB 51 EXEC

            LINK FROM LATTA, TTY 226
             [Advising]

            ^E  !Not displayed on terminal
             [Advice terminated]

        2.  Advise a user's job and access a directory for him.

            @ADVISE BONSAVAGE
             Escape character is <CTRL>E, type <CTRL>^? for help
             BONSAVAGE JOB 48 EXEC

            LINK FROM LATTA, TTY 226


                                    2-6
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ADVISE)


             [Advising]
            !I'LL ACCESS THE DIRECTORY FOR YOU, THEN YOU CAN USE IT.
            @ACCESS <SARTINI>
            Password:
            @!OKAY, NOW YOU CAN USE IT.
            @!Thank you.
            ^E
             [Advice terminated]

        3.  Advise another user, demonstrating  how  to  use  the  FILCOM
            program.

            @ADVISE D.CROWLEY
             Escape character is <CTRL>E, type <CTRL>^? for help
             D.CROWLEY JOB 51 EXEC

            LINK FROM LATTA, TTY 226
             [Advising]
            !HERE'S HOW TO COMPARE FILES USING THE FILCOM PROGRAM.
            @FILCOM

            *=VERCBL.TXT, BAKVER.TXT/A

            No differences encountered

            *^C
            @!SEE?  THE SWITCH AT THE END (/A) MEANS TO COMPARE THEM IN ASCII
            @!MODE. DON'T FORGET THE CTRL/C WHEN YOU'RE DONE.
            @!THANKS.
            ^E
             [Advice terminated]

        4.  Advise a user who is logged in at  more  than  one  terminal.
            Choose one of them.

            @ADVISE LATTA
             TTY25, EXEC
             TTY41, EXEC
             TTY27, EXEC
            TTY: 27
             Escape character is <CTRL>E, type <CTRL>^? for help
             LATTA Job 22 EXEC

            LINK FROM D.CROWLEY, TTY 225
             [Advising]
                 .
                 .
                 .
            ^E
             [Advice terminated]



                                    2-7
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (APPEND)


   2.3  APPEND

   Adds the contents of one or more source files to the end of a  new  or
   existing  destination  file on disk, leaving the original source files
   unchanged.


   Format

        @APPEND (SOURCE FILE) source filespec(s) (TO) destination filespec,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        source filespec(s)       is a single  file  specification,  or  a
                                 series of them separated by commas.

        destination filespec     is the specification of the  destination
                                 file on disk; this can be a new file.

        @@subcommand             means that after a final comma  you  can
                                 type  an optional keyword, modifying the
                                 mode or format of information transfer.


                             APPEND Subcommands
               (when used with the paper tape reader - PTR:)


        ASCII                    specifies that the files being  appended
                                 are  written  in ASCII mode, with 36-bit
                                 words  each  consisting  of  five  7-bit
                                 bytes  and  a parity bit; the parity bit
                                 means that the eighth hole of the  paper
                                 tape is never punched.

        BINARY                   specifies that the files being  appended
                                 are   composed  of  36-bit  words,  each
                                 consisting of six 6-bit bytes, with  the
                                 seventh  hole  of  the  paper  tape  set
                                 always to 0  and  the  eighth  hole  set
                                 always   to   1;   causes   a   checksum
                                 calculation.

        BYTE n                   specifies that  the  byte  size  of  the
                                 destination file is to be n (any decimal
                                 number).  If you do not  give  the  BYTE
                                 subcommand,  the  destination  file will
                                 have the same byte size  as  the  source
                                 file.



                                    2-8
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (APPEND)


        IMAGE                    specifies that the files being  appended
                                 are   composed  of  36-bit  words,  each
                                 consisting of one  8-bit  byte;  the  28
                                 most   significant   bits  are  lost  on
                                 output.

        IMAGE BINARY             same  as   BINARY,   but   lacking   the
                                 checksum.


                             APPEND Subcommands
         (when used with devices other than the paper tape reader)


        ASCII                    specifies that the files being  appended
                                 are  written  in ASCII mode, with 36-bit
                                 words  each  consisting  of  five  7-bit
                                 bytes  and  a parity bit; the parity bit
                                 means that the least significant bit  is
                                 set to 0 on input and is lost on output.

        BINARY                   calls for a direct transfer of  data  in
                                 36-bit bytes.

        BYTE n                   specifies that  the  byte  size  of  the
                                 destination file is to be n (any decimal
                                 number).  If you do not  give  the  BYTE
                                 subcommand,  the  destination  file will
                                 have the same byte size  as  the  source
                                 file.

        IMAGE                    same as BINARY.

        IMAGE   BINARY           same as BINARY.


   Output

        As each file is appended, the system prints its specification and
        the  word  [OK].  Also, if recognition is used on the destination
        file specification, the system prints its status (Old generation,
        New  generation, New file, or Superseding, for disk files; or OK,
        if the files are appended to a non-disk device).


   Characteristics

        Files Appended in Order Specified

             The APPEND command attaches source files to the  destination
             file in the order you specify them; the contents of the last


                                    2-9
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (APPEND)


             specified source will appear at the end of  the  destination
             file when APPEND is finished.

        Subcommands Optional

             For most purposes you do not need to  use  subcommands  when
             transferring  information  with  the  APPEND command.  These
             subcommands, specifying the format of  the  appended  files,
             are  required  only when using certain devices (for example,
             devices of the form MTn:  (tape drives) using labeled tapes,
             or PTR:  (paper tape reader)) or under particular conditions
             (for  example,  when   transferring   files   over   network
             facilities).   If  you  are  appending information from disk
             files  or  from  your  terminal  and  you  do  not  use  any
             subcommands,  the  data will be appended as written, whether
             in a standard format (usually ASCII or binary) or not.


   Special Cases

        Wildcard Characters

             Wildcard characters (* and %) can be  used  in  source  file
             specifications   only.   The  files  are  then  appended  in
             alphabetical order.

        Appending Information from your Terminal

             If you type TTY:  in place of  source  file  specifications,
             the  system  appends  any  characters  you  then type (after
             completing the command itself), until you give a  CTRL/Z  to
             return  your  terminal  to  TOPS-20  command level.  CTRL/U,
             CTRL/R, CTRL/W, and the Delete key can be used to  edit  the
             current line of terminal input.


   Restrictions

        Source Files With Differing Formats

             You can use the APPEND  command  to  transfer  data  from  a
             magnetic  tape, terminal, card reader, paper tape reader, or
             other device to disk files, but if source files  written  in
             differing  formats  are  specified  within the same command,
             some data can be lost in the transfer.

        Mixing Sequenced and Unsequenced Files

             Source files created by the EDIT program should not  contain
             sequence  numbers when they are appended.  Mixing files that
             contain sequence numbers with files that do not  will  cause


                                    2-10
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (APPEND)


             EDIT to function improperly if used on the resulting file.

        Appending to Archived Files

             You can append the contents of an archived file  to  another
             file,  by specifying it as the first (or source) argument of
             an APPEND command.  You can then edit  the  resulting  file,
             because it does not gain archive status although part of its
             contents are the same as those of  the  archived  file;  the
             archived  file  remains unchanged.  However, you cannot give
             the specification of an archived  file  as  the  second  (or
             destination)  argument  of  an APPEND command, as this would
             change the file's contents.


   Related Commands

        COPY     for making copies of files


   Examples

        1.  Use the APPEND command to join two files.

            @APPEND FORT.FOR FIL.FOR
             FORT.FOR.8 [OK]

        2.  Append two files to the end of a third file.

            @APPEND FORT.FOR, GORT.FOR GIL.FOR
             FORT.FOR.8 [OK]
             GORT.FOR.6 [OK]

        3.  Access a directory and append a file from it  to  a  file  in
            your connected directory.

            @ACCESS <MANUALS>
            Password:___
            @APPEND <MANUALS>REL3A.MEM REL3A.MEM
             <MANUALS>REL3A.MEM.4 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS <MANUALS>

        4.  Use a wildcard character (%) to append several files  to  the
            end of another file.

            @APPEND %ORT.FOR HIL.FOR
             FORT.FOR.8 [OK]
             GORT.FOR.6 [OK]
             HORT.FOR.3 [OK]
             MORT.FOR.2 [OK]



                                    2-11
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (APPEND)


        5.  Use a wildcard character with the APPEND command to create  a
            new file.

            @APPEND *.TXT BACKUP.TXT
             MAIL.TXT.1 [OK]
             NEWRUN.TXT.1 [OK]
             NX.TXT.1 [OK]

        6.  Append a message from your terminal to the beginning  of  the
            file  created  in  Example  5.   Use  the symbolic generation
            number -1 to specify this action.

            @APPEND TTY:,BACKUP.TXT BACKUP.TXT.-1
             TTY:

            !THIS IS A BACKUP FILE FOR ALL TEXT FILES.
            ^Z

             BACKUP.TXT.1  [OK]


































                                    2-12
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (ARCHIVE)


   2.4  ARCHIVE

   Asks that a permanent off-line copy of  specified  files  be  made  on
   magnetic  tape,  and  prevents  the disk copy (if retained) from being
   modified.


   Format

        @ARCHIVE (FILES) filespec,...,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        filespec            is the specification of a file of  which  you
                            want a permanent copy.

        @@subcommand        means that after a final comma you  can  type
                            the following optional subcommands:

                            RETAIN    which causes the disk copies of the
                                      files being archived to be retained
                                      in  your  directory,  rather   than
                                      deleted and expunged.
|  
|                           NORETAIN  which sets the file invisible.
|  
|                           VISIBLE   which  leaves  file  visible  after
|                                     ARCHIVE command.


   Output

        Notice of Archive Sent to Requestor

             Whenever a file is taken  off  line  as  a  result  of  your
             ARCHIVE  command (for example, when you do not also give the
             RETAIN  subcommand),  the  operator  sends  a  mail  message
             notifying you that the file has been archived.


   Characteristics

        Archived Files Unalterable

             You cannot change the contents  of  files  specified  in  an
             ARCHIVE command once the command is given, even if the files
             are not immediately copied to tape.   This  means  that  you
             cannot  alter  or  add  to  them by using the EDIT or APPEND
             command, or overwrite them  by  using  the  COPY  or  RENAME
             command.   In  general,  files  for which you have requested


                                    2-13
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (ARCHIVE)


             archival must not be given as the second  filespec  argument
             of these commands.

        Archived Files Invisible

             The files you  specify  in  an  ARCHIVE  command  ordinarily
             become  invisible  to  most  TOPS-20 commands as soon as the
             ARCHIVE command is  given.   However,  if  you  include  the
             RETAIN subcommand when giving the ARCHIVE command, the files
             remain visible.  See Related Commands, below, for a list  of
             commands you can use with invisible files.


   Related Commands

        CANCEL ARCHIVE                for canceling archival requests

        DELETE, with the ARCHIVE subcommand
                                      for deleting archived files

                with the CONTENTS-ONLY subcommand
                                      for deleting only the disk copy  of
                                      files that also have a tape copy

        DIRECTORY, with the ARCHIVE subcommand
                                      for   requesting   information   on
                                      archived    files    (visible   and
                                      invisible) only

        DIRECTORY, with the INVISIBLE subcommand
                                      for   requesting   information   on
                                      invisible files only

        DISCARD                       for giving  up  the  tape  copy  of
                                      on-line files

        INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS
                                      for determining if archival for the
                                      specified    files   (visible   and
                                      invisible) has been accomplished

        RETRIEVE                      for   restoring   off-line    files
                                      (visible  and invisible) to on-line
                                      status

        SET FILE INVISIBLE            for making visible files invisible

        SET FILE VISIBLE              for making invisible files visible


   Examples


                                    2-14
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (ARCHIVE)


        1.  Archive a file.

            @ARCHIVE ARTEST.FIL
             ARTEST.FIL.1 [Requested]

        2.  Archive a file, but keep a copy on disk.  Check  the  archive
            status of files.

            @ARCHIVE ARCHEK.FIL,
            @@RETAIN
            @@
             ARCHEK.FIL.1 [Requested]
            @INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS
             ARCHEK.FIL.1 Archive requested,  Retain contents
             ARTEST.FIL.1 Archive requested

        3.  Attempt to use the EDIT  editor  to  edit  an  archived  file
            (first you must make it visible).  Note that, afterwards, the
            unedited backup copy is  the  archived  file,  and  that  the
            edited file has no archive status.

            @INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS ARTEST.FIL
             ARTEST.FIL.1 Archive requested
            @EDIT ARTEST.FIL

            %No such filename, Creating New file
            Input: ARTEST.FIL.2
            00100   $
            *EQ
|           @SET FILE VISIBLE ARTEST.FIL.1
             ARTEST.FIL.1 [OK]
|           @EDIT ARTEST.FIL.1
            Edit: ARTEST.FIL.1
            *P
            00100  !TEST FILE FOR ARCHIVING
            *I200
            00200  !FIRST MODIFICATION
            00300   $
            *P^:*
            00100  !TEST FILE FOR ARCHIVING
            00200  !FIRST MODIFICATION
            *EU

            [ARTEST.FIL.2]
            @INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS ARTEST.*
             ARTEST.QIL.1 Archive requested
            @TYPE ARTEST.QIL
            !TEST FILE FOR ARCHIVING
            @TYPE ARTEST.FIL
            !TEST FILE FOR ARCHIVING
            !FIRST MODIFICATION


                                    2-15
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (ARCHIVE)


            @DIRECTORY ARTEST.*

               MISC:<LATTA>
             ARTEST.FIL.2
               .QIL.1
















































                                    2-16
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ASSIGN)


   2.5  ASSIGN

   Reserves a specific input-output device for your job.


   Format

        @ASSIGN (DEVICE) dev:

        where:

        dev:      is the name of the device  you  want  to  assign.   The
                  colon after the device name is optional.


   Restrictions

        Assigning Magnetic Tape Drives

             You can use the ASSIGN command to assign tape drives only if
             they  are  of the form MTAn:.  Tape device names of the form
             MTn:  are  logical  device  names  only,  and  are  assigned
             automatically at the time of MOUNT TAPE commands.


   Related Commands

        DEASSIGN                          for  releasing   a   previously
                                          assigned device

        MOUNT                             for  mounting  a  structure  or
                                          magnetic   tape   set   without
                                          assigning a specific drive

        INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES     for finding out  which  devices
                                          can  be  assigned  or have been
                                          assigned to your job


   Examples

        1.  Assign a tape drive to your job.

            @ASSIGN MTA0:

        2.  Find out which devices are  available  for  timesharing  use,
            then assign one to your job.

            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, SNARK, MISC, LANG, MTA1, LPT, LPT0, LPT1


                                    2-17
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ASSIGN)


             CDR, PCDR0, CDP FE1-15, PTY20-61, NUL, PLT, PLT0
             DCN, SRV
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: TTY41
            @ASSIGN PCDR0:

















































                                    2-18
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ATTACH)


   2.6  ATTACH

   Attaches a job to your terminal.


   Format

        @ATTACH (USER) name (JOB #) number
        PASSWORD:  password

        where:

        name           is the user name of the job's owner.

        number         is the job number

                            Default  the only job, or only detached  job,
                                     or  only job other than your current
                                     job, logged in under the  user  name
                                     you give.

        password       is the associated password (not requested  if  you
                       are  currently  logged in under the same user name
                       as the job that you are attaching).


   Characteristics

        Current Job Detached

             If you give the ATTACH command while logged in, your current
             job  is  detached.   You can use the LOGOUT n command to log
             out this detached job.


   Hint

        Using ATTACH to Restore Phoned-in Jobs

             If you log in to the system by telephone lines  and  service
             is  interrupted  for  any  reason, use the ATTACH command to
             restore the connection.  If you do not do  this  within  the
             time limit set by the system manager (usually five minutes),
             your job will be logged out automatically and you will  have
             to log in again.


   Warning

        Attaching Attached Jobs



                                    2-19
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ATTACH)


             The system will ask  you  to  confirm  your  choice  with  a
             carriage return before attaching to your terminal a job that
             is attached elsewhere.  If you attach an attached  job  that
             is  running  a program, that program may be sent one or more
             CTRL/Cs,  which  can  affect  programs  that  handle  CTRL/C
             themselves.   To  avoid  this  possibility  you  must give a
             DETACH command from the terminal to which the program's  job
             is  attached,  then attach this job to your terminal with an
             ATTACH command.


   Effect on Memory, Terminal, and Job

        The ATTACH command affects neither memory nor the  job  that  you
        are  attaching (but see Warning, above), and leaves your terminal
        at TOPS-20 command level unless a program is  being  run  by  the
        job.  If a program is being run, your terminal is left at command
        level, if any, in the job.  Your terminal's characteristics  will
        be  those  established  in the job from which you gave the ATTACH
        command; if you were not logged in, they will be reset to  system
        default characteristics.


   Related Commands

        SYSTAT       for  finding  out  the  user  name  and  job  number
                     associated with any job

        DETACH       for disengaging a job from your own terminal

        UNATTACH     for disengaging a job from any other terminal


   Examples

        1.  Attach your only job, which is presently detached.

            @ATTACH LATTA
            Password:___

        2.  Attach one of several detached jobs.

            @ATTACH LATTA
|             Job 37, Detached, Running DETACH
|             Job 54, Detached, Running EXEC
|           Job:37
            Password:___

        3.  Check your jobs with the SYSTAT command (your current job  is
            marked  with  an asterisk [*]), then attach the only detached
            job.  Verify the system's action.


                                    2-20
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ATTACH)


            @SYSTAT LATTA
              37    26  NEWRUN  LATTA
              58   DET  EXEC    LATTA
              59*  231  EXEC    LATTA
            @ATTACH LATTA
             Detaching job # 59
            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
|            Host AURORA  Job 58, TTY314 kilpa.TOPS20.dec.com(TCP)
|            User LATTA, PS:<LATTA>, Account 341

        4.  Start a program in one job.  Then detach and continue it, and
            attach another of your jobs.

            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
|            Host AURORA  Job 9, TTY26 kilpa.TOPS20.dec.com(TCP)
|            User LATTA, PS:<LATTA>, Account 341
            @RUN FFACTOR

            ^C
            @DETACH CONTINUE
             Detaching job # 9
            ^C  !Not displayed on terminal
             TEDDY, Controller Dept. TOPS-20 Monitor 7(7)
            @SYSTAT LATTA
             9     DET   FFACTO    LATTA
            45*     41   SYSTAT    LATTA
            @ATTACH LATTA 45
             [Attached to TTY41, confirm]
            Password:___
























                                    2-21
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (BACKSPACE)


   2.7  BACKSPACE

   Moves a magnetic tape set backward over a specified number of files or
   records.


   Format

        @BACKSPACE (DEVICE) dev:  n units

        where:

        dev:      is the name of the tape set or magnetic tape drive that
                  you  want to move backward.  The colon after the device
                  name is optional.

        n         is the number of files or records over which  you  want
                  to backspace.
                       Default n - 1

        units     is either FILES or RECORDS.
                       Default units - FILES


   Restrictions

        BACKSPACE with Open Files

             If you have given a CTRL/C to exit from a program  that  has
             opened a magnetic tape drive and you then give the BACKSPACE
             command for that tape drive, the system will  first  ask  if
             you  want  to close the associated file.  You must do so for
             BACKSPACE to succeed, but you will  probably  be  unable  to
             continue  the  program from that point because the file will
             now be closed.

        RECORDS Argument Used for Unlabeled Tapes Only

             You cannot  give  the  RECORDS  argument  to  the  BACKSPACE
             command  when  using  a labeled tape, because read and write
             operations for labeled tapes always move  the  tape  to  the
             beginning of a file first.


   Related Commands

        SKIP       for moving a magnetic tape set forward

        REWIND     for backspacing a tape  volume  or  tape  set  to  its
                   logical beginning (the beginning of the first file)



                                    2-22
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (BACKSPACE)


        UNLOAD     for completely rewinding  a  magnetic  tape  onto  the
                   source reel


   Examples

        1.  Backspace your magnetic tape one file.

            @BACKSPACE MTA0: 1 FILE












































                                    2-23
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BLANK)


   2.8  BLANK

   Clears your video terminal screen.


   Format

        @BLANK (SCREEN)


   Characteristics

        This command moves the cursor to line 1 of the screen,  providing
        you  with  a  clean area for typing commands and receiving system
        output.


   Restriction

        The BLANK command functions only if you have  set  your  terminal
        type with the TERMINAL command or the unsupported TTYINI program.
































                                    2-24
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BREAK)


   2.9  BREAK

   Breaks the communication link made between  terminals  with  the  TALK
   command.


   Format

        @BREAK (LINKS WITH) argument

        where:

        argument     is a user name or line number.
                          Default - all communication links


   Restrictions

        Does Not End Advice

             The BREAK command, given at either of two  terminals  joined
             by  the  ADVISE  command,  does  not  end advice.  To end an
             ADVISE link, type CTRL/E.


   Related Commands

        TALK             for  establishing   communication   links   with
                         another terminal

        REFUSE LINKS     for preventing future communication  links  with
                         your terminal


   Examples

        1.  Use the BREAK command to end  a  TALK  session  with  another
            user.

            @BREAK

        2.  Use the TALK command to speak to another user, then use BREAK
            to end the conversation.

            @TALK PORADA
            LINK FROM LATTA, TTY 41
            @!HI.  CAN YOU TELL ME WHERE THE PROJECT ESTIMATES ARE STORED?
            @!SURE:  THEY'RE ON TAPE LS2.0 IN THE LIBRARY.
            @!THANKS.  BYE
            @BREAK



                                    2-25
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


   2.10  BUILD

   Creates, modifies, or deletes a subdirectory to a directory  to  which
   you have write access.


   Format

        @BUILD (DIRECTORY NAME) str:<directory>
        @@subcommand

        where

        str:                is  the  name  of  the  (mounted)   structure
                            containing the directory you are building.

        directory           is  the  name  of  the  directory   you   are
                            building.   The directory name can contain 39
                            or fewer alphanumeric  characters,  including
                            the  following  special characters:  '_', '-'
                            and '$'.  The name must be enclosed in  angle
                            brackets <> or square brackets [].

        @@subcommand        indicates  that   you   automatically   enter
                            subcommand  mode  after  completing the BUILD
                            command line.


            Summary of BUILD Subcommands (defaults in boldface)

        ABORT
|       ABSOLUTE-INTERNET-SOCKETS
        ACCOUNT-DEFAULT account
        ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
        CONFIDENTIAL
        DECNET-ACCESS
        DEFAULT-FILE-PROTECTION octal protection code    Default n -
                                                                 777700
        DIRECTORY-GROUP group number
        DISABLE
        ENABLE
        ENQ-DEQ
|       EXPIRATION-OF-PASSWORD
|       EXPIRE
        FILES-ONLY
        GENERATIONS n                                    Default n - 1
        IPCF
|       INTERNET-ACCESS
|       INTERNET-WIZARD
        KILL



                                    2-26
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


              ---
              | NAME-ONLY
        LIST  | FAST
              | VERBOSE
              ---
        MAINTENANCE
        MAXIMUM-SUBDIRECTORIES n                         Default n - 0

              ---
|             | ABSOLUTE-INTERNET-SOCKETS
              | ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
              | CONFIDENTIAL
              | DECNET-ACCESS
              | DIRECTORY-GROUP group number
              | ENQ-DEQ
|             | EXPIRATION-OF-PASSWORD
              | FILES-ONLY
        NOT   | IPCF
|             | INTERNET-ACCESS
|             | INTERNET-WIZARD
              | KILL
              | MAINTENANCE
              | OPERATOR
              | REPEAT-LOGIN-MESSAGES
|             | SECURE
              | SEMI-OPERATOR
              | SUBDIRECTORY-USER-GROUP group number
              | USER-OF-GROUP group number
              | WHEEL
              ---

        NUMBER octal directory number
        OFFLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT date or +n            Default n - 90
        ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT date or +n             Default n - 60
        OPERATOR
        PASSWORD 1- to 39-character word
                  ---
        PERMANENT | pages                                Default n - 250
                  | INFINITY
                  ---
        PRESERVE                                         
        PROTECTION octal protection code                 Default n - 
                                                                   777700
        PUSH
        REPEAT-LOGIN-MESSAGES
|       SECURE
        SEMI-OPERATOR
        SUBDIRECTORY-USER-GROUP group number
        TOPS10-PROJECT-PROGRAMMER-NUMBER n,n
        USER-OF-GROUP group number
        WHEEL


                                    2-27
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                ---
        WORKING | pages                                  Default n - 250
                | INFINITY
                ---


                             BUILD Subcommands


        ABORT                    cancels all  work  done  during  current
                                 BUILD command.  If directory was new, it
                                 does  not  exist;  if  old,  it  remains
                                 unchanged.

|       ABSOLUTE-INTERNET-SOCKETS
                                 allows the directory owner to  establish
|                                INTERNET  Protocol  network  connections
|                                using 32-bit  absolute  socket  numbers;
                                 users    with    Wheel    or    Operator
                                 capabilities  can  also   perform   this
                                 function.   For  use  only  with systems
|                                that are connected to a TCP/IP  network.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities.

        ACCOUNT-DEFAULT account
                                 causes  the  specified  account  to   be
                                 charged  for a terminal session whenever
                                 the user does not include an account  in
                                 his LOGIN command.

        ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
                                 causes on-line files that  have  expired
                                 to be marked for archiving.

        CONFIDENTIAL             grants the directory owner  confidential
                                 information     access     capabilities,
                                 allowing  him  to  obtain   confidential
                                 information  within  the  system through
                                 certain monitor calls.  See the  TOPS-20
                                 Monitor   Calls   Reference  Manual  for
                                 details.   Requires  WHEEL  or  OPERATOR
                                 capabilities.

        DECNET-ACCESS            allows the directory owner to  establish
                                 DECNET    network   connections.    This
                                 subcommand  works  in  conjunction  with
                                 pre-established system manager controls.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities.

        DEFAULT-FILE-PROTECTION octal protection code
                                 assigns this number as default  for  the


                                    2-28
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                                 protection    code    of    each    file
                                 subsequently placed in the directory.

                                 The protection code is  constructed  (by
                                 addition)  from  the  octal values shown
                                 below:

                                 77   full access to the file
                                 40   read the file
                                 20   write and delete the file
                                 10   execute the  program  contained  in
                                      the file
                                 04   append to the file
                                 02   list the files specification  using
                                      DIRECTORY-class commands
                                 00   no access to the file
                                       Default code - 777700

                                 See the TOPS-20 User's  Guide  for  more
                                 information about protection codes.

        DIRECTORY-GROUP group number
                                 places the directory in a group, thereby
                                 allowing  users in the same group access
                                 to it according to the middle two digits
                                 of  the  protection  code, and access to
                                 files in the directory according to  the
                                 middle   two   digits   of  each  file's
                                 protection code.  You can assign  up  to
                                 40   directory  group  numbers  to  each
                                 directory, with values  ranging  from  1
                                 through  262143  (2**18 - 1).   See  the
                                 TOPS-20 System  Manager's  Guide  for  a
                                 discussion of groups.

        DISABLE                  suspends any special  capabilities  that
                                 you  may  have activated with the ENABLE
                                 subcommand   or   the   ENABLE   TOPS-20
                                 command.

        ENABLE                   allows you to  activate  any  privileged
                                 capabilities that the system manager has
                                 given you and that you may  need  during
                                 the BUILD session.

        ENQ-DEQ                  grants the directory owner  the  ability
                                 to  perform  global  Enqueue and Dequeue
                                 functions; these are  discussed  in  the
                                 TOPS-20  Monitor Calls Reference Manual.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities.



                                    2-29
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


|       EXPIRATION-OF-PASSWORD n
|                                sets the password  expiration  date  for
|                                the directory.  You can specify the date
|                                and time to expire  the  password.   The
|                                user  can  log  in  again once after the
|                                password expires and is prompted  for  a
|                                new password.
|  
|       EXPIRE                   sets the password expiration date to -1,
|                                which  means  that the user cannot login
|                                to the account because  the  account  is
|                                expired.

        FILES-ONLY               declares   the   directory   to   be   a
                                 files-only directory; one not associated
                                 with  a  user.    See   Restrictions   -
                                 Files-only Directories, below.

        GENERATIONS n            specifies a default for  the  number  of
                                 successive  generations  of  files to be
                                 retained in the directory.  This  number
                                 must  be from 0 to 15, with 0 meaning an
                                 infinite number.
                                      Default n - 1

        IPCF                     allows the directory  owner  to  execute
                                 all privileged IPCF functions; these are
                                 discussed in the TOPS-20  Monitor  Calls
                                 Reference  Manual.   Requires  WHEEL  or
                                 OPERATOR capabilities.

|       INTERNET-ACCESS          allows the directory owner to  establish
|                                INTERNET  Protocol  network connections.
                                 This  subcommand  works  in  conjunction
                                 with   pre-established   system  manager
                                 controls.  Requires  WHEEL  or  OPERATOR
                                 capabilities.

|       INTERNET-WIZARD          allows  the  directory  owner   to   use
                                 special queues for sending and receiving
|                                information using the  INTERNET  Network
|                                Protocol.   For  use  only  with systems
|                                that are connected to a TCP/IP  network.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities.

        KILL                     eliminates the directory and  any  files
                                 it  contains  from  the system; you must
                                 confirm this subcommand  with  an  extra
                                 RETURN.

              ---


                                    2-30
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


              | NAME-ONLY
        LIST  | FAST             provides a  listing at  your terminal of
              | VERBOSE          parameter values  set  for the directory
              ---                by TOPS-20 commands, BUILD  subcommands,
                                 or  by default.  The FAST listing always
                                 includes   the   subdirectory's    name,
                                 working  and  permanent  storage limits,
                                 and, if they have  been  set,  directory
                                 number,  account default, maximum number
                                 of  subdirectories   allowed   to   this
                                 directory,  the  date  and  time of last
                                 log-in,  group  memberships,  and   user
                                 group   numbers   assignable   by   this
                                 directory.  The VERBOSE listing adds the
                                 other  values  that  can  be assigned by
                                 BUILD   subcommands,   while   NAME-ONLY
                                 restricts output to the directory name.
                                      Default - FAST

        MAINTENANCE              allows the directory  owner  to  execute
                                 certain  system maintenance functions or
                                 monitor calls; discussed in the  TOPS-20
                                 Monitor    Calls    Reference    Manual.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities.

        MAXIMUM-SUBDIRECTORIES n
                                 allows the owner of  this  directory  to
                                 build up to n subdirectories of his own,
                                 and subtracts an equal number  from  the
                                 value of this parameter for the superior
                                 directory.

              ---
|             | ABSOLUTE-INTERNET-SOCKETS
              | ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
              | CONFIDENTIAL
              | DECNET-ACCESS
              | DIRECTORY-GROUP group number
              | ENQ-DEQ
|             | EXPIRATION-OF-PASSWORD
              | FILES-ONLY
        NOT   | IPCF             withdraws the specified subcommand
|             | INTERNET-ACCESS
|             | INTERNET-WIZARD
              | KILL
              | MAINTENANCE
              | TOPS10-PROJECT-PROGRAMMER-NUMBER
              | OPERATOR
              | REPEAT-LOGIN-MESSAGES
|             | SECURE
              | SEMI-OPERATOR


                                    2-31
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


              | SUBDIRECTORY-USER-GROUP group number
              | USER-OF-GROUP group number
              | WHEEL
              ---

        NUMBER octal directory number
                                 assigns a specific directory number to a
                                 new   directory   (note:    usually  the
                                 default is adequate).  Directory numbers
                                 1  through  17 must never be assigned by
                                 users, as they are reserved  for  system
                                 use.
                                      Default directory number - assigned
                                              by system

        OFFLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT date or +n
                                 establishes the tape expiration date for
                                 files that are to go off line because of
                                 migration or archiving.  If you  specify
                                 "+n", the expiration date will be n days
                                 from the date the files  are  moved  off
                                 line.

                                 The  default  date  cannot  exceed   the
                                 system   maximum.    Check   the  system
                                 maximum  with  the  command  INFORMATION
                                 (ABOUT) SYSTEM-STATUS.

        ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT date or +n
                                 establishes the disk expiration date for
                                 files  that  are  to  be  created in the
                                 directory.  If  you  specify  "+n",  the
                                 expiration  date will be n days from the
                                 creation date.

        OPERATOR                 grants  Operator  capabilities  to   the
                                 owner   of   the  directory;  these  are
                                 discussed   further   in   the   TOPS-20
                                 Operator's  Guide.   Requires  WHEEL  or
                                 OPERATOR capabilities.

        PASSWORD 1- to 39-character word
                                 assigns  a   password,   consisting   of
                                 alphanumeric characters and hyphens (-),
                                 to the directory.  You can  include  any
                                 special characters (except '@', ';', '!'
                                 and '?') in a password by typing  CTRL/V
                                 before  each  special character.  Unlike
                                 special     characters      in      file
                                 specifications,  CTRL/V is required only
                                 when creating  the  password,  not  when


                                    2-32
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                                 using it.

                  ---            allocates   permanent    disk    storage
        PERMANENT | pages        capacity  (in pages)  to the  directory,
                  | INFINITY     and subtracts an equal number  from  the
                  ---            permanent disk storage capacity  of  the
                                 superior   directory.   INFINITY  allows
                                 users    with    WHEEL    or    OPERATOR
                                 capabilities  to  allocate  an unlimited
                                 number of pages to the  directory.   The
                                 permanent  disk  storage of the superior
                                 directory must also  be  INFINITY.   The
                                 number  of  pages  that  can  be used is
                                 limited to the number of free  pages  on
                                 the structure.

                                 The INFINITY argument  is  intended  for
                                 special  system  directories;  it is not
                                 intended for general users.
                                      Default pages - 250

        PRESERVE                 preserves the  values  of  the  superior
                                 directory's   PERMANENT,   WORKING   and
                                 MAXIMUM-SUBDIRECTORIES       parameters.
                                 PRESERVE  stops  the PERMANENT, WORKING,
                                 and  MAXIMUM-SUBDIRECTORIES  subcommands
                                 from  subtracting  the  values  from the
                                 quotas  in   the   superior   directory.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities.

        PROTECTION octal protection code
                                 assigns the given  directory  protection
                                 code  to  the directory.  The protection
                                 code is constructed (by  addition)  from
                                 the octal values shown below:

                                 77   full access to the directory
                                 40   access to files  in  the  directory
                                      (including   expunging   individual
                                      files), consistent  with  the  file
                                      protection of the files
                                 10   connect to  the  directory  without
                                      giving  a password, undelete files,
                                      expunge the entire  directory,  and
                                      change times, dates, and accounting
                                      information for files.   All  other
                                      access  is  governed  by  the  file
                                      protection of each file.
                                 04   create files in the directory
                                 00   no access to the directory
                                       Default code - 777700


                                    2-33
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                                 See the TOPS-20 User's  Guide  for  more
                                 information about protection codes.

        PUSH                     creates an EXEC level  inferior  to  the
                                 one  from  which  you  issued  the BUILD
                                 command and leaves your terminal at this
                                 new  level.   You can then issue TOPS-20
                                 commands to create conditions or  obtain
                                 information that you may need during the
                                 BUILD session.  Give the POP command  to
                                 return to BUILD.  See Example 6.

                                 This  subcommand  refers  to  the   EXEC
                                 defined     by    the    logical    name
                                 DEFAULT-EXEC:.  You can use  the  DEFINE
                                 command  to define the job logical name,
                                 DEFAULT-EXEC:, with the name of the EXEC
                                 you want to create each time you PUSH.

        REPEAT-LOGIN-MESSAGES    causes all system messages (mail sent by
                                 privileged users to all users, contained
                                 in the file, PS:<SYSTEM>MAIL.TXT) to  be
                                 printed on the user's terminal each time
                                 he logs in to this directory.   If  this
                                 subcommand  is  not  given,  only  those
                                 system messages created since  the  last
                                 time he logged in are printed.

|       SECURE                   sets  any  new  files  created  in   the
|                                specified  directory  secure by default.
|                                When  a  file  is  secure,  the   Access
|                                Control  Job  checks  to see if the user
|                                has access to that file before the  user
|                                can read, write, append, rename, delete,
|                                set secure, or set unsecure that file.

        SEMI-OPERATOR            creates  or  modifies   directories   to
                                 include  the  SEMI-OPERATOR  privileges,
                                 which allows unprivileged users  to  run
                                 OPR  and  execute  certain OPR commands.
                                 These   commands   are   strictly    for
                                 accessing  information  and  controlling
                                 certain  devices.    See   the   TOPS-20
                                 Operator's  Command  Language Manual for
                                 more   information   on   SEMI-OPERATOR.
                                 Requires WHEEL or OPERATOR privileges.

        SUBDIRECTORY-USER-GROUP group number
                                 allows propagation of any or all of  the
                                 group  numbers  in  a  directory's  user
                                 group list to the subdirectories of that


                                    2-34
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                                 directory.   Issuing  this subcommand is
                                 the first step required in  establishing
                                 subdirectory group rights.  You complete
                                 the process by issuing the USER-OF-GROUP
                                 subcommand  for  each subdirectory.  You
                                 can assign up to  40  subdirectory  user
                                 group  numbers  to  each directory, with
                                 values  ranging   from   1   to   262143
                                 (2**18 - 1).

        TOPS10-PROJECT-PROGRAMMER-NUMBER project number, programmer number

                                 allows TOPS-10 programs that  require  a
                                 project-programmer   number   (PPN)   to
                                 create subjobs  to  be  compatible  with
                                 TOPS-20.  The project number is an octal
                                 number  in  the  range  10-377777.   The
                                 programmer  number  is a six-digit octal
                                 number.   Separate  the  project  number
                                 from the programmer number with a comma,
                                 for example 17,76.

        USER-OF-GROUP number     assigns the directory owner to the given
                                 group.   You  can  assign up to 40 group
                                 numbers to each directory,  with  values
                                 ranging  from  1  to 262143 (2**18 - 1).
                                 See the TOPS-20 System  Manager's  Guide
                                 for a discussion of groups.

        WHEEL                    grants WHEEL capabilities to  the  owner
                                 of   the   directory,  allowing  him  to
                                 perform  all  the  privileged  functions
                                 available   on  the  system;  these  are
                                 discussed   further   in   the   TOPS-20
                                 Operator's  Guide.   Requires  WHEEL  or
                                 OPERATOR capabilties.

                ---              allocates  working disk storage capacity
        WORKING | pages          (in  pages)   to  the   directory,   and
                | INFINITY       subtracts  an  equal   number  from  the
                ---              working disk  storage  capacity  of  the
                                 superior  directory.  This working space
                                 is temporary and  is  allocated  to  the
                                 directory  only while the user is logged
                                 in.  Ordinarily, working  and  permanent
                                 storage limits are equal.

                                 INFINITY  allows  users  with  WHEEL  or
                                 OPERATOR  capabilities  to  allocate  an
                                 unlimited  number  of   pages   to   the
                                 directory.   The working disk storage of


                                    2-35
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                                 the  superior  directory  must  also  be
                                 INFINITY.   The number of pages that can
                                 be used is limited to the number of free
                                 pages on the structure.

                                 The INFINITY argument  is  intended  for
                                 special  system  directories;  it is not
                                 intended for general users.
                                      Default pages - 250


   Characteristics

        BUILD and ^ECREATE

             The BUILD command is identical in format to  the  privileged
             ^ECREATE  command.   If you use BUILD with WHEEL or OPERATOR
             capabilities enabled, it has the  same  power  as  ^ECREATE,
             namely,  to  create directories and modify the parameters of
             any directory on the system.   Without  these  capabilities,
             you  can  use  BUILD  to  modify  a  more  restricted set of
             directories:  you can modify a directory if you  have  write
             access  to  the  immediately superior directory.  The LOGIN,
             CONNECT, or ACCESS  command  obtains  write  access  to  the
             superior  directory; or, if you have sufficient group rights
             to the superior directory, you can use BUILD to  modify  its
             subdirectories.

        More Information

             For a description of using ^ECREATE to  create  directories,
             see   the  TOPS-20  Operator's  Command  Language  Reference
             Manual.

        Quotas Subtracted from the Superior Directory's Allotments

             Working and permanent disk  storage  page  limits,  and  the
             maximum  number  of subdirectories allowed to a subdirectory
             are subtracted from the quotas allocated to the  immediately
             superior  directory.  This subtraction occurs at the time of
             their  allotment  to  a  subdirectory.   If   the   superior
             directory's  quota is not sufficient, the BUILD command will
             fail.  (Note that if you  have  enabled  WHEEL  or  OPERATOR
             capabilities,  you  can  stop the subtraction of quotas from
             the superior directory with the PRESERVE subcommand.)

             To increase the superior directory's quota or any  of  these
             quantities  you  must either kill some of its subdirectories
             or reduce their allotments of the quantity.  Or you can  ask
             the system manager to increase the allotment of the superior
             directory.  Remember that unless  you  specify  working  and


                                    2-36
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


             permanent  page  limits, they will assume a default value of
             250 pages.  The BUILD command will  fail  in  this  case  if
             there  are  not  at  least 250 pages free in the immediately
             superior directory.

        Assigning Infinite Quotas

             If you have WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities enabled, you  can
             assign the maximum storage limit of 34359738367 (2**35-1) to
             a directory.   This  will  appear  in  the  response  to  an
             INFORMATION  DIRECTORY  command  as  +INF, denoting infinite
             storage capacity.  If you then  use  the  BUILD  command  to
             construct subdirectories to this directory, any disk storage
             capacity assigned, even the maximum, will not be  subtracted
             from  the  superior  directory.  You can use this feature to
             assign infinite  storage  capacity  to  a  number  of  users
             sharing  a  private  structure.   Then  these  users may use
             storage space on the structure without limit until the  disk
             pack fills up.


   Hints

        Keeping Track of Subdirectories

             Subdirectories appear as files of  type  .DIRECTORY  in  the
             immediately superior directory, so the DIRECTORY *.DIRECTORY
             command  for  the  superior  directory  will  indicate   any
             existing  subdirectories.   To suppress the listing of these
             files you can use the SET FILE PROTECTION  command  to  give
             them  a  protection of 000000, but then you must specify the
             files completely (including  generation  number)  to  access
             them in the future.

             If there are two or more levels of  subdirectories  below  a
             superior  directory,  you  can  do something else to allow a
             listing of them:  put each  subdirectory  into  a  group  of
             which the owner of the highest-level superior directory is a
             member.  Then, if you obtain the group rights of this  owner
             (by  using  the  LOGIN  or  ACCESS  command  if the superior
             directory is on the public structure, or ACCESS if it is  on
             another  structure), the INFORMATION DIRECTORY <directory.*>
             command with the NAME-ONLY subcommand will produce a listing
             of  subdirectories  at  every  level  beneath  the  superior
             directory.  For this feature to operate properly  the  group
             field  of  each  subdirectory's  protection  code must be at
             least 40.

        Modifying Subdirectories Easily

             By  following  the  above  procedure,  that  is,  by  making
             subdirectories at every level members of groups of which the

                                    2-37
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


             owner of the highest-level  superior  directory  is  also  a
             member,  you  make  the modification of these subdirectories
             much easier.  You can use the BUILD command to modify  these
             subdirectories  or  read  and  write to them, as long as you
             have the group memberships of  this  owner.   You  need  not
             connect  to  each  subdirectory's immediate superior to make
             modifications.


   Restrictions

        Giving Capabilities to Subdirectory Owners

             To  give  capabilities  (WHEEL,   OPERATOR,   SEMI-OPERATOR,
             ABSOLUTE-ARPANET-SOCKETS,    ARPANET-WIZARD,   CONFIDENTIAL,
             ENQ-DEQ, IPCF, or MAINTENANCE) to a subdirectory owner,  you
             must  have  these  capabilities  yourself,  and they must be
             enabled at  the  time  of  the  BUILD  command.   WHEEL  and
             OPERATOR  capabilities allow you to assign any capabilities.
             The INFORMATION DIRECTORY command for your log-in  directory
             tells you which capabilities you have, if any.

        Modifying Other Directories

             Unless you have WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities enabled,  you
             can  use  the BUILD command to modify the parameters of only
             those directories subordinate to a directory  to  which  you
             have   write   access.    (See  Characteristics - BUILD  and
             ^ECREATE,  and  Hints - Modifying   Subdirectories   Easily,
             above.)  If your installation allows it, you can use the SET
             DIRECTORY  command  to  change  some  parameters  of   these
             directories.

        Files-only Directories

             By giving the FILES-ONLY subcommand you make the directory a
             files-only directory (see Figure 1).  A files-only directory
             is not associated with a user and so  should  not  be  given
             capabilities   or   user   group  memberships.   Although  a
             files-only directory can have subdirectories, none of  these
             can  be  a  user  directory.   You cannot give the ACCESS or
             LOGIN command for a files-only directory.

        Killing Directories

             You cannot kill a directory that has  subdirectories;  first
             you  must  kill  those subdirectories one by one.  (When you
             kill a directory, the files  it  contains  are  deleted  and
             expunged.)  Also,  you  cannot  kill  a directory if you are
             logged into it or connected to it, or there are  open  files
             on it.


                                    2-38
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


        Restricted Use of BUILD Command

             Your system manager may make the  BUILD  and  SET  DIRECTORY
             commands  available  only  to  users  with  enabled Wheel or
             Operator capabilities.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION DIRECTORY      for    examining    the     parameters
                                   established for a directory

        INFORMATION DISK-USAGE     for  determining   how   much   of   a
                                   directory's   disk  space  is  already
                                   assigned to files

        SET DIRECTORY              for   changing    certain    directory
                                   parameters



































                                    2-39
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


                                --------------
                                |   <CHEM>   |
                                |            |                    
                                --------------
                                       |
                                       |
                        -------------------------------
                       /            /     \            \
                      /            /       \            \
                     /            /         \            \
                    /            /           \            \
                   /            /             \            \
                  /            /               \            \
   ---------------- ---------------- -------------------- ----------------
   | <CHEM.ALLEN> | | <CHEM.BLAKE> | | <CHEM.LAB-NOTES> | | <CHEM.TESTS> |
   |              | |              | | (files-only)     | | (files-only) |
   ---------------- ---------------- -------------------- ----------------
         |                   |
         |                   |
         V                   V
   -------------------- --------------------
   | <CHEM.ALLEN.LAB> | | <CHEM.BLAKE.LAB> |
   | (files-only)     | | (files-only)     |
   -------------------- --------------------


   Figure 2-1:  Directories and Subdirectories


   Examples

        The examples show how a user with a directory named <CHEM> builds
        subdirectories in the pattern shown in Figure 1.

        1.  Build directories for two  of  your  students  or  employees,
            assigning disk space and passwords and placing them in one of
            your directory groups; check their parameters.

            @BUILD <CHEM.ALLEN>
            [New]
            @@WORKING 50
            @@PERMANENT 50
            @@PASSWORD 619JIM
            @@DIRECTORY-GROUP 2391
            @@LIST
             NAME <CHEM.ALLEN>
             Working disk storage page limit 50
             Permanent disk storage page limit 50
             Account default for LOGIN - none set
             Directory groups 2391

            @@

                                    2-40
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


            @BUILD <CHEM.BLAKE>
            [New]
            @@WORKING 50
            @@PERMANENT 50
            @@PASSWORD 127BIL
            @@DIRECTORY-GROUP 2391
            @@LIST
             Name <CHEM.BLAKE>
             Working disk storage page limit 50
             Permanent disk storage page limit 50
             Account default for LOGIN - none set
             Directory groups 2391
            @@

        2.  Modify  Blake's  directory  to  allow  him  to   create   two
            subdirectories.

            @BUILD <CHEM.BLAKE>
            [Old]
            @@MAXIMUM-SUBDIRECTORIES 2

        3.  Build a files-only directory to store examination questions.

            @BUILD <CHEM.TESTS>
            [New]
            @@FILES-ONLY
            @@WORKING 10
            @@PERMANENT 10
            @@PASSWORD MINERVA
            @@DIRECTORY-GROUP 2391

        4.  Build a files-only directory as a library directory for  your
            subdirectory  owners.  Place the directory and these users in
            the same group.

            @BUILD <CHEM.LAB-NOTES>
            [New]
            @@FILES-ONLY
            @@WORKING 25
            @@PERMANENT 25
            @@PROTECTION 774000
            @@DEFAULT-FILE-PROTECTION 775200
            @@DIRECTORY-GROUP 2392
            @@
            @BUILD <CHEM.ALLEN>
            [Old]
            @@USER-GROUP 2392
            @@
            @BUILD <CHEM.BLAKE>
            [Old]
            @@USER-GROUP 2392


                                    2-41
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (BUILD)


        5.  User Blake quits.  Delete his directory.

            @BUILD <CHEM.BLAKE>
            [Old]
            @@KILL
            [Confirm]

        6.  Modify a subdirectory so that the subdirectory's  owner  will
            have 350 disk pages available.

            @BUILD <TUCKER.TEST>
            [Old]
            @@PERMANENT 350
            @@
            ?Request exceeds superior directory permanent quota.
            Please fix incorrect subcommands.

            The action above produced an error message.  To  correct  the
            error,  PUSH  out  of  the  BUILD  session  to learn what the
            superior directory's permanent quota is.

            @@PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(70)
            @INFORMATION DISK-USAGE
             PS:<TUCKER>
             70 Pages assigned
             261 Working pages, 261 Permanent pages allowed
             7546 Pages free on PS:, 144454 pages used.

            Then return to the BUILD session,  and  specify  a  permanent
            quota that is less than the superior directory's quota of 261
            disk pages.

            @POP
            [Continuing BUILD of directory PS:<TUCKER.TEST>]
            @@PERMANENT 170
            @@















                                    2-42
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


   2.11  CANCEL

   Cancels requests made with a queue-class command.


   Format

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) queue (ID) identifier/switch(es)

        where:

        queue          is  the  name  of  the  queue,  chosen  from   the
                       following list:

                       ARCHIVE         for  requests   made   using   the
                                       ARCHIVE command

                       BATCH           for requests made using the SUBMIT
                                       command

                       CARDS           for requests made using the  PUNCH
                                       CARDS command

                       MOUNT           for requests made using the  MOUNT
                                       STRUCTURE or MOUNT TAPE command

                       PAPER-TAPE      for requests made using the  PUNCH
                                       PAPER-TAPE command

                       PLOT            for requests made using  the  PLOT
                                       command

                       PRINT           for requests made using the  PRINT
                                       command

                       RETRIEVE        for  requests   made   using   the
                                       RETRIEVE command

                            request ID number
                                           the unique identifier assigned
                                           by the system to your request.
                                           This is the  number  appearing
                                           under  the  heading  "Req#" in
                                           the list of requests shown  by
                                           the   appropriate  INFORMATION
                                           command (see Related Commands,
                                           below).   To  cancel  archival
                                           requests,    use    "filespec"
                                           argument instead.

                            jobname        the jobname  of  the  request,


                                    2-43
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


                                           either:

                                            o  the first  six  characters
                                               of  the  first filename in
                                               the   request    or    the
                                               argument you supplied to a
                                               /JOBNAME    switch    when
                                               making  the  request  (for
                                               output      and      batch
                                               requests), or

                                            o  the first  six  characters
                                               of  each  filename  in the
                                               request   (for   retrieval
                                               requests), or

                                            o  the first  six  characters
                                               of  the structure alias or
                                               tape set n.  This  is  the
                                               name  appearing  under the
                                               heading    "Name",    "Req
                                               Name",  or  "Job  Name" in
                                               the list of requests shown
                                               by     the     appropriate
                                               INFORMATION  command  (see
                                               Related Commands, below).

                            filespec       the specification of  a  file.
                                           Use  this  argument  to cancel
                                           archival requests.

                            *              the    asterisk     identifier
                                           cancels  all  your requests in
                                           the specified queue.

        /switch        is one or more of the following switches:

                       /DESTINATION-NODE:node
                                           which lets you cancel a  print
                                           request to a remote printer in
                                           the same  TOPS-20  cluster  as
                                           the   requesting  node.   This
                                           switch cancels only the  print
                                           requests  that  were made from
                                           the local node.   Other  print
                                           requests  made  on  the remote
                                           node are not affected.

                       /JOBNAME:jobname
                                           which gives the jobname of the
                                           request  you  want  to cancel.


                                    2-44
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


                                           See  Special  Cases - /JOBNAME
                                           Switch, below.

                       /SEQUENCE:n         which   gives   the   sequence
                                           number  of the batch or output
                                           request you  want  to  cancel.
                                           The INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS
                                           or INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS
                                           command  with  the /ALL switch
                                           gives  the   sequence   number
                                           assigned  to  these  requests.
                                           Use  this  switch  in   CANCEL
                                           commands  placed  within batch
                                           jobs;  then  you  can   cancel
                                           requests  made  earlier in the
                                           batch job even though  you  do
                                           not   know   the   request  ID
                                           number.

                       /USER:user name
                                           which  cancels  the  specified
                                           request   entered   under  the
                                           given  user  name.    Use   an
                                           asterisk  (*) both for request
                                           ID number and as  argument  to
                                           this   switch  to  cancel  all
                                           requests of all users  in  the
                                           specified      queue.      For
|                                          privileged users only.   /USER
|                                          is   required   to  modify  or
|                                          cancel  requests  from   users
|                                          other than yourself.

   Output

        When you complete a CANCEL command removing a request, the system
        responds  with  "[1  Job  Canceled]"  and  makes  the appropriate
        deletion  from  the  indicated  queue.   If  the  job  is   being
        processed,   the   response   is  "[1  Job  Canceled  (1  was  in
        progress)]", but if the job is already  finished,  it  is  simply
        "[No Jobs Killed]".


   Characteristics

        Request ID or Jobname as Argument to CANCEL

             You can cancel a  single  queue  request  (those  made  with
             Queue-class  commands - MOUNT, PLOT, PRINT, PUNCH, RETRIEVE,
             or SUBMIT) by giving either its request  ID  number  or  its
             jobname  as  the  second argument of a CANCEL command.  This


                                    2-45
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


             argument is interpreted as a request  ID  number  unless  it
             includes   one  or  more  non-numeric  characters.   If  the
             argument includes non-numeric characters it  is  interpreted
             as a jobname.  By giving a jobname as the second argument of
             a CANCEL command, you  cancel  all  your  requests  of  that
             jobname  in  the  specified  queue.   But  see  also Special
             Cases -  /JOBNAME Switch, below.


   Special Cases

        /SPOOLED-OUTPUT Switch

             You can give the special switch, /SPOOLED-OUTPUT, after  the
             CARDS,  PAPER-TAPE,  PLOT,  or  PRINT argument to the CANCEL
             command.  By doing so you cause any accumulated requests  in
             the  spooler  queue for the appropriate output device (CDP:,
             PTP:, PLT:, or LPT:, respectively) to  be  canceled,  rather
             than  filled  when  you  log  out.   Do not give any further
             arguments to a "CANCEL queue /SPOOLED-OUTPUT" command.

             If any spooled file print requests have  been  routed  to  a
             remote  node,  use  the  /DESTINATION-NODE  switch to cancel
             them.

        /JOBNAME Switch

             In the singular case when you want to cancel  several  queue
             requests  of  the  same  jobname using a single command, and
             that jobname is purely numerical (for  example,  5045),  you
             must  use the /JOBNAME:jobname switch as the second argument
             to the CANCEL command.  Do not also give the request  ID  or
             jobname   as   a   command   argument   if   you   give  the
             /JOBNAME:jobname switch.


   Restrictions

        Cannot Cancel Filled Tape-mount Requests

             You cannot use the CANCEL command to withdraw a  MOUNT  TAPE
             request once the first volume of tape has been mounted (once
             you have received a message of the form, [setname defined as
             MTn:]).   Use  the  DISMOUNT  command  to  give up your tape
             resource in this case.  Note that  the  DEASSIGN  or  LOGOUT
             command will also dismount the tape set.

        Cannot Cancel Certain Archival Requests

             You cannot use the CANCEL command to  withdraw  an  archival
             request once the operator has initiated archival procedures.
             Thus,  even  though  files  remain  on  disk   between   the

                                    2-46
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


             operator's  first and second archive runs, you cannot cancel
             a request during this time.  If you try to cancel a  request
             after archiving has begun, you receive the error message:

                  ?File has archive status:  filename

             Note that this error does not terminate a  multifile  CANCEL
             ARCHIVE  command  (for  example,  CANCEL  ARCHIVE  *.*); the
             TOPS-20  command   processor   continues   processing   each
             remaining  filename  in  the  request.   Cancel requests for
             these remaining files are judged individually.

   Related Commands

        ARCHIVE                         for requesting archival of a file

        INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS      for  finding  out  the   archival
                                        status of files

        INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS      for  examining  requests  in  the
                                        batch input queue

        INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS      for  examining  requests  in  the
                                        structure- and tape-mount queue

        INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS     for  examining  requests  in  the
                                        line   printer,   plotter,   card
                                        punch,  and  paper   tape   punch
                                        queues

        INFORMATION RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS  for  examining  requests  in  the
                                        retrieval queue

        MODIFY                          for  changing  requests   without
                                        removing them

        MOUNT                           for  placing  requests   in   the
                                        structure-  or tape-mount queue

        PLOT                            for placing requests in a plotter
                                        queue

        PRINT                           for placing requests  in  a  line
                                        printer queue

        PUNCH                           for  placing  requests   in   the
                                        card-  or paper-tape-punch queue

        RETRIEVE                        for  placing  requests   in   the
                                        retrieval queue



                                    2-47
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


        SUBMIT                          for placing requests in the batch
                                        input queue


   Examples

        1.  Cancel a specific print request.

            @CANCEL PRINT REMAX
            [1 Job canceled]

        2.  Cancel all your batch requests.

            @CANCEL BATCH *
            [3 Jobs canceled]

        3.  Find out what line  printer  requests  you  have  made,  then
            cancel one of two jobs bearing the same jobname.

            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /USER

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name    Req#   Limit   User          
            --------    ----   -----   -------
              MYCOPY     142      81   LATTA  /Lower  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
              MYCOPY     143      81   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
              MYCOPY     144      81   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
              HOLMAX     141     200   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 17:00
              HOLMAX     140     200   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
            There are 5 Jobs in the Queue (None in Progress)

            @CANCEL PRINT  141
            [1 Job Canceled]

        4.  Get a list of your printing jobs (and some  of  the  switches
            you gave), then cancel three of them.

            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /ALL/USER

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name   Req#   Limit   User          
            --------   ----   -----   -------
              MYCOPY    142      81   LATTA  /Lower  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
                       /Prio:20   /Seq:1728
              MYCOPY    143      81   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
                                           /Seq:1729
              MYCOPY    144      81   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
                                           /Seq:1730
              HOLMAX    140     200   LATTA  /After: 8-Nov-79 18:00
                                           /Seq:1726
            There are 4 Jobs in the Queue (None in Progress)


                                    2-48
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


            @CANCEL PRINT MYCOPY
            [3 Jobs Canceled]

        5.  Cancel a plotter request.

            @CANCEL PLOT 94
            [1 Job Canceled]

        6.  Cancel a mount request for a structure or a tape set.

            @CANCEL MOUNT 24
            [1 mount request canceled]

        7.  Find out what requests are in the mount queue.   Cancel  your
            structure mount request.

            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status  Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User        
            -------  -------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  ----------
            MARK     MTA1     Tape  Enabled  MARK       126    60  HOVSEPIAN
            TAPE     MTA3     Tape  Enabled  TAPE       148    13  WALLACE
            LATB     Waiting  Disk           LATB       157    65  LATTA
            There are 3 Requests in the Queue

            @CANCEL MOUNT 157
            [1 mount request canceled]

        8.  Find out what requests are in  the  mount  queue.   Cancel  a
            mount  request  that  has not yet been filled, and dismount a
            tape that has been mounted.

            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status  Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User          
            -------  -------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  ----------
            MARK     MTA1     Tape  Enabled  MARK        29    15  HOVSEPIAN
            DBL02    MTA0     Tape  Enabled  LAT         31    24  LATTA
            NCV19    Waiting  Tape  Enabled  NCV         32    24  LATTA
            There are 3 Requests in the Queue

            @CANCEL MOUNT 32
            [1 mount request canceled]
            @DISMOUNT TAPE LAT:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name LAT: deleted]

        9.  Cancel a remote print request.

            @CANCEL PRINT SUM7/DESTINATION-NODE::LEZAH


                                    2-49
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CANCEL)


            [1 print request canceled]




















































                                    2-50
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CLOSE)


   2.12  CLOSE

   Closes open files in your job and releases their JFNs.


   Format

        @CLOSE (JFN) n

        where:

        n    is the JFN (Job File Number) of a file.
                  Default n - all JFNs for open and closed files


   Output

        When the CLOSE command is completed, the system prints a  message
        on  your terminal for each JFN that it has closed or attempted to
        close.


   Characteristics

        CLOSE Usually Unnecessary

             The CLOSE command is used to preserve the contents of a file
             after  the  abnormal  termination of the program that opened
             it.  Under ordinary conditions you do not need  to  use  the
             CLOSE command.


   Special Cases

        CLOSE For Closed Files

             If you give the CLOSE command for  an  existing  but  closed
             JFN, the JFN is released.


   Restrictions

        Closing Mapped Files

             You cannot close files that are mapped into memory; in  this
             case  you  may  give the RESET command, which clears memory.
             (Note, however, that RESET will delete and expunge a  mapped
             file if the file is new, rather than save it as CLOSE would.
             To save a new mapped file, give the  SET  PAGE-ACCESS  0:777
             NONEXISTENT  command, and follow this with CLOSE.)  If RESET
             by itself does not close the file, you  may  first  have  to


                                    2-51
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CLOSE)


             give  the  POP  command  to  return to a higher level of the
             TOPS-20 command processor; then give the RESET command.

        Once memory has been cleared, all files are closed for  processes
        at the current and lower levels of TOPS-20.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION FILE-STATUS     for determining which files are  open
                                    in your job

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE    for  determining  which   files   are
                                    mapped

        RESET                       for closing mapped files and clearing
                                    memory

        SET PAGE NONEXISTENT        for  removing  specified  pages  from
                                    memory


   Examples

        1.  Close an open file.

            @CLOSE 4
             4  EDIT-BUFFER.OUT.100036   [OK]

        2.  Try to close all your open files.  Give the RESET command  to
            close  those  that are mapped.  (Note that the file EXEC.EXE,
            containing the TOPS-20 command processor, cannot be closed.)

            @CLOSE
             3  TEST1.CBL.1   [OK]
             2  PS:<TEST>EDIT.EXE.4  Can't close file - File still mapped
             1  PS:<SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE.3  Can't close file - File still mapped
            @RESET
            @CLOSE
             1  PS:<SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE.3  Can't close file - File still mapped













                                    2-52
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


   2.13  COMPILE

   Translates source files into object (relocatable binary) files.


   Format

        @COMPILE (FROM) /switch(es) source/switch(es) object,...

        where:

        switches       are  keywords  chosen   from   the   list   below,
                       indicating your choice of COMPILE command options.
                       They have different  effects  depending  on  their
                       position  in  the command line:  placed before all
                       files in the command, they  act  as  defaults  for
                       all;  otherwise,  they  affect  only  the  nearest
                       preceding file.
                            Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        source         is the file specification  of  a  source  program.
                       The filename must be of 6 or fewer characters, and
                       the file type of 3 or fewer characters; you cannot
                       use a generation number.
                            Default - arguments you  gave  in  your  last
                                      LOAD-class command

        object         is the filename you choose for the object file; it
                       must be of 6 or fewer characters.
                            Default - filename of the source  file  (file
                                      type is .REL)

         Summary of COMPILE Command Switches (defaults in boldface)

             /10-BLISS
             /36-BLISS
             /68-COBOL
             /74-COBOL
             /ABORT
             /ALGOL
             /BINARY
             /COBOL
             /COMPILE
             /CREF
             /CROSS-REFERENCE
             /DDT
             /DEBUG
             /FAIL
             /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
             /FORTRAN
             /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"


                                    2-53
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


             /LIBRARY
             /LIST
             /MAC
             /MACHINE-CODE
             /MACRO
             /MAP
             /NOBINARY
             /NOCOMPILE
             /NOCREF
             /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
             /NODBUG
             /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
             /NOLIST
             /NOLIBRARY
             /NOMACHINE-CODE
             /NOOPTIMIZE
             /NOSEARCH
             /NOSTAY
             /NOSYMBOLS
             /NOWARNINGS
             /OPTIMIZE
             /PASCAL
             /RELOCATABLE
             /SAIL
             /SEARCH
             /SIMULA
             /SNOBOL
             /STAY
             /SYMBOLS
             /WARNINGS

        Descriptions of these switches are  given  below.   Although  the
        system  will  not  reject  switches  described  under  any of the
        LOAD-class commands, only those switches commonly associated with
        COMPILE are described here.


                            COMPILE Command Switches


        /10-BLISS      compiles the file using the BLISS-10 compiler.
                            Default for files of type .B10 and .BLI

        /36-BLISS      compiles the file using the BLISS-36 compiler.
                            Default for files of type .B36

        /68-COBOL      compiles the file using the COBOL-68 compiler.
                            Default for files of type .C68 or .68C

        /74-COBOL      compiles the file using the COBOL-74 compiler.
                            Default for files of type .C74 or .74C


                                    2-54
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


        /ABORT         stops a compile if a fatal error is  detected  and
                       returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command level.

        /ALGOL         compiles the file using the ALGOL compiler.
                            Default for files of type .ALG

        /BINARY        allows generation of an object (binary)  file  for
                       each source file given.  Use this switch to cancel
                       a /NOBINARY switch.
                            Default

        /COBOL         compiles the file using the COBOL compiler, either
                       COBOL-68  or  COBOL-74, that your installation has
                       stored in the file SYS:COBOL.EXE.
                            Default for files of type .CBL

        /COMPILE       forces compilation of the source file  even  if  a
                       current  object  file  already  exists.   Use this
                       switch along with the /LIST  or  /CREF  switch  to
                       obtain  listings  when  you  have  current  object
                       files.  (See also the /NOBINARY switch.)

        /CREF          same as /CROSS-REFERENCE

        /CROSS-REFERENCE
                       creates   a   file   containing    cross-reference
                       information for each compilation.  The filename is
                       that of the object file; the file  type  is  .CRF.
                       Use  the  CREF  command to obtain a listing of the
                       file.  (For COBOL files, this switch automatically
                       produces  a  cross-reference  listing.)   See  the
                       TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for information about
                       the CREF program.

        /DDT           loads the DDT debugging program  along  with  your
                       object file.

        /DEBUG         produces  an  object  file  containing   debugging
                       information beyond what is usually inserted during
                       a compilation.  (For FORTRAN  programs  only,  and
                       only if you have not given the /OPTIMIZE switch.)

        /FAIL          compiles the file using the FAIL compiler.
                            Default for files of type .FAI

        /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
                       indicates non-standard syntax in file.

        /FORTRAN       compiles the file using the FORTRAN compiler
                            Default  in the absence of a standard  source
                                     file type and a language switch


                                    2-55
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


                            Default  for files of type .FOR

        /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"
                       passes the specified switches to the compiler that
                       will  process  the  file(s)  to  which this switch
                       applies.  You must include the switches in  double
                       quotation marks ("  ").

        /LIBRARY       same as /SEARCH.

        /LIST          prints a listing of the program in  ASCII  format;
                       the  name  of  this listing is the filename of the
                       object file.  The  /CREF  switch  overrides  /LIST
                       when they both apply to the same file.

        /MAC           same as /MACRO

        /MACHINE-CODE  produces a file containing the  generated  machine
                       code.   The  filename  is that of the object file;
                       the file type is .LST.  For high-level languages.
                            Default

        /MACRO         assembles the file using the MACRO assembler.
                            Default for files of type .MAC

        /MAP           produces a loader map and stores it  in  the  file
                       object.MAP, where object is the name of the module
                       containing the start  address,  or  (if  no  start
                       address) nnnLNK.MAP, where nnn is your job number.

        /NOBINARY      prevents generation of an  object  (binary)  file.
                       Use this switch along with /LIST or /CREF to allow
                       these switches to take effect without producing  a
                       new object file.

        /NOCREF        same as /NOCROSS-REFERENCE.

        /NOCOMPILE     prevents compilation if the associated object file
                       is   current;  otherwise  it  forces  compilation.
                       Cancels    /COMPILE    or    /RELOCATABLE.     See
                       Characteristics - Compiling   New   Sources  Only,
                       below.
                            Default

        /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
                       prevents the creation of a cross-reference file.
                            Default

        /NODEBUG       excludes special debugging information  from  your
                       object file.  (For FORTRAN programs only.)
                            Default


                                    2-56
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


        /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
                       prevents the flagging of nonstandard syntax in the
                       file.
                            Default

        /NOLIBRARY     same as /NOSEARCH.

        /NOLIST        prevents a line printer listing of the program.
                            Default

        /NOMACHINE-CODE
                       prevents generation of a file  containing  machine
                       code.
                            Default

        /NOOPTIMIZE    prevents the generation of  a  globally  optimized
                       object file.  (For FORTRAN programs only.)
                            Default

        /NOSEARCH      requires all modules in the  object  file  library
                       (the  file  accompanied  by  this  switch  in  the
                       command line) to be loaded, even if they  are  not
                       called  by  your  program.   Cancels  the  /SEARCH
                       switch.
                            Default

        /NOSTAY        stops  the  compiler  from  being  placed   in   a
                       background  fork.   Use  when  /STAY  is  set as a
                       default for the compiler.

        /NOSYMBOLS     prevents a symbol table from  being  loaded  along
                       with the object file.

        /NOWARNINGS    prevents display of warnings for nonfatal errors.

        /OPTIMIZE      calls  for  generation  of  a  globally  optimized
                       object  file, that is, one that runs as quickly as
                       possible.  (For FORTRAN programs only, and only if
                       you have not given the /DEBUG switch.)

        /PASCAL        compiles the file using the PASCAL compiler.
                            Default for files of type .PAS

        /RELOCATABLE   identifies  the  input  file  as  an  object  file
                       (regardless   of   its   extension)  and  prevents
                       compilation of the source file, forcing use of  an
                       existing  object  file  even if the object file is
                       out of date.
                            Default for files of type .REL

        /SAIL          compiles the file using the SAIL compiler.


                                    2-57
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


                            Default for files of type .SAI

        /SEARCH        requires that the object file  library  (the  file
                       accompanied by this switch in the command line) be
                       searched for modules called by your program or  by
                       a  program  subroutine.   Only  these  modules are
                       loaded, along with modules called from the  system
                       libraries, which are always searched.

        /SIMULA        compiles the file using the SIMULA compiler.
                            Default for files of type .SIM

        /SNOBOL        compiles the file using the SNOBOL compiler
                            Default for files of type .SNO

        /STAY          returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command level  so
                       that  you  can perform other work while the system
                       continues   to   compile   your   program.     You
                       immediately  receive  the TOPS-20 prompt (@ or $),
                       and can then issue any user command.   Be  careful
                       not  to  send incorrect data to programs expecting
                       terminal  input.   (See  the   CONTINUE   command,
                       Restrictions:   Programs  Competing  for  Terminal
                       Input.)

                       This switch saves you from having to:  issue a  ^T
                       to  make sure the compiler has begun; give a ^C to
                       halt  compilation;  and  issue  a  CONTINUE  /STAY
                       command   to   remain   at  command  level  during
                       compilation.

        /SYMBOLS       loads a symbol table along with the  object  file;
                       helpful for debugging a program.
                            Default

        /WARNINGS      displays warnings for nonfatal errors.
                            Default


   Characteristics

        Compiling New Sources Only

             The system usually compiles only  those  sources  for  which
             there  are  no  current object files, that is, sources whose
             write dates are more recent than those of the  object  files
             of the same name.

             However, sources for which you supply a new object  filename
             are  compiled  even  if there are current object files.  You
             can always force compilation with the /COMPILE switch.


                                    2-58
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


        Default Switches Not Passed to Compiler

             Only switches specified in a LOAD-class command  are  passed
             to  the compiler; default switches are not passed.  Instead,
             the system assumes that the defaults for  the  compiler  are
             the same as the defaults for the LOAD-class command.

        Using Standard File Types

             If you specify source files with standard types (.FOR, .MAC,
             .CBL,   or   .ALG)   in   a   COMPILE  command,  the  system
             automatically   calls   the   appropriate   compiler    when
             compilation  is  necessary.   If you specify source files by
             filename only, the system searches your connected  directory
             in  the  above  order for a file of this name and a standard
             type.   To  compile  programs   from   sources   that   have
             nonstandard file types, give a switch to indicate the proper
             compiler (/FORTRAN, /MACRO, /COBOL, or  /ALGOL).   A  switch
             will  take  precedence  over  a  standard  file type if they
             indicate different languages.  If no compiler  is  indicated
             with  either  a  switch or a standard file type, the FORTRAN
             compiler is used.


   Hints

        Plus Signs Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more filespecs separated  by  plus  signs
             (+)  as  arguments to COMPILE, they are compiled together as
             if they were a single file.  Their object module  is  stored
             under  any  filename  given  as the "object" argument of the
             command, or (if none) under the last filename in  the  group
             and file type .REL.

        Indirect Files as Arguments

             You can store the arguments (source  and  object  filespecs,
             switches)  of  a  COMPILE  command  in an indirect file, and
             specify them by typing an at sign (@) and its filespec as  a
             COMPILE command argument.

        Establishing Default Arguments with the SET Command

             You can issue the SET DEFAULT  COMPILE-SWITCHES  command  to
             set  up  default  global  arguments  to the COMPILE command.
             Insert this SET command in your COMAND.CMD  file  to  change
             your own defaults permanently.

        Wildcards Illegal with COMPILE



                                    2-59
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


             The COMPILE command does not accept wildcard  characters  (*
             and %) in a file specification.


   Effect on Memory

        The COMPILE command clears any unkept forks from memory and loads
        the appropriate compiler.


   Related Commands

        LOAD, EXECUTE, and DEBUG     other   LOAD-class   commands    for
                                     performing related functions


   Examples

        1.  Compile a FORTRAN program.

            @COMPILE RSD2.FOR
            FORTRAN: RSD2
            MAIN.

        2.  Do the same thing, using a  switch  to  indicate  the  proper
            compiler.   Use  the  /STAY  switch  to return immediately to
            TOPS-20 command level.

            @COMPILE RSD2/FORTRAN/STAY
            @PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(1015)
            @EDIT LOGIN.CMD

        3.  Create an indirect file using the EDIT  editor.   Use  it  to
            compile  several  programs, forcing a compilation of the last
            one and storing its object file under a new name.

            @CREATE UPDATE.CMD
            Input: UPDATE.CMD.1
            00100   /COBOL FSTQ, SNDQ, THDQ, FTHQ/COMPILE ANNUAL
            00200   $
            *E

            [UPDATE.CMD.1]
            @COMPILE @UPDATE.CMD
            COBOL:  DMN     [FSTQ.CBL]
            COBOL:  DMN     [SNDQ.CBL]
            COBOL:  DMN     [THDQ.CBL]
            COBOL:  DMN     [FTHQ.CBL]



                                    2-60
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (COMPILE)


            EXIT
            @DIRECTORY,
            @@CHRONOLOGICAL WRITE
            @@REVERSE
            @@
               PS:<LATTA>
             ANNUAL.REL.1
             THDQ.REL.1
             SNDQ.REL.1
             SNDQ.CBL
             FSTQ.CBL

            Total of 5 files

        4.  Produce a cross-reference (.CRF) file for a  FORTRAN  program
            although  you already have a current object file; prevent the
            generation of a new object program.   Check  for  the  output
            file.

            @COMPILE /CREF/FORTRAN/COMPILE/NOBINARY RSD2
            FORTRAN: RSD2
            MAIN.
            @DIRECTORY,
            @@CHRONOLOGICAL WRITE
            @@REVERSE
            @@

               PS:<LATTA>
             RSD2.CRF.1
             017CRE.TMP.100017;T
             RSD2.REL.1
             RSD2.FOR

            Total of 4 files



















                                    2-61
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONNECT)


   2.14  CONNECT

   Connects your job to a directory.


   Format

        @CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) dev:<directory>
        PASSWORD:password

        where:

        dev:<directory>     is  the  directory  to  which  you  want   to
                            connect.

                                 Default dev: - your connected structure

                                 Default <directory> - the directory  (on
                                         the  specified structure) of the
                                         same  name  as  your   connected
                                         directory

                                 Default (if no arguments  are  given)  -
                                         your  log-in  directory  on  the
                                         public structure

        password            is  the  password  of  the   directory   (not
                            requested  for  your  log-in  directory  or a
                            directory to which you already have ownership
                            or sufficient group rights).


   Characteristics

        Capabilities

             Your   capabilities   (WHEEL,    OPERATOR,    SEMI-OPERATOR,
             CONFIDENTIAL)  are  associated  with  your  log-in user name
             only.  If you connect to a directory whose owner  has  Wheel
             capabilities, you do not gain these capabilities.


   Hints

        Obtaining Group Rights

             You can obtain group rights equal to those of the owner of a
             directory  by  giving  the  ACCESS command instead of, or in
             addition to, CONNECT for that directory.




                                    2-62
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONNECT)


   Restrictions

        Features Not Affected

             For some  system  features,  CONNECT  does  not  affect  the
             directory used:

        System Accounting

             The SET ACCOUNT command  allows  arguments  valid  for  your
             log-in  user  name  only.  Generally, charges for system use
             are made to your log-in user name.

        Queue-class Commands

             The Queue-class commands charge processing requests to  your
             log-in user name only.


   Related Commands

        ACCESS     for obtaining group as well as ownership rights  equal
                   to those of the owner of a directory

        MOUNT      for making a structure available  for  connecting  and
                   ensuring the continued availability of the structure


   Examples

        1.  Connect to another user's directory.

            @CONNECT <HOLLAND>
            Password:___

        2.  Try  to  access  a  directory.   Discovering  that  it  is  a
            files-only directory, connect to it instead.

            @ACCESS <MANUALS>
            ?Directory is "files-only" and cannot be accessed
            @CONNECT <MANUALS>
            Password:___

        3.  Connect to another  user's  directory  on  a  different  file
            structure  and then to your directory on that structure; then
            return to your log-in directory  on  PS:.   Give  INFORMATION
            JOB-STATUS  commands  as  you go along to check which is your
            connected directory.

            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
             Host AURORA


                                    2-63
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONNECT)


             Job 36, TTY207, User LATTA
             Account 341
            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @CONNECT SNARK:<HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
             Host  AURORA
             Job 36, TTY207, User LATTA, SNARK:<HOLLAND>
             Account 341
            @CONNECT <LATTA>
            @INFORMATION JOB
             Host AURORA
             Job 36, TTY207, User LATTA, SNARK:<LATTA>
             Account 341
            @CONNECT
            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
             Host AURORA
             Job 36, TTY207, User LATTA
             Account 341
            @DISMOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: dismounted

        4.  Connect to your directory on  another  structure  and  obtain
            your   full  rights  to  it.   After  giving  an  INFORMATION
            JOB-STATUS command to verify your connected directory, give a
            command  that  depends  on these rights.  Then return to your
            log-in directory on PS:.

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:
            @CONNECT SNARK:
            @INFORMATION JOB

             Host AURORA
             Job 36, TTY207, User LATTA, SNARK:<LATTA>
             Account 341
            @INFORMATION DIRECTORY <LATTA.*>,
            @@NAME-ONLY
            @@
             Name SNARK:<LATTA.ALLEN>
             Name SNARK:<LATTA.BLAKE>
             Name SNARK:<LATTA.LAB-NOTES>
             Name SNARK:<LATTA.TESTS>
            @END-ACCESS SNARK:<LATTA>
            @CONNECT
            @DISMOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: dismounted




                                    2-64
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


   2.15  CONTINUE

   Continues execution of a fork that was halted.


   Format

        @CONTINUE (FORK) argument /switch

        where:

        argument       is the fork name or fork number.
                            Default - the current fork

        /switch        is  a  keyword,  chosen  from  the   list   below,
                       indicating   your   choice   of  CONTINUE  command
                       options.


                         CONTINUE Command Switches


        /BACKGROUND    keeps your terminal at TOPS-20 command  level  and
                       continues   execution   of   the   program   in  a
                       "background" fork.  When the program  attempts  to
                       do terminal input or output, it halts and displays
                       the message [FORK-NAME wants the TTY].

        /NORMALLY      restores your terminal to command level  (if  any)
                       within the program.
                            Default

        /STAY          keeps your terminal at TOPS-20 command  level  and
                       continues   execution   of   the   program   in  a
                       "background" fork.  Output  from  the  program  is
                       sent  to  the  terminal  and  is  intermixed  with
                       whatever output is currently displayed.  When  the
                       program attempts to read from the terminal, it can
                       randomly intercept input intended for the EXEC  or
                       another  program.  Therefore, use this switch with
                       programs  that,  once  started,  do  not   request
                       further terminal input.


   Characteristics

        Continuing a Noncurrent Fork

             When you  continue  a  noncurrent  fork,  by  including  the
             fork-name argument in a CONTINUE command, the specified fork
             becomes your current fork.


                                    2-65
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


   Hints

        Stopping a Background Program

             To stop a background program, give the FREEZE command.

        Providing Input to a Background Program

             A background program, continued with  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND,
             sends  the  message  [FORK-NAME wants the TTY] when it wants
             input.  A background program, continued with CONTINUE /STAY,
             prints  the  program  prompt,  for  example PASCAL>, when it
             wants input.  To (provide input to a program that is running
             in  a  background fork, return to program command level with
             CONTINUE /NORMALLY.  (Some programs require you to  type  an
             extra RETURN after CONTINUE /NORMALLY to display the program
             prompt).  Then,  type  the  required  program  input.   (See
             below, Restrictions, Programs Competing for Terminal Input.)

        Monitoring your Program

             CONTINUE /STAY and CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND,  by  keeping  your
             terminal  at  TOPS-20  command  level  (EXEC),  let  you use
             TOPS-20 commands to monitor the  progress  of  your  program
             while  it  is  running.   Use  the  INFORMATION  FORK-STATUS
             command to display the CPU time used and the  kept  and  RUN
             status  of  each  fork  belonging to the current EXEC level.
             More commands for monitoring your programs are listed  below
             in Related Commands.

        Running Multiple Programs Simultaneously

             To simultaneously run multiple programs in background  forks
             or use commands that affect memory, use one or a combination
             of the  following  methods  after  placing  a  fork  in  the
             background with CONTINUE /STAY or CONTINUE /BACKGROUND:

             PUSHing to an Inferior EXEC Level

                  Type the PUSH command to create an inferior EXEC  level
                  and  a  fresh copy of memory (address space).  Then run
                  another program and return to EXEC command  level  with
                  CONTINUE   /STAY  or  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND.   The  new
                  program does not affect the  background  program  since
                  both  programs are at a different EXEC level.  However,
                  see Restrictions below.  PUSH  to  a  new  EXEC  before
                  running each new program.

             KEEPing the Fork

                  Type the KEEP command to give  the  background  fork  a


                                    2-66
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


                  "kept" status.  (A kept fork is not cleared from memory
                  when another  program  is  loaded.)  Then  run  another
                  program  and return to EXEC command level with CONTINUE
                  /STAY or CONTINUE /BACKGROUND.   KEEP  each  background
                  fork  before running another program.  Check the status
                  of your forks with INFORMATION FORK-STATUS.

        Continuing Forks Using the Fork Name

             You can continue a fork by typing the fork  name  as  if  it
             were  the  CONTINUE  command.   To  function as the CONTINUE
             command, the fork must be "kept" with the KEEP  or  the  SET
             PROGRAM  KEEP  command.   For more information, refer to the
             descriptions of these commands.

        More Information

             The   CONTINUE   command   is    one    of    the    TOPS-20
             multiforking-class  commands.   For  more  information about
             multiforking,  see  the  section  named,  Running   Multiple
             Programs, in the TOPS-20 User's Guide.


   Restrictions

        Similar Programs Competing for Files

             If you have two  similar  programs  running  simultaneously,
             they  may try to access the same files at the same time (for
             example, temporary files labeled  by  job  number,  used  by
             compilers).   This  may  cause  unpredictable  situations to
             develop.  To avoid the possibility, run different  kinds  of
             programs.

        Programs Competing for Terminal Input

             If you use CONTINUE /STAY to run a program in  a  background
             fork,  the program can request input from the terminal while
             you are giving input to the EXEC or another  program.   This
             input  can be randomly intercepted by the background program
             when it requests terminal input.  Usually though,  the  EXEC
             or the current program receives the input.

             When  terminal  input  is  intercepted  by  the   background
             program, the program will usually type input error messages.
             To give input to the program, stop the program by typing two
             CTRL/Cs  or  the  program's  exit  command.   Then,  if  the
             background program is at a higher EXEC command  level,  give
             POP  commands  to  return  to  the EXEC level that holds the
             background program.  (POP terminates the  current  EXEC  and
             erases  programs  in its memory.) Finally, give the CONTINUE


                                    2-67
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


             /NORMALLY command; this puts you at program command level so
             that you can give the requested input.

             Remember, input is intercepted  by  the  background  program
             randomly.   Therefore,  you  may have to type extra CTRL/Cs,
             program exit commands, and POPs.  To reduce confusion  about
             the  direction of terminal input, it is recommended that you
             use CONTINUE /STAY only when you plan to work at the current
             EXEC  level  while a program runs in a background fork.  You
             should also CONTINUE /STAY programs that simply end  without
             requesting  terminal  input.   Use CONTINUE /BACKGROUND when
             you plan to work at a lower EXEC level or at another program
             command level.

             When a program started with  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND  requests
             terminal  input,  it sends the message, [FORK-NAME wants the
             TTY].  No input is taken by the background program until you
             return  to  program  command  level with CONTINUE /NORMALLY.
             You  should  CONTINUE /BACKGROUND  programs   that   request
             terminal input.

        Maintaining Access to Directories

             While a fork is running in the background,  use  caution  in
             using the CONNECT, ACCESS and END-ACCESS commands.  Changing
             your  directory  access  could  leave  the  fork  unable  to
             reference certain files.

        No I/O Control with Some Programs

             Most programs read and write data to  the  terminal  through
             standard   input  and  output  designators.   Some  programs
             however, use different methods  of  communicating  with  the
             terminal.   Therefore, when you use /BACKGROUND and /STAY to
             control terminal input and output from  a  background  fork,
             the  input  and output behavior of programs with nonstandard
             designators can be unpredictable.

        Continued Programs Do Not Prompt for input

             When you continue a  program,  the  program  continues  from
             exactly  where  it  was  interrupted.   If  the  program was
             waiting for input, it  will  simply  continue  to  wait  for
             input;  it  won't prompt you again.  For example, assume you
             are running the DECmail/MS program and you press  CTRL/C  at
             the MS> prompt.  Next, you CONTINUE MS.  The cursor moves to
             the next line but no MS> prompt appears.  This is because MS
             has  continued  to  do  the last thing it was doing when you
             interrrupted it with CTRL/C - waiting for a command  at  the
             MS>  prompt.   MS does not know that its prompt is no longer
             displayed before the cursor.


                                    2-68
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


             So,  when  you  continue  a  program  and  nothing  happens,
             consider  what you were doing when you CTRL/C'd the program.
             If you were at the MS> prompt, type an MS command or,  press
             RETURN  again to redisplay the MS> prompt.  If you had typed
             a portion of and MS command, press CTRL/R to  redisplay  the
             command.   If  you  had  typed  a portion of a mail message,
             press CTRL/K to redisplay the message.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The CONTINUE /NORMALLY command resumes processing the program  in
        memory,  and  leaves  your  terminal at program command level (if
        any).  The  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND  and  CONTINUE  /STAY  commands
        resume  processing the program in memory, but leave your terminal
        at TOPS-20 command level.


   Related Commands

        DETACH CONTINUE                for disengaging your  current  job
                                       from  your terminal and continuing
                                       the  program  that  the   job   is
                                       running

        FORK                           for changing the current fork

        FREEZE                         for  halting  a   program   in   a
                                       background fork

        INFORMATION FILE-STATUS        for monitoring files being written
                                       by your program

        INFORMATION FORK-STATUS        for displaying the number and  the
                                       status of each fork in your job

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE       for monitoring your program's  use
                                       of memory

        INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS     for monitoring your program's  use
                                       of CPU time

        KEEP                           for giving a fork a kept status

        PUSH                           for  obtaining  a  lower   TOPS-20
                                       command level (and a fresh copy of
                                       memory)

        REENTER                        for starting your current  program
                                       at  its  alternate entry point (if
                                       any)


                                    2-69
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


        START                          for starting your current  program
                                       at the beginning

        RESET, SET NAME,               other multiforking-class commands
        SET PROGRAM, UNKEEP            for performing related functions


   Examples

        1.  Display the fork  status  with  the  INFORMATION  FORK-STATUS
            command.   Notice  that the arrow points to the current fork.
            Then, give the CONTINUE command to continue  the  program  in
            the current, halted fork.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
               EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6253, 0:02:54.4
            => DUMPER (2): HALT at 700304, 0:01:19.3
            @CONTINUE
            DUMPER>

        2.  Run the DSR program and then halt it by typing  two  CTRL/Cs.
            Give  the  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND command to continue DSR in a
            background fork and return to EXEC command level.  Then, give
            the KEEP command so that you can load another program without
            clearing the running, background, DSR fork.  Check the status
            of DSR with the INFORMATION FORK-STATUS command.

            @RUN DSR
            DSR>TEST.RNO
            ^C
            @CONTINUE /BACKGROUND
            @KEEP
            [Keeping DSR]
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            => DSR (1): Kept, Background, Running at 413160, 0:00:00.8

            Now begin editing a file with the EDIT program.  During  your
            editing  session  the system notifies you that the background
            fork wants input.  To return to DSR command level, first exit
            the  edit  program.   Then  check  the  fork  status with the
            INFORMATION FORK-STATUS command.  Notice that  DSR  is  in  a
            terminal  I/O  wait  state  and  that EDIT is now the current
            fork.  Since the fork you want to continue is not the current
            fork,  you  must  specify  the  fork  name  with the CONTINUE
            command.  Now type CONTINUE DSR.

            @EDIT COMAND.CMD
            Edit: COMAND.CMD.2
            *P
            00100   SET DEFAULT PRINT /NOHEADER /NOTIFY:YES
            00200   SET PROGRAM MS KEEP START


                                    2-70
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


            00300   SET PROGRAM HOST KEEP CONTINUE
            00400   SET DEFAULT COMPILE-SWTICHES PAS /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
            00500   INFO MAIL
            00600   TAKE
            *I350
            00350   SET PROGRAM DUMPER KEEP CONTINUE
            DSR>[DSR: wants the TTY]
            *E

            [COMAND.CMD.3]
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6253, 0:00:51.4
               DSR (1): Kept, Background, TTY I/O wait at 4404426,
            0:00:00.8
            @CONTINUE DSR

            DSR>

        3.  Begin editing a long file, giving the  F  (find)  command  to
            EDIT.   Give  a  CTRL/C  and  then the M command to return to
            TOPS-20 command level.  Give the CONTINUE /STAY  command  and
            then  INFORMATION  FILE-STATUS commands to check the progress
            of EDIT as it searches through the file.   (Notice  that  the
            byte  position  shown  in  response to successive INFORMATION
            FILE-STATUS  commands  grows  larger.)   Finally,  give   the
            CONTINUE  command to return to EDIT so you can give more EDIT
            program commands.

            @EDIT DOC-PLAN.MEM
            Edit: DOC-PLAN.MEM.1
            *FABCD$
            Yes? (Type H for help): M
            @CONTINUE /STAY
            @INFORMATION FILE-STATUS
             Connected to PS:<LATTA>,  JFNS:
             4   <LOADTEST>EDIT.EXE.4        Read, Execute
             3   EDIT-BUFFER.OUT.100046      Read, Write, 0.(7)
             2   DOC-PLAN.MEM.1      Read, 43520.(7)
             1   <SYSTEM>EXEC.EXE.153        Read, Execute

             Device assigned to/opened by this job: TTY222

            @INFORMATION FILE-STATUS 2
             2   DOC-PLAN.MEM.1      Read, 112640.(7)
            @INFORMATION FILE-STATUS 2
             2   DOC-PLAN.MEM.1      Read, 130560.(7)
            @CONTINUE

            *




                                    2-71
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (CONTINUE)


        4.  Start compiling a long file.  After  compilation  has  begun,
            type  two  CTRL/Cs  to stop the compilation and return to the
            EXEC command level.  Use the CONTINUE /STAY command to resume
            compilation, and then PUSH to a new EXEC command level.  Edit
            a text file at this  lower  level,  then  give  the  POP  and
            CONTINUE  commands  to return to the compilation in progress.
            The compiler finishes, in this case, after you have done so.

            @COMPILE DUMPER.MAC
            MACRO:  DUMPER
            ^C
            @CONTINUE /STAY
            @PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(55)
            @EDIT PROFIL.TXT
            Edit: PROFIL.TXT.2
            *SAPRIL$JUNE$^:*
            00100   JUNE 19, 1987
            00500   JUNE 12
            00750   JUNE 5
            00900   JUNE 18
            01400   JUNE 21
            *E

            [PROFIL.TXT.3}
            @POP
            @CONTINUE

            EXIT























                                    2-72
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


   2.16  COPY

   Creates a copy of a file.


   Format

        @COPY (FROM) source filespec (TO) destination filespec,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        source filespec          is the  specification  of  the  file  or
                                 device whose contents you want to copy.

        destination filespec     is the  specification  of  the  file  or
                                 device in which you want to store a copy
                                 of the file.
                                      Default - same as  source  filespec
                                                but   in  your  connected
                                                directory,  if  necessary
                                                using   the  next  higher
                                                generation number

        @@subcommand             means that after a final comma  you  can
                                 specify  the  mode  and  format  of  the
                                 transfer  with  one  of  the   following
                                 subcommands:


                              COPY Subcommands

                   (when used with the paper tape reader
                    or paper tape punch - PTR: or PTP:)

        ASCII               specifies  that  the  file  being  copied  is
                            written in ASCII mode, with 36-bit words each
                            consisting of five 7-bit bytes and  a  parity
                            bit;  the  parity  bit  means that the eighth
                            hole of the paper tape is never punched.

        BINARY              specifies  that  the  file  being  copied  is
                            composed  of 36-bit words, each consisting of
                            six 6-bit bytes with the seventh hole of  the
                            paper  tape  set  always  to 0 and the eighth
                            hole set  always  to  1;  causes  a  checksum
                            calculation.

        BYTE n              specifies  that  the   byte   size   of   the
                            destination  file  is  to  be  n (any decimal
                            number).   If  you  do  not  give  the   BYTE


                                    2-73
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


                            subcommand,  the  destination  file will have
                            the same byte size as the source  file.   See
                            also   Hints - Viewing  Display  Screen  Data
                            below.

        IMAGE               specifies  that  the  file  being  copied  is
                            composed  of 36-bit words, each consisting of
                            one 8-bit byte; the 28 most significant  bits
                            are set to 0 on input and are lost on output.

        IMAGE BINARY        same as  BINARY,  but  lacking  the  checksum
                            calculation.


                              COPY Subcommands

                (when used with devices other than the paper
                      tape reader or paper tape punch)

        ASCII               specifies  that  the  file  being  copied  is
                            written in ASCII mode, with 36-bit words each
                            consisting of five 7-bit bytes and  a  parity
                            bit;  the  parity  bit  means  that the least
                            significant bit is set to 0 on input  and  is
                            lost on output.

        BINARY              calls for a direct transfer of data in 36-bit
                            bytes.

        BYTE n              specifies  that  the   byte   size   of   the
                            destination  file  is  to  be  n (any decimal
                            number).   If  you  do  not  give  the   BYTE
                            subcommand,  the  destination  file will have
                            the same byte size as the source  file.   See
                            also  Hints - Viewing  Display  Screen  Data,
                            below.

        IMAGE               same as BINARY.

        IMAGE BINARY        same as BINARY.

                  ---
                  | ALWAYS
        SUPERSEDE | NEVER   sets   the   condition   under   which   COPY
                  | NEWER   overwrites the destination file of  the  same
                  | OLDER   name.
                  ---

                  ALWAYS    allows the source file to be  copied  to  the
                            destination file.
                                 Default for COPY command


                                    2-74
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


                  NEVER     does not copy the  file  if  the  destination
                            file already exists.

                  OLDER     allows the source file to be  copied  to  the
                            destination file if

                             o  no  version  of  the   destination   file
                                exists, or

                             o  the generation number  is  less  than  or
                                equal  to the generation number specified
                                in the destination file  and  the  file's
                                write date is older than the source file.

                  NEWER     same as OLDER except allows the copy  if  the
                            file's  write date is "newer" than the source
                            file.


   Output

        As each file is copied, the system prints the  specifications  of
        the  source  and  destination files and the word [OK].  The delay
        before you see this [OK] indicates how long it took to  copy  the
        file.    If   you   use   recognition  on  the  destination  file
        specification, the system prints, !New Generation!,  !New  File!,
        or  !Superseding!, to indicate the status of disk files, or !OK!,
        if the file is copied to a non-disk device.


   Characteristics

        Optional Subcommands With Paper Tape

             Each subcommand, when used  to  copy  information  from  the
             paper  tape  reader  (PTR:),  specifies an interpretation of
             eight-bit bytes, represented as eight-hole  lines  on  paper
             tape.   When  used  with  the  paper tape punch (PTP:), each
             subcommand  specifies  a  mapping  of  information  to   the
             eight-bit bytes of paper tape.

        Optional Subcommands With Other Devices

             Each subcommand can be used under particular conditions, for
             example,  when  transferring  files  over network facilities
             (using  DCN:   and  SRV:),to  specify  the  byte   size   of
             information  being  copied.   In  general,  you can use COPY
             command subcommands whenever you need to  specify  the  byte
             size of information being copied.




                                    2-75
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


   Hints

        RENAME Faster Than COPY for Transferring Files

             For moving a set of files from one directory to  another  on
             the  same structure, the RENAME command is a faster and more
             efficient means than COPY.   This  is  because  RENAME  only
             changes  the  file  specifications;  it  does  not  copy the
             contents of the files.   Also,  a  file  transfer  with  the
             RENAME  command  leaves  only  one  set  of  files,  while a
             transfer  with  the  COPY  command  leaves  two  sets:   the
             original  copies  and  the destination copies.  The original
             copies are often unnecessary and must be deleted.

        Using Devices as Source and/or Destination Filespecs

             By specifying a device  as  the  source  and/or  destination
             filespec,   you   can  use  the  COPY  command  to  transfer
             information between card-  or  paper-tape-handling  devices,
             magnetic  tape  drives,  line  printers, terminals, or other
             output devices.  However, the PLOT, PRINT,  PUNCH  and  TYPE
             commands,  and  appropriate utility programs (such as DUMPER
             and EDIT), offer more flexibility for most applications.

             Copying To or From TTY:

                  You can simulate the action of the CREATE  command  for
                  creating  files  by  copying from device TTY:  to a new
                  filespec, ending your input with a CTRL/Z; use  CTRL/U,
                  CTRL/R,  CTRL/W, and the DELETE key to edit the current
                  line of terminal input.  You can simulate the action of
                  the  TYPE  command for displaying files by copying from
                  an existing filespec to device TTY:.

             Viewing Display Screen Data

                  If you specify TTY:  as the  destination  filespec  and
                  then  give  the  BYTE  8  subcommand, characters in the
                  source file will be sent literally  to  your  terminal.
                  Do  this  to  examine  special display screen data (for
                  8-bit ASCII files only).

             Erasing the Contents of a File While Keeping the Filespec

                  You can erase the contents of a file  by  copying  from
                  device  NUL:   to  the file.  NUL:  is a receptacle for
                  unwanted program output and a supplier of null input.

             Spooled Output Action

                  If you send information to  output  devices  using  the


                                    2-76
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


                  COPY  command,  your  request is processed according to
                  the  status  of  the  SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION  parameter,
                  which   you  set  with  the  SET  SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION
                  command.

             Using Wildcards in Source and/or Destination Filespecs

                  You can use wildcard characters (*  and  %)  in  source
                  and/or  destination  filespecs  to copy many files at a
                  time.  Default values  will  be  assumed  for  filespec
                  fields  you  do  not  specify.   Note  that  if you use
                  wildcard characters to copy more than one  source  file
                  into a single destination file on disk, the contents of
                  each source file will appear in a different  generation
                  of  the  destination  file; the highest generation will
                  contain a copy of the last source file only.   Use  the
                  APPEND  command  to  put  the contents of several files
                  into a single file.

             Specifying a New Account or Protection Number

                  The COPY  command  lets  you  specify  the  new  file's
                  protection  number,  and  the  account to which storage
                  fees for it will  be  charged.   Follow  the  new  file
                  specification  with  a  semicolon  (;) and the letter P
                  before giving a new 6-digit protection number, and with
                  a  semicolon  and  the  letter  A  before  giving a new
                  account (which must be valid for your user  name).   If
                  you  do  not specify an account for a new file, it will
                  take as a default the account you  gave  in  your  most
                  recent   LOGIN   or   SET  ACCOUNT  command.   However,
                  non-default protection numbers will be  maintained  for
                  higher   generations  of  existing  files,  unless  you
                  specify otherwise in the COPY command that creates that
                  higher generation.


   Restrictions

        Copying Archived Files

             You can make a copy of an archived file by specifying it  as
             the  first  (or  source)  argument  in  a  COPY command, and
             specifying a file of different name or type as  destination.
             You  can edit the new file, because it does not have archive
             status although it has the same  contents  as  the  original
             file.   However,  you  cannot  give  the specification of an
             archived file as the second (or destination) argument  of  a
             COPY command, as this would replace the file's contents.  If
             you attempt to do so, whatever source  argument  you  supply
             will  be  copied  into  the  next  higher  generation of the


                                    2-77
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


             archived file, leaving the archived file  intact.   And,  if
             you   include  the  generation  number  when  specifying  an
             archived file as the second argument of a COPY command,  the
             command will fail.


   Warning

        Destroying the Previous Contents of Files

             If you give a destination file specification that includes a
             generation  number, the source file will be copied into that
             file, replacing any previous contents if that generation  of
             the   file   already   exists.   Those  contents  cannot  be
             recovered.  But see Restrictions - Copying  Archived  Files,
             above.


   Related Commands

        APPEND                        for adding information to a file or
                                      putting  the contents of many files
                                      into a single file

        RENAME                        for changing only the specification
                                      of a file

        SET SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION     for changing  the  setting  of  the
                                      SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION    parameter,
                                      which determines when files  copied
                                      to output devices are processed

        DIRECTORY with the TIMES      for displaying the  date  and  time
        WRITE subcommand and VD       that the file was written


   Examples

        1.  Make an extra copy of a file in your connected directory.

            @COPY FORT.TXT BACKUP.TXT
             FORT.TXT.1 => BACKUP.TXT.3 [OK]

        2.  Copy  a  file  from  your  directory  into   another   user's
            directory,  allowing  the destination file to be labeled with
            default file specification (the source file specification).

            @ACCESS <SARTINI>
            Password:___
            @COPY TEST1.CBL <SARTINI>
             TEST1.CBL.2 => <SARTINI>TEST1.CBL.2 [OK]


                                    2-78
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (COPY)


            @END-ACCESS <SARTINI>

        3.  Use a wildcard character to  copy  several  files  from  your
            directory on another structure to magnetic tape.

            @ACCESS SNARK:
            @COPY SNARK:NA*.TST MT2:
             SNARK:NACCESS.TST.2 => MT2:NACCESS.TST [OK]
             SNARK:NADVISE.TST.2 => MT2:NADVISE.TST [OK]
             SNARK:NAPPEND.TST.2 => MT2:NAPPEND.TST [OK]
             SNARK:NASSIGN.TST.2 => MT2:NASSIGN.TST [OK]
             SNARK:NATTACH.TST.2 => MT2:NATTACH.TST [OK]
            @END-ACCESS SNARK:

        4.  Use the COPY command to create a short text file.

            @COPY TTY: NEW-FILE.TXT
             TTY: => NEW-FILE.TXT.2

            THIS FILE WAS CREATED USING THE COPY COMMAND.
            ^Z
            @
            @TYPE NEW-FILE.TXT
            THIS FILE WAS CREATED USING THE COPY COMMAND.

        5.  Copy  a  file  from  your  directory  into   another   user's
            directory.  Give the SUPERSEDE NEVER subcommand to cancel the
            COPY command if the other user already  has  a  copy  of  the
            file.

            @ACCESS <STEVENS>
            Password:___
            @COPY STATS.TXT <STEVENS>,
            @@SUPERSEDE NEVER
            @@
             STATS.TXT.1 => <STEVENS>STATS.TXT.3
            %Not superseding current file
















                                    2-79
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


   2.17  CREATE

   Invokes your defined editor to create a file.


   Format


        @CREATE (FILE) /switch(es) filespec

        where:

        switches    are keywords, chosen from the list below,  indicating
                    your choice of CREATE command options.
                         Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        filespec    is a specification for the file you want to create.
                         Default -  the  last  file   specification   and
                                    associated  switches  you  gave  in a
                                    CREATE or  EDIT  command  during  the
                                    current terminal session


         Summary of CREATE Command Switches (defaults in boldface)

                                    NOTE

           These switches are valid  only  if  you  have  defined
           logical name EDITOR:  to be the EDIT program.


             /BAK
             /C128
             /C64
             /DECIDE
             /DPY
             /EXPERT
             /INCREMENT:n       Default n - 100
             /ISAVE:n
             /LOWER
             /M33
             /M37
             /NOBAK
             /NODECIDE
             /NONSEPARATORS
             /NONUMBER
             /NOVICE
             /NUMBER
             /OLD
             /OPTION:name
             /PLINES:n          Default n - 16


                                    2-80
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


             /R
             /READONLY
             /RONLY
             /RUN:filespec      Default file type - .EXE
             /SAVE:n
             /SEPARATORS
             /SEQUENCE
             /START:n           Default n - argument of /INCREMENT switch
             /STEP:n            Default n - 100
             /UNSEQUENCE
             /UPPER
             /WINDOW:n          Default n - 10


                                     CREATE Command Switches


        /BAK             causes an unedited copy of the file to be  saved
                         at   the   end   of  an  editing  session  under
                         specification name.Qyp, where  name.typ  is  the
                         file's original specification.
                              Default

        /C128            calls for  a  128-character  alphabet,  allowing
                         insertion  of control characters in an alternate
                         format.  See the TOPS-20 EDIT  Reference  Manual
                         for details.

        /C64             calls for a 64-character  alphabet,  disallowing
                         use  of  an  alternate  format  for insertion of
                         control characters.
                              Default

        /DECIDE          lets you decide whether to accept or reject each
                         change   caused   by  the  operation  of  the  S
                         (substitute) command of the EDIT program.

        /DPY             has no effect in the current monitor.

        /EXPERT          tells  the  EDIT  program  that  you  need  only
                         abbreviated  error  messages, and fewer warnings
                         and reminders.

        /INCREMENT:n     specifies the value to add to each  line  number
                         of the file to obtain the next line number.
                              Default n - 100

        /ISAVE:n         instructs the EDIT program to update the  backup
                         file  of  specification  name.Qyp  after every n
                         lines you insert.



                                    2-81
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


        /LOWER           specifies that  all  alphabetic  characters  you
                         type  should be considered lowercase characters;
                         give  uppercase  characters  by  preceding   the
                         corresponding  lowercase character with a single
                         quotation mark (').

        /M33             has no effect in the current monitor.

        /M37             has no effect in the current monitor.

        /NOBAK           prevents an unedited copy of the file from being
                         saved  at  the  end  of an editing session under
                         specification name.Qyp, where  name.typ  is  the
                         file's original specification.

        /NODECIDE        ensures  the  automatic  operation  of   the   S
                         (substitute) command of the EDIT program.
                              Default

        /NONSEPARATORS   specifies that  the  characters  .  (period),  $
                         (dollar sign), and % (percent sign) are ordinary
                         textual  characters  and  not  field  delimiters
                         (separators) in the accompanying file.
                              Default

        /NONUMBER        suppresses the printing  of  line  numbers  with
                         each line of a file.

        /NOVICE          tells the EDIT program  that  you  want  to  see
                         complete  error  messages  and  all  appropriate
                         warnings; opposite of /EXPERT switch.
                              Default

        /NUMBER          prints a line number for each line of the file.
                              Default

        /OLD             causes the first backup file to be  saved  under
                         the  specification  name.Zyp,  where name.typ is
                         the file's original specification.

        /OPTION:name     sets any EDIT switches contained in lines of the
                         SWITCH.INI file in your log-in directory labeled
                         with name (of 6 or fewer characters).   See  the
                         TOPS-20   EDIT   Reference   Manual   for   more
                         information about SWITCH.INI files.

        /PLINES:n        specifies  how  many lines to print  in response
                         to each P (print) command of the EDIT program.
                              Default n - 16

        /R               same as /READONLY.


                                    2-82
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


        /READONLY        prevents any changes  to  the  file  during  the
                         current session of the EDIT program, i.e., makes
                         it a read-only session.  This switch  cannot  be
                         given in the SWITCH.INI file.

        /RONLY           same as /READONLY

        /RUN:filespec    specifies an executable program to be  run  when
                         you  end the current session of the EDIT program
                         with the G command.
                              Default file type - .EXE

        /SAVE:n          instructs the EDIT program to update the  backup
                         file  (of  specification name.Qyp) after every n
                         EDIT program commands that modify the file.

        /SEPARATORS      notifies the EDIT program that the characters  .
                         (period), $ (dollar sign), and % (percent sign),
                         are not  ordinary  textual  characters  but  are
                         field separators in the accompanying file.

        /SEQUENCE        tells the EDIT program not  to  strip  the  line
                         numbers  from  the  file  when  the EDIT session
                         ends.
                              Default

        /START:n         specifies the first line  number  for  the  EDIT
                         program to use when numbering the file.
                              Default n - argument of /INCREMENT switch

        /STEP:n          same as /INCREMENT

        /UNSEQUENCE      tells the EDIT program to strip the line numbers
                         from the file when the EDIT session ends.

        /UPPER           specifies that  all  alphabetic  characters  you
                         type  should be considered uppercase characters;
                         give  lowercase  characters  by  preceding   the
                         corresponding  uppercase character with a single
                         quotation mark (').
                              Default

        /WINDOW:n        specifies the number n (between 10  and  99)  of
                         pages  to  be  held  in  memory  during the EDIT
                         session.
                              Default n - 10


   Characteristics

        Input Mode and Edit Mode


                                    2-83
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


             The CREATE command runs the EDIT system  program,  first  in
             Input  mode  and  then  in  Edit  mode.   (However, see also
             Special Cases, below.) Input mode automatically begins  each
             line with a line number (unless you have given the /NONUMBER
             switch), and allows you to put  any  alphabetic  or  numeric
             information  into  the  file.   When you have finished doing
             this and press the ESCAPE key, the  EDIT  program  puts  you
             into Edit mode and prompts you with an asterisk (*), just as
             if you had typed the EDIT command with the specifications of
             the newly-created file as argument.  If you want to save the
             file in its present state, give the E (for end)  command  to
             the  EDIT  program.   Otherwise, you can give any other EDIT
             command to change or add to the file before saving it.


   Hints

        Saving Backup Files Periodically

             Give the /ISAVE:n switch to save an updated copy of the file
             you  are  creating  after  every n lines inserted.  Then you
             will lose only a few lines of input in the event of a system
             failure.   The  similar  /SAVE:n  switch  is  useful for the
             CREATE command only in Edit mode, where it saves an  updated
             copy  of  the  file after every n EDIT program commands that
             modify the file.

        SWITCH.INI File

             If there is a group of  CREATE  command  switches  that  you
             always  or  often use with CREATE or EDIT commands, put them
             into a file  of  specification  SWITCH.INI  in  your  log-in
             directory,  in  a line of that file beginning with EDIT:abc,
             where abc is any set of characters you  choose  to  identify
             the line.  Then if you include the single switch /OPTION:abc
             when you give a CREATE or EDIT command, all  these  switches
             will be in effect.

        Further Information

             For more information about the EDIT program, see the TOPS-20
             EDIT Reference Manual.


   Special Cases

        Using an Editor Other than EDIT

             The CREATE, EDIT, and PERUSE command  descriptions  in  this
             manual  assume  that these commands call on the EDIT program
             for their action.  If your job uses another editing program,


                                    2-84
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


             for  example  EDT, the switches and examples shown here will
             not be applicable.

             The editor used by CREATE, EDIT, and PERUSE is specified  by
             logical  name  EDITOR:, so you can find out the name of this
             program by giving  the  command,  INFORMATION  LOGICAL-NAMES
             EDITOR:.   The  job-wide  definition  (if any) will be given
             first, followed by the system-wide definition; the  job-wide
             definition  prevails  if  both  exist.  If the definition of
             EDITOR:   is  SYS:EDIT.EXE,  the  CREATE,  EDIT  and  PERUSE
             commands   will   function  as  described  in  this  manual.
             Otherwise, you must  consult  the  appropriate  manual  (for
             example, the EDT-20 Reference Manual) for information.

             You can use  the  DEFINE  command  to  define  logical  name
             EDITOR:   to  be  any  editing  program  available  at  your
             installation.  Then this editor will be in effect  when  you
             give the CREATE or EDIT command.


   Effect on Memory

        The CREATE command clears any  unkept  forks  from  memory,  then
        loads the editor program defined by the logical name EDITOR.


   Related Commands

        DIRECTORY-class commands   for getting lists of existing files

        EDIT                       for modifying existing files

        PERUSE                     for reading existing  files  (same  as
                                   EDIT/READONLY)



















                                    2-85
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


   Examples

        1.  Create a file.

            @CREATE FILE1.TXT
            Input: FILE1.TXT.1
            00100   !THIS IS A SHORT TEXT FILE.
            00200   $
            *E

            [FILE.TXT.1]

        2.  Create and edit (using the P  and  R  commands  to  the  EDIT
            system program) another file.

            @CREATE FILEB.TXT
            Input:FILEB.TXT.1
            00100   !THIS IS ANOTHER SHORT TEXT FILE.
            00200   $
            *P
            00100   !THIS IS ANOTHER SHORT TEXT FILE.
            *R100
            00100   !THIS IS A SECOND TEXT FILE.
            00200   $
            1 Lines (00100/1) deleted
            *P
            00100   !THIS IS A SECOND TEXT FILE.
            *E

            [FILEB.TXT.1]

        3.  Create, then execute, a FORTRAN program.

            @CREATE FILEE.FOR
            Input: FILEE.FOR.1
            00100   C       THIS IS A SHORT TEST PROGRAM.
            00200           TYPE 101
            00300   101     FORMAT ( ' THIS IS ONLY A FORTRAN TEST.')
            00400           END
            00500
            *E

            [FILEE.FOR.1]
            @EXECUTE FILEE.FOR
            FORTRAN: FILEE
            MAIN.
            LINK:   Loading
            [LNKXCT FILEE Execution]

            THIS IS ONLY A FORTRAN TEST.



                                    2-86
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CREATE)


            END OF EXECUTION.
            CPU TIME: 0.04  ELAPSED TIME: 0.44
            EXIT


















































                                    2-87
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (CREF)


   2.18  CREF

   Runs the CREF program, which produces  cross-reference  listings  from
   files of type .CRF.


   Format

        @CREF destination-filespec=source-filespec /switch(es)

        where:

        destination-filespec     is the name of the  file  or  device  to
                                 which  you  want  to  send the processed
                                 contents of the .CRF file.
                                      Default - LPT:

        source-filespec          is the name of the .CRF file you want to
                                 process.
                                      Default - the names of all files of
                                                type .CRF produced during
                                                the   current    terminal
                                                session

        /switch        is one or more keywords from the following list.


                           CREF Program Switches


        /A             Advances magnetic tape reel by one file.  You  can
                       type  this  switch  more  than once in the command
                       string.

        /B             Backspaces magnetic tape reel by  one  file.   You
                       can type this switch more than once in the command
                       string.

        /C             Cancels the processing of  any  switches  in  your
                       SWITCH.INI file.

        /D             Restores the processing of any default switches in
                       your SWITCH.INI file.

        /H             Types the CREF help file.   /H  is  illegal  in  a
                       SWITCH.INI file.

        /K             Suppresses  Regular  Symbol  Table  in  the   CREF
                       listing.

        /M             Suppresses OPDEF/Macro Table in the CREF listing.


                                    2-88
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (CREF)


        /O             Includes the Op Code Table in the CREF listing.

        /P             Preserves an input file with the file type .CRF or
                       .LST.   These  types  of  input files are normally
                       deleted.

        /R             Requests the line number at which the CREF listing
                       is  to  start.  CREF types out "RESTART LISTING AT
                       LINE:", after which you type the line  number  and
                       press  RETURN.   If you use an indirect file, CREF
                       looks for the number in the indirect file.  /R  is
                       most   useful   for  physical  (non-spooled)  line
                       printers, and is illegal in a SWITCH.INI file.

        /S             Suppresses the program listing and lists only  the
                       tables you select.

        /T             Skips to the logical end of the magnetic tape.

        /W             Rewinds the magnetic tape.

        /Z             Zeroes  the  DECtape   directory.    This   is   a
                       historical switch, and is illegal.


   Characteristics

        Current .CRF Files

             If you have  files  of  type  .CRF  produced  by  LOAD-class
             commands during the current terminal session, the unmodified
             command CREF produces  listings  of  them  and  deletes  the
             files.   By  supplying  an argument of the form shown in the
             Format section above, you can copy the listing for a current
             .CRF  file  to  another  file  or  device.   To run the CREF
             program yourself when you have current .CRF files, give  the
             command R CREF instead.

        .CRF Files From a Previous Session

             If your only files of type .CRF (created by the CREF program
             or  one  of  the LOAD-class commands) were produced during a
             previous  terminal  session,  the  command  CREF  puts  your
             terminal at command level in the CREF program, symbolized by
             an asterisk (*).  Thus it is equivalent  to  the  command  R
             CREF  in this case.  See Hints - Further Information, below,
             for advice on how to proceed.






                                    2-89
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (CREF)


   Hints

        Producing .CRF Files

             You can produce cross-reference files by including the /CREF
             switch  in  any  LOAD-class  command  that actually causes a
             compilation (i.e., is not  prevented  from  doing  so  by  a
             /RELOCATABLE  switch  or  by the existence of current object
             files).

        Preserving .CRF Files After Processing

             Give the /P switch immediately after  the  CREF  command  to
             preserve  .CRF  files.   Ordinarily  they  are deleted after
             being sent to an output device or copied into another file.

        Further Information

             For a brief on-line description of the  CREF  program,  give
             the  HELP  CREF command.  For more detailed information, see
             the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The CREF command replaces the contents of  any  unkept  forks  in
        memory  with the CREF program and leaves your terminal at TOPS-20
        command level, or at command level within  CREF  (denoted  by  an
        asterisk prompt [*]).


   Related Commands

        LOAD-class commands     for producing .CRF files


   Examples

        1.  Give the CREF command to obtain a listing of your .CRF file.

            @CREF
            CREF:   TESTF1

        2.  Compile two FORTRAN  programs,  using  the  /CREF  switch  to
            produce  .CRF  files.   Then  give the CREF command to obtain
            listings of these, and use the /P switch to preserve the .CRF
            files.

            @COMPILE /CREF TESTF1.FOR, TESTF2.FOR
            FORTRAN: TESTF1
            MAIN.
            FORTRAN: TESTF2

                                    2-90
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (CREF)


            MAIN.
            @CREF/P
            CREF:   TESTF1
            CREF:   TESTF2

        3.  Determine what .CRF files you have, then mount a tape.   Give
            the  CREF command, and once within the CREF program, have the
            cross-reference listing produced  from  one  of  these  files
            copied   onto  tape.   (The  .CRF  files  are  not  processed
            automatically when you give the  CREF  command  because  they
            were produced during a previous terminal session.)

            @DIRECTORY *.CRF

               PS:<LATTA>
             TESTM1.CRF.2
             TESTM2.CRF.1

             Total of 2 files
            @MOUNT TAPE CRFMAC:/WRITE-ENABLED
            [Mount Request CRFMAC Queued, Request-ID 128]
            [Tape set CRFMAC, volume CRFMAC mounted]
            [CRFMAC defined as MT3:]
            @CREF

            *MT3:=TESTM2
            [CRFXKC 4K core]
            *^C
            @DISMOUNT TAPE CRFMAC:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name CRFMAC: deleted]























                                    2-91
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CSAVE)


   2.19  CSAVE

   Makes a non-sharable copy of the program in memory and stores it in  a
   file, in compressed executable format.


   Format


        @CSAVE (ON FILE) filespec (WORDS FROM) loc1 (TO) loc2, loc3 loc4,...


        where:

        filespec       is the file specification under which you want  to
                       store the program.

                            Default filespec - program name.EXE

        loc1 loc2,          are  pairs  of  octal  numbers  or   symbolic
        loc3 loc4,          expressions  that  specify  the  span(s)   of
        ...                 memory locations you want to save.

                                 Default loc1 loc2 - 20 to last  location
                                            occupied by program


   Caution

        Inefficiency of CSAVE Compared to SAVE

             The CSAVE  command  saves  in  a  compressed-formatted  file
             whatever  program the system finds in memory.  When the file
             is returned to memory, this format prevents other users from
             sharing  the  in-memory  copy  of  the  file.  Therefore you
             should ordinarily use the SAVE command instead  for  storing
             programs in executable format.


   Related Commands

        GET      for putting a saved file into memory

        LOAD     for putting source or output files into memory

        RUN      for running executable programs

        SAVE     usual command for saving programs in executable format





                                    2-92
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (CSAVE)


   Examples

        1.  Save your currently loaded program in  compressed  executable
            format.

            @CSAVE
             DMN.EXE.1 SAVED

        2.  Mount a magnetic tape set.  Then load an  ALGOL  program  and
            save it in three places in executable format:  once in a disk
            file under the same filename, again in a disk  file  under  a
            new filename, and once on magnetic tape.

            @MOUNT TAPE TAPBAK: /WRITE-ENABLED
            [Mount Request TAPBAK Queued, Request-ID 140]
            [Tape set TAPBAK, volume TAPBAK mounted]
            [TAPBAK defined as MT2:]
            @LOAD TESTA1
            LINK:   Loading

            EXIT
            @CSAVE
             TESTA1.EXE.1 Saved
            @CSAVE BAK
             BAK.EXE.1 Saved
            @CSAVE MT2:
             MT2:BAK Saved
            @DISMOUNT TAPE TAPBAK:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name TAPBAK: deleted]
























                                    2-93
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DAYTIME)


   2.20  DAYTIME

   Displays the current day, date, and time on your terminal.


   Format

        @DAYTIME


   Hints

        Using DAYTIME

             The DAYTIME command, which does not require you to be logged
             in,  lets you check the system's clock against your own.  If
             you are saving the output from  a  hard-copy  terminal,  use
             this command to make a record of the date and time.


   Examples

        1.  Give the DAYTIME command.

            @DAYTIME
            Friday, April 20, 1984 09:21:19



























                                    2-94
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (DDT)


   2.21  DDT

   Loads or merges a debugging program into memory (unless one is already
   there), then starts it.


   Format

        @DDT/switch(es)

        where:

        /switch   is one or more of the following:

                       /OVERLAY       allows pages of the DDT program  to
                                      be  loaded  over  pages occupied by
                                      the existing program in memory

                       /USE-SECTION:n
                                      specifies the memory section  (from
                                      0  to  37  octal)  into  which  the
                                      debugging program is to be  loaded,
                                      run, or merged


   Characteristics

        If a Debugging Program is Already Loaded

             If you have already loaded a debugging program  into  memory
             along   with  your  program,  the  DDT  command  starts  the
             debugging program.

        If Your Program, But Not a Debugging Program, is Already Loaded

             If a program containing  symbols  is  in  memory  without  a
             debugging  program, the DDT command merges SYS:XDDT.EXE into
             memory, then starts this  debugging  program.   However,  if
             some  of  XDDT's pages include some of the same pages as the
             existing program in memory, then  the  DDT  program  is  not
             placed  into  memory,  and  you  receive  the error message,
             "?Illegal to overlay existing pages." To force the pages  to
             be  overlaid,  reissue  the  DDT  command using the /OVERLAY
             switch.

        If There is No Current Program

             If you do not have a program in memory, or if no program  in
             memory  is  in the current fork, or if your program does not
             contain symbols, the  DDT  command  puts  SYS:XDDT.EXE  into
             memory and starts it.


                                    2-95
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (DDT)


        Compatibility with Previous DDT Versions

             The UDDT program run by the DDT command has been replaced by
             the  XDDT  program.   For  compatibility  with programs that
             reference UDDT, a stub program  named  UDDT  references  the
             XDDT program.


   Hints

        Using DDT to Create a Program

             You can use DDT to begin typing instructions  directly  into
             memory,  without  first putting the instructions into a file
             for later compilation and loading.  Give a RESET .  (period)
             command  to  clear  the  current fork, then the DDT command.
             This will load the SYS:XDDT.EXE program.  Then you can  give
             commands within XDDT to create your own program.  When using
             the XDDT program, you can use all the symbols in the  system
             parameter file MONSYM.MAC.

             See the TOPS-20 Monitor  Calls  Reference  Manual  for  more
             information  about  MONSYM.MAC.   This  method  of writing a
             program is most useful for testing  special  cases,  or  for
             learning to use TOPS-20 monitor calls.


   Special Cases

        Using COBDDT

             If you put COBDDT into memory along with  a  COBOL  program,
             the  DDT  command  starts the UDDT program, not COBDDT.  Use
             the REENTER command to start COBDDT in this case.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The DDT command merges the SYS:UDDT.EXE program into the  current
        fork  and  starts  it,  or loads and starts SYS:XDDT.EXE.  If you
        have already loaded a debugging program, the DDT  command  starts
        this program.


   Related Commands

        DEBUG                    for loading your program  along  with  a
                                 particular  debugging  program  (such as
                                 FORDDT or COBDDT).

        FORK                     for selecting the current fork.


                                    2-96
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (DDT)


        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE
                                 for  displaying  the  numbers  of  pages
                                 occupied by the program in memory.


















































                                    2-97
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (DDT)


   Examples

        1.  Give the DDT command to begin  debugging  a  program  in  the
            current fork in memory.

            @DDT DDT

        2.  Give the DEBUG command to debug a  FORTRAN  program;  type  a
            CTRL/C to return to TOPS-20 command level so you can find out
            the current load averages and number of jobs for the  system.
            Return  to  your  debugging  program (FORDDT in this case) by
            giving the DDT command.

            @DEBUG TESTF1
            LINK:   Loading
            [LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]

            STARTING FORTRAN DDT

            >> ^C
            @SYSTAT SYSTEM
             Fri 20-Apr-79 13:50:01  Up 36:47:55
             35+14 Jobs   Load av (class 0)   0.72   0.81   1.33

            @DDT

            STARTING FORTRAN DDT

            >> START

            THIS IS A TEST.

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.04  ELAPSED TIME: 0.33
            EXIT
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

             66. pages, Entry vector loc 0 len 254000
            0-12     Private   R, W, E
            400      Private   R, W, E
            401-466  <SUBSYS>FOROTS.EXE.3  3-70   R, CW, E

        3.  Display  the  programs  in  memory   with   the   INFORMATION
            FORK-STATUS  command.   Then use the FORK command to make the
            CLIP  program  the  new  current  fork.   Verify  this   with
            INFORMATION  FORK-STATUS and then merge the UDDT program with
            the CLIP program.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                EMACS (1): Kept, HALT at 50340, 0:00:03.6
                CLIP (2): Kept, HALT at 70363, 0:00:00.2


                                    2-98
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (DDT)


             => UNITS (3): HALT at 162, 0:00:00.9
            @FORK CLIP
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                EMACS (1): Kept, HALT at 50340, 0:00:03.6
            =>  CLIP (2): Kept, HALT at 70363, 0:00:00.2
                UNITS (3): HALT at 162, 0:00:00.9
            @DDT
            DDT













































                                    2-99
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DEASSIGN)


   2.22  DEASSIGN

   Releases a device from your job and places the device back in the pool
   of available devices.


   Format

        @DEASSIGN (DEVICE) dev:

        where:

        dev:      is the name of the device  you  want  to  deassign;  an
                  asterisk  (*) deassigns all devices (except your log-in
                  terminal) assigned to your job.  The  colon  after  the
                  device name is optional.


   Restrictions

        Open Files

             The DEASSIGN command will not  deassign  a  device  that  is
             accessing  an  open  file.   An  error is generated, and the
             device is not deassigned until that file is closed or  until
             you log out.  When you log out, all devices are deassigned.


   Related Commands

        ASSIGN                          for assigning a particular device
                                        to your job

        INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES   for finding out which devices are
                                        available,  and  which  ones have
                                        already been assigned to your job

        MOUNT                           for  mounting  a   structure   or
                                        magnetic  tape  and assigning the
                                        first  available  disk  drive  or
                                        tape drive to your job












                                   2-100
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DEASSIGN)


   Examples

        1.  Deassign a device (in this case a card reader).

            @DEASSIGN PCDR0:

        2.  Find out  which  devices  are  assigned  to  your  job,  then
            deassign  all  of  these.   Verify that this was done.  (Note
            that  your  terminal,  in  this  case   TTY222:,   is   never
            deassigned.)

            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, SNARK, PACK, FTN20, MTA2, MT0, LPT, LPT0, LPT1
             CDR, PCDR0, CDP, FE1-15, PTY15-61, NUL, PLT, PLT0, DCN
             SRV
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: MTA2, MT0, PCDR0
             TTY222, PTY15
            @DEASSIGN *
            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, SNARK, PACK, FNT20, MTA2, LPT, LPT0, LPT1
             CDR, PCDR0, CDP, FE1-15, PTY15-61, NUL, PLT, PLT0
             DCN, SRV
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: TTY222




























                                   2-101
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


   2.23  DEBUG

   Loads your  program  into  memory  along  with  a  debugging  program,
   compiling  the  source  file  first  if necessary.  Then it starts the
   debugging program.


   Format

        @DEBUG (FROM) /switch(es) source/switch(es)  object,...

        where:

        switches       are  keywords  chosen   from   the   list   below,
                       indicating  your  choice of DEBUG command options.
                       They have different  effects  depending  on  their
                       position  in  the command line:  placed before all
                       files in the command, they  act  as  defaults  for
                       all;  otherwise,  they  affect  only  the  nearest
                       preceding file.
                            Defaults  are shown in the list of switches

        source         is the file specification of the  source  program.
                       The filename must be of 6 or fewer characters, and
                       the file type of 3 or fewer characters; you cannot
                       use  a  generation  number.   This argument is not
                       necessary if you supply an object filespec.

        object         is the file specification of the  object  program.
                       The  filename  must be of six or fewer characters,
                       and the file type must be .REL; you cannot  use  a
                       generation number.  This argument is not necessary
                       if you supply a source filespec.
                            Default (if  you  give  neither  source   nor
                                    object  filespecs)  -  last filespecs
                                    and associated switches you gave in a
                                    LOAD-class command

          Summary of DEBUG Command Switches (defaults in boldface)

                  /10-BLISS
                  /36-BLISS
                  /68-COBOL
                  /74-COBOL
                  /ABORT
                  /ALGOL
                  /BINARY
                  /COBOL
                  /COMPILE
                  /CREF
                  /CROSS-REFERENCE


                                   2-102
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


                  /DDT
                  /DEBUG
                  /FAIL
                  /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
                  /FORTRAN
                  /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"
                  /LIBRARY
                  /LIST
                  /MAC
                  /MACHINE-CODE
                  /MACRO
                  /MAP
                  /NOBINARY
                  /NOCOMPILE
                  /NOCREF
                  /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
                  /NODEBUG
                  /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
                  /NOLIBRARY
                  /NOLIST
                  /NOMACHINE-CODE
                  /NOOPTIMIZE
                  /NOSEARCH
                  /NOSTAY
                  /NOSYMBOLS
                  /NOWARNINGS
                  /OPTIMIZE
                  /PASCAL
                  /RELOCATABLE
                  /SAIL
                  /SEARCH
                  /SIMULA
                  /SNOBOL
                  /STAY
                  /SYMBOLS
                  /WARNINGS



                             DEBUG Command Switches


        /10-BLISS        compiles the file using the BLISS-10 compiler.
                              Default for files of type .B10 and .BLI

        /36-BLISS        compiles the file using the BLISS-36 compiler.
                              Default for files of type .B36

        /68-COBOL        compiles the file using the COBOL-68 compiler.
                              Default for files of type .C68



                                   2-103
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


        /74-COBOL        compiles the file using the COBOL-74 compiler.
                              Default for files of type .C74

        /ABORT           stops a compile if a fatal error is detected and
                         returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command level.

        /ALGOL           compiles the file using the ALGOL compiler.
                              Default for files of type .ALG

        /BINARY          allows generation of an object (binary) file for
                         each source file given.
                              Default

        /COBOL           compiles the  file  using  the  COBOL  compiler,
                         either   COBOL-68   or   COBOL-74,   that   your
                         installation   has   stored    in    the    file
                         SYS:COBOL.EXE.
                              Default for files of type .CBL

        /COMPILE         forces compilation of the source file even if  a
                         current  object  file  already exists.  Use this
                         switch along with a /LIST  or  /CREF  switch  to
                         obtain  listings  when  you  have current object
                         files.

        /CREF            same as /CROSS-REFERENCE.

        /CROSS-REFERENCE
                         creates  a   file   containing   cross-reference
                         information  for each compilation.  The filename
                         is that of the object file;  the  file  type  is
                         .CRF.   Use the CREF command to obtain a listing
                         of the file.   (For  COBOL  files,  this  switch
                         automatically    produces    a   cross-reference
                         listing.)  See the TOPS-20 User Utilities  Guide
                         for more information about the CREF program.

        /DDT             loads the DDT debugging program along with  your
                         object file.

        /DEBUG           produces an  object  file  containing  debugging
                         information  beyond  what  is  usually  inserted
                         during compilation.  (For FORTRAN programs only,
                         and  only  if  you  have not given the /OPTIMIZE
                         switch).

        /FAIL            compiles the file using the FAIL compiler.
                              Default for files of type .FAI

        /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
                         indicates nonstandard syntax in file.


                                   2-104
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


        /FORTRAN         compiles the file using the FORTRAN compiler.
                              Default in the absence of a standard source
                                      file type and a language switch
                              Default for files of type .FOR

        /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"
                         passes the specified switches  to  the  compiler
                         that  will  process  the  file(s)  to which this
                         switch applies.  You must include  the  switches
                         in double quotation marks ("  ").

        /LIBRARY         same as /SEARCH.

        /LIST            prints a line printer listing of the program  in
                         ASCII  format;  the  name of this listing is the
                         filename of the object file.  The  /CREF  switch
                         overrides /LIST when they both apply to the same
                         file.

        /MAC             same as /MACRO.

        /MACHINE-CODE    produces a file containing the generated machine
                         code.   The filename is that of the object file;
                         the  file  type  is  .LST.    For   high   level
                         languages.
                              Default

        /MACRO           assembles the files using the MACRO assembler.
                              Default for files of type .MAC

        /MAP             produces a loader map and stores it in the  file
                         object.MAP,  where  object  is  the  name of the
                         module containing the start address; or  (if  no
                         start address) nnnLNK.MAP, where nnn is your job
                         number.

        /NOBINARY        prevents generation of an object (binary)  file.
                         Use  this  switch  along  with /LIST or /CREF to
                         allow these  switches  to  take  effect  without
                         producing a new object file.

        /NOCOMPILE       prevents compilation if  the  associated  object
                         file    is    current;   otherwise   it   forces
                         compilation.    Cancels    the    /COMPILE    or
                         /RELOCATABLE switch.
                              Default

        /NOCREF          same as /NOCROSS-REFERENCE.

        /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
                         prevents the creation of a cross-reference file.


                                   2-105
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


                              Default

        /NODEBUG         excludes special debugging information from your
                         object file.  (For FORTRAN programs only.)

        /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
                         prevents   a   line   printer   listing   of   a
                         cross-reference file.
                              Default

        /NOLIBRARY       same as /NOSEARCH.

        /NOLIST          prevents a line printer listing of the program.
                              Default

        /NOMACHINE-CODE  prevents generation of a file containing machine
                         code.
                              Default

        /NOOPTIMIZE      prevents the generation of a globally  optimized
                         object file (for FORTRAN programs only).
                              Default

        /NOSEARCH        requires all modules in the object file  library
                         (the  file  accompanied  by  this  switch in the
                         command line) to be loaded even if they are  not
                         called  by  your  program.   Cancels the /SEARCH
                         switch.
                              Default

        /NOSTAY          stops  the  compiler  from  being  placed  in  a
                         background  fork.   Use  when  /STAY is set as a
                         default for the compiler.

        /NOSYMBOLS       prevents a symbol table from being loaded  along
                         with the object file.

        /NOWARNINGS      prevents  display  of  warnings   for   nonfatal
                         errors.

        /OPTIMIZE        calls for generation  of  a  globally  optimized
                         object  file,  that is, one that runs as quickly
                         as possible.  (For FORTRAN  programs  only,  and
                         only if you do not also give the /DEBUG switch).

        /PASCAL          compiles the file using the PASCAL compiler.
                              Default for files of type .PAS

        /RELOCATABLE     identifies the input  file  as  an  object  file
                         (regardless   of  its  extension)  and  prevents
                         compilation of the source file, forcing  use  of


                                   2-106
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


                         an  existing object file even if the object file
                         is out of date.
                              Default for files of type .REL

        /SAIL            compiles the file using the SAIL compiler.
                              Default for files of type .SAI

        /SEARCH          requires that the object file library (the  file
                         accompanied  by this switch in the command line)
                         be searched for modules called by  your  program
                         or  by a program subroutine.  Only these modules
                         are loaded, along with modules called  from  the
                         system libraries, which are always searched.

        /SIMULA          compiles the file using the SIMULA compiler.
                              Default for files of type .SIM

        /SNOBOL          compiles the file using the SNOBOL compiler.
                              Default for files of type .SNO

        /STAY            returns your terminal to TOPS-20  command  level
                         so  that  you  can  perform other work while the
                         system continues executing  the  DEBUG  command.
                         You immediately receive the TOPS-20 prompt (@ or
                         $) and can then  issue  any  user  command.   Be
                         careful  not  to send incorrect data to programs
                         expecting  terminal  input.    (Refer   to   the
                         CONTINUE    command,   Restrictions:    Programs
                         competing for terminal input.)

                         This switch saves you from having to:   issue  a
                         ^T  to  make sure the debugger has begun; give a
                         ^C to halt debugging; and issue a CONTINUE /STAY
                         command   to  remain  at  command  level  during
                         debugging.

        /SYMBOLS         loads a symbol table along with the object file;
                         helpful for debugging a program.
                              Default

        /WARNINGS        displays warnings for nonfatal errors.
                              Default


   Characteristics

        Compiling New Sources Only

             Before debugging programs, the  system  ordinarily  compiles
             any source (and only those sources) whose write date is more
             recent than that of the object file of the same  name.   You


                                   2-107
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


             can  override  this action with the /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE
             switch.  Note that the DDT debugging program  is  used  when
             /RELOCATABLE prevents a new compilation.

        Default Switches Not Passed to Compiler

             Only switches specified in a LOAD-class command  are  passed
             to  the compiler; default switches are not passed.  Instead,
             the system assumes that the defaults for  the  compiler  are
             the same as the defaults for the LOAD-class command.

        Using Standard File Types

             If you specify source files with standard types (.FOR, .MAC,
             .CBL, or.  ALG) in a DEBUG command, the system automatically
             calls  the  appropriate   compiler   when   compilation   is
             necessary.   If  you  specify source files by filename only,
             the system searches your connected directory  in  the  above
             order for a file of this name and a standard type.  To debug
             programs from sources that have nonstandard file types, give
             a  switch to indicate the proper compiler (/FORTRAN, /MACRO,
             /COBOL, or /ALGOL).  A switch will take  precedence  over  a
             standard file type if they indicate different languages.  If
             no compiler is indicated with either a switch or a  standard
             file type, the FORTRAN compiler is used.

        Name of Debugging Program Loaded by DEBUG

             Ordinarily  the  DEBUG  command   causes   the   appropriate
             debugging  program  to  be  loaded  along  with your program
             (FORDDT with FORTRAN programs.  COBDDT with COBOL  programs,
             DDT  with MACRO and ALGOL programs).  Use the /DDT switch to
             specify that DDT be used.


   Hints

        Commas Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more filespecs  separated  by  commas  as
             arguments  to  DEBUG, the loaded programs exist in memory at
             the same time and will act as a single program.  You can use
             this  feature  to  substitute  one  module for another under
             varying conditions or for different applications.

        Plus Signs Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more filespecs separated  by  plus  signs
             (+) as arguments to DEBUG, they are treated as a single file
             by compilers.  Their  object  module  is  stored  under  any
             filename  given  as the "object" argument of the command, or


                                   2-108
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


             (if none) under the last filename in the group and file type
             .REL.

        Indirect Files as Arguments

             You can store the arguments (source  and  object  filespecs,
             switches)  of  a  DEBUG  command  in  an  indirect file, and
             specify them by typing an at sign (@) and its filespec as  a
             DEBUG command argument.

        Establishing Default Arguments with the SET Command

             You can issue the SET DEFAULT  COMPILE-SWITCHES  command  to
             set  up  default  global  arguments  to  the  DEBUG command.
             Insert this SET command in your COMAND.CMD  file  to  change
             your own defaults permanently.

        Including all FORTRAN Debugging Information

             If you are debugging a  FORTRAN  program  and  you  wish  to
             examine  line  numbers or DO loops, or use statement tracing
             or array dimension checking, give the  /DEBUG  and  /COMPILE
             switches  with  the  DEBUG  command to include the necessary
             information.

        Running LINK Directly

             The DEBUG command  automatically  runs  LINK,  the  system's
             loader  program,  but  if you require control of the loading
             process you can run LINK directly.   See  the  TOPS-20  LINK
             Reference Manual.

        Wildcards Illegal with DEBUG

             The DEBUG command does not accept wildcard characters (* and
             %) in a file specification.


   Effect on Memory

        The DEBUG command clears any unkept forks from memory, loads  the
        appropriate  compiler if necessary, then loads your program and a
        compatible debugging program.


   Related Commands

        COMPILE, LOAD, and EXECUTE     other  LOAD-class   commands   for
                                       performing related functions

        DDT                            for loading and starting  the  DDT


                                   2-109
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


                                       debugging program, or for starting
                                       the  debugging  program  you  have
                                       already loaded


   Examples

        1.  Debug a FORTRAN program.

            @DEBUG FORT.FOR
            FORTRAN: FORT
            MAIN.
            LINK:   Loading
            [LNKDEB FOR DDT Execution]
            STARTING FORTRAN DDT

            >>

        2.  Debug a FORTRAN program using the /COMPILE  switch  to  force
            compilation  and  the  /DEBUG  switch  to generate additional
            debugging information.

            @DEBUG /COMPILE /DEBUG FORT.FOR
            FORTRAN:FORT
            MAIN.
            LINK:    Loading
            [LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]
            STARTING FORTRAN DDT

            >>

        3.  Using incompatible switches, try to debug  a  program.   (The
            system ignores one of them and continues.)

            @DEBUG/COMPILE/OPTIMIZE/DEBUG FORT
            FORTRAN: FORT
            %ERROR IS GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION NOT SUPPORTED WITH
            /DEBUG - /OPT IGNORED
            MAIN.
            LINK:   Loading
            [LNKDEB FORDDT Execution]

            STARTING FORTRAN DDT

            >>

        4.  Get a time-ordered list of TEST1  files  in  your  directory.
            Debug an old version of it.

            @TDIRECTORY TEST1.*
                                 WRITE


                                   2-110
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEBUG)


               PS:<LATTA>
             TEST1.CBL.2         5-Jan-85 13:10:57
               .LST.1            6-Jan-85 14:22:00
               .REL.1            6-Dec-84 10:08:17

             Total of 3 files
            @DEBUG TEST1/RELOCATABLE
            LINK:   Loading
            [LNKDEB DDT Execution]
            DDT











































                                   2-111
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEFINE)


   2.24  DEFINE

   Establishes or cancels logical names for your job.


   Format

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) name:  list

        where:

        name:        is  any  combination  of  up  to   39   alphanumeric
                     characters  that  you want to use as a logical name.
                     Use an asterisk (*) for this  argument  to  withdraw
                     all logical names.  The colon after the logical name
                     is optional.

        list         is   a   series   of   devices,   file   structures,
                     directories,   file   specifications,  and/or  other
                     logical names; each item should  be  separated  from
                     the others by commas.
                          Default - not specifying a list  withdraws  the
                                    logical name definition


   Characteristics

        Colon Designates a Logical Name

             Normally, when you give a logical name to an EXEC command in
             the  place  of a file specification, structure, or directory
             name, a colon must follow the logical  name.   However,  for
             the DEFINE and INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES commands, where the
             argument can only be a  logical  name,  a  colon  after  the
             logical name is optional.


   Hints

        DEFINE in LOGIN.CMD File

             Your DEFINE  command  is  valid  for  the  current  terminal
             session  only.   If  there are logical names that you always
             want to use, put DEFINE commands into a LOGIN.CMD  (or,  for
             batch  jobs  started  by  SUBMIT commands within the control
             files of other batch jobs, a BATCH.CMD) file in your  log-in
             directory.

        Redefining System Logical Names

             You can use  the  DEFINE  command  to  redefine  any  system


                                   2-112
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEFINE)


             logical  name  for  your  own  job.   By  repeating a system
             logical  name  in  its  own  search  list  you  expand   its
             definition  to  include  the  other  items, in the order you
             specify.  Consider the system logical name  SYS:,  which  is
             searched  whenever  you  give  a  program name in place of a
             TOPS-20   command.    If   you   redefine   SYS:    to    be
             str:<directory>,    SYS:    you    can   run   programs   in
             str:<directory> by typing just their names.  This will  work
             as  long  as  the  program names are not the same as TOPS-20
             commands.

        Logical Names as Dummy File Specifications

             You can use logical names as dummies for file specifications
             or devices when writing programs.  Then, just before running
             such a program, use the DEFINE command to  define  these  as
             real  file  specifications  or devices, without changing the
             program itself.

        More Information

             For more information about  using  logical  names,  see  the
             TOPS-20 User's Guide.


   Special Cases

        Using Recognition in the File Specifications

             Normally,  when  you  attempt  to  use  recognition   in   a
             nonexistent  filename,  the  system rings the terminal bell.
             However, for the DEFINE  command,  instead  of  ringing  the
             terminal  bell, the system may append part(s) of the default
             file  specification,  .0  or  ..0,  to  the   logical   name
             definition.   This  is because DEFINE allows you to define a
             directory or file specifications that may not yet exist.

             Note that a logical name definition that includes .0 or  ..0
             may  not  work  for  your  use  of  the  logical name; it is
             recommended that you specify the complete directory name  or
             file specifications.


   Restriction

        Adding Comments to a DEFINE Command Line

             You can add a comment to the end of any TOPS-20  command  by
             preceding  the  comment  with one of the comment characters:
             an exclamation point (!) or a semicolon (;).  However,  only
             the exclamation point can be used with the DEFINE command.


                                   2-113
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DEFINE)


        Using Short Logical Names Only

             Although logical names can be up to 39 characters  long  and
             can  include  dollar  signs ($), hyphens (-), and underlines
             (_), some commands and programs (such as programs originally
             written  for  the  TOPS-10  operating  system) accept a more
             limited set of logical names.  These can be no more  than  6
             characters  long and cannot include any special symbols.  If
             all your logical names  are  of  this  kind,  they  will  be
             acceptable to any TOPS-20 programs and commands.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES     for   finding   out   the   current
                                      definitions of logical names


   Examples

        1.  Define a logical name for your job.

            @DEFINE LGN:  <MANUALS>, <SARTINI>

        2.  Withdraw the logical name.

            @DEFINE LGN:

        3.  Define a logical name to be a set of directories to which you
            have  access.   Then use the logical name to copy a file from
            one of them into your connected directory.

            @DEFINE MSM: <MANUALS>, <SARTINI>, <MCELMOYLE>
            @COPY MSM:4-UPED.TXT
             <MCELMOYLE>4-UPED.TXT.1 => 4-UPED.TXT.1 [OK]

        4.  Add one of your own directories to the definition of SYS:  so
            that  you can run .EXE files in that directory by typing just
            the program name.

            @DEFINE SYS: SYS:,AURORA:<WHITING.TOOLS>












                                   2-114
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DELETE)


   2.25  DELETE

   Marks a file(s) for eventual erasure.


   Format

        @DELETE (FILES) filespec,...,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        filespec            is the specification of a file that you  want
                            to delete.
                                       Default .gen - all generations  of
                                                   the specified files

        @@subcommand        means that after a final comma you  can  give
                            one of the following subcommands:


                             DELETE Subcommands


        ARCHIVE             both deletes the disk copy (if any) and gives
                            up the tape copy of specified archived files.

        BEFORE              deletes the specified files that were created
                            prior to the time and date indicated.

        CONTENTS-ONLY       deletes and  immediately  expunges  only  the
                            disk  copy  of  files  that  also have a tape
                            copy.  Note that you must  use  the  RETRIEVE
                            command,  not UNDELETE, to restore such files
                            to disk.

        DIRECTORY           deletes    and immediately     expunges     a
                            subdirectory  without  making  the disk space
                            available  to  the  files  of  other   users.
                            Subdirectories  appear as files with the type
                            .DIRECTORY  in   the   immediately   superior
                            directory.   For  users with enabled WHEEL or
                            OPERATOR capabilities only.

        EXPUNGE             immediately  and   permanently   erases   the
                            specified files from the directory.

        FORGET              deletes   and  immediately    expunges    the
                            specified  files  without  making  their disk
                            space available to the files of other  users;
                            for  users  with  enabled  WHEEL  or OPERATOR


                                   2-115
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DELETE)


                            capabilities only.

        KEEP n              saves the n most recent  generations  of  the
                            specified files while deleting the rest.
                                 Default n - 1

        LARGER n            deletes the specified files that  are  larger
                            than n number of pages.

        SINCE               deletes the specified files that were created
                            since the time and date indicated.

        SMALLER n           deletes the specified files that are  smaller
                            than n number of pages.


   Output

        Notice of Deleted Archived Files

             Whenever an archived file is completely expunged as a result
             of  your  DELETE  command  (that  is, when you also give the
             ARCHIVE subcommand),  the  operator  sends  a  mail  message
             notifying the owner of the directory from which the file was
             taken.


   Characteristics

        Privileged Subcommands to DELETE

             The DIRECTORY and FORGET subcommands to the  DELETE  command
             are  intended  for privileged users only, and only as a last
             resort, because they withhold freed disk space  from  system
             use.   Users with enabled WHEEL or OPERATOR capabilities can
             run the CHECKD program to recover this disk space.

             DIRECTORY should not be used unless the KILL subcommand to a
             BUILD  command fails to delete the directory.  FORGET is for
             removing damaged files from directories, and should  not  be
             used  unless  DELETE without subcommands fails to delete the
             file.


   Hints

        Removing Open Files

             If DELETE with the EXPUNGE subcommand fails to erase a file,
             it  may  be  that some job in the system has opened it.  The
             INFORMATION FILE-STATUS command tells whether your  own  job


                                   2-116
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DELETE)


             has  done  so.  If it has, give the CLOSE or (if the file is
             mapped) RESET command before repeating DELETE and EXPUNGE.

        Recovering Deleted Archived Files

             If you have  given  the  DELETE  command  with  the  ARCHIVE
             subcommand to delete an archived file, and the disk copy has
             already been expunged, you may still be able to recover  the
             tape  copy.   The  operator  will  send  a MAIL message (see
             Output, above) concerning the discarded  tape  copy  of  the
             deleted    file.    Use   this   information,   along   with
             Hints - Undoing DISCARD, in the DISCARD command description,
             to attempt recovery of the deleted file.


   Special Cases

        Files With the "Permanent" Attribute

             The system erases only the contents of any files  that  have
             the  Permanent  attribute  (for  example,  MAIL.TXT  in your
             log-in directory) when you include them in a DELETE command.
             Their  file  specifications remain among your deleted files,
             and cannot be removed by TOPS-20 commands.


   Restrictions

        Using Logical Names When Specifying Files for Deletion

             If you include a logical name when specifying arguments to a
             DELETE  command,  the  system  will search for the specified
             file in only the  first  directory  of  the  logical  name's
             definition.    This   restriction  prevents  the  accidental
             deletion of another file if the file you intended to  delete
             has already been deleted.

        Using the LARGER/SMALLER and BEFORE/SINCE Subcommands Together

             You  can  use  size-related  and  time-related   subcommands
             together.   However, error messages are displayed if you use
             the LARGER/SMALLER pairing and the SMALLER number  of  pages
             exceeds  the  LARGER  number,  or  you  use the BEFORE/SINCE
             pairing and the SINCE date is later than the BEFORE date.


   Warning

        Erasure of Deleted Files

             Ordinarily  an  UNDELETE  command  given  during  the   same


                                   2-117
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DELETE)


             terminal  session  as  an original deletion will recover the
             deleted files, unless you included the EXPUNGE subcommand to
             DELETE  or  gave  a subsequent EXPUNGE command.  However, if
             any user or a batch job logs out  while  connected  to  your
             directory,  all deleted files are permanently erased.  Also,
             if available disk space is low on the system,  the  operator
             or  the  system  itself may expunge all deleted files from a
             structure even though you have not logged  out.   A  warning
             message is usually sent before this happens.


   Related Commands

        DIRECTORY, with the          for displaying  a  list  of  deleted
        DELETED subcommand           files

        DISCARD                      for giving up only the tape copy  of
                                     on-line files

        EXPUNGE                      for  permanently  removing   deleted
                                     files

        INFORMATION DISK-USAGE       for finding out how much disk  space
                                     is   available,   and  how  much  is
                                     associated with deleted files

        UNDELETE                     for recovering deleted files


   Examples

        1.  Delete two of your files.

            @DELETE TTY.SCM, VERCBL.BAT
             TTY.SCM.1 [OK]
             VERCBL.BAT.2 [OK]

        2.  Delete all your  object  files  and  all  your  backup  files
            produced  by  the  EDIT  program.   Then  log  out (this will
            expunge them).

            @DELETE *.REL, *.Q*
             TESTA1.REL.1 [OK]
             TESTF1.REL.1 [OK]
             TESTC1.QBL.2 [OK]
             TESTF1.QOR.4 [OK]
            @LOGOUT
            Killed Job 32, User J.L.PAGE, Account 341, TTy 41
              at 25-Apr-84 10:15:51, Used 0:1:46 in 1:23:59




                                   2-118
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DELETE)


        3.  Delete some files, and check what files are currently deleted
            in  your  connected directory.  Give the UNDELETE command for
            two of these, then expunge the remaining  deleted  files  and
            verify that they are gone.

            @DELETE *.QXT
             4-UPED.QXT.7 [OK]
             MAIL.QXT.1 [OK]
             REMARK.QXT.3 [OK]
            @DIRECTORY,
            @@DELETED
            @@

               PS:<J.L.PAGE>
             4-UPED.QXT.1,2,3,4,5,6,7
               .TXT.7,8,9
             MAIL.QXT.1
             MEMO.QMD.1
             REMARK.QXT.1,2,3
             TTY.SCM.1
             VERCBL.BAT.2

            Total of 17 files
            @UNDELETE TTY.SCM, VERCBL.BAT
             TTY.SCM.1 [OK]
             VERCBL.BAT.2 [OK]
            @EXPUNGE
             PS:<J.L.PAGE> [8 pages freed]
            @DIRECTORY,
            @@DELETED

        4.  Delete the files with the .MAC extension  that  were  created
            between 2-Feb-87 and 3-Mar-87.

            @DELETE *.MAC,
            @@BEFORE 3-MAR-87 11:00:04
            @@SINCE 2-FEB-87 23:30
            @@
            @

        5.  Delete the files named MYFILE.MEM that are between 50 and 150
            pages.

            @DELETE MYFILE.MEM,
            @@LARGER 50
            @@SMALLER 150
            @@
            @





                                   2-119
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DEPOSIT)


   2.26  DEPOSIT

   Modifies the contents of a specific memory location.


   Format

        @DEPOSIT (MEMORY LOCATION) address (CONTENTS) data

        where:

        address     is an octal number or a symbol.

        data        is a symbolic or numerical expression.


   Output

        Status of Pages

             When you complete a DEPOSIT command, the system gives you  a
             message  indicating the status of the page you are trying to
             change:    "[New]"   for   previously   nonexistent   pages,
             "[Shared]" for those having Copy-on-Write status, or "?Can't
             write that page" for other pages.  (See also Hints - Setting
             the  Page-access  of  Memory  Pages,  below.)   However,  no
             message is printed for deposits made to private pages.


   Hints

        Using Symbols

             For symbols that  are  defined  in  multiple  modules  of  a
             program,  you  can  be  specific  by  giving the module name
             followed by an ampersand (&) and the symbol name.

        Using DDT Instead

             Usually the DEPOSIT  command  is  unnecessary,  as  the  DDT
             program  provides  more  powerful  methods for modifying the
             contents of memory.

        Abbreviating DEPOSIT Arguments

             The contents of each memory location are represented as  two
             6-digit  octal  numbers.   By  inserting  a  pair  of commas
             between these two numbers, you  can  abbreviate  them.   For
             example,   to  deposit  000004000050  into  memory  location
             151003, use the command



                                   2-120
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DEPOSIT)


                  @DEPOSIT 151003 4,,50

             This is the same as

                  @DEPOSIT 151003 4000050

             Note that you can also insert  commas  between  expressions.
             For example, the command

                  @DEPOSIT 1 1+3,, 5+7

             deposits 000004000014 into memory location 1.   (Expressions
             are  considered to be octal unless they contain an 8 or a 9,
             in which case they are considered  to  be  decimal  and  are
             translated to octal.)

             The DEPOSIT command itself can be abbreviated by the  single
             letter D.

        Deposit Address Defaults to the One Examined, and Vice Versa

             The first argument of a  DEPOSIT  command  defaults  to  the
             address  examined by your most recent EXAMINE command.  (You
             must press the  ESCAPE  key  to  take  this  default.)   The
             argument of an EXAMINE command defaults to the address whose
             contents were modified by your most recent DEPOSIT  command.
             Therefore  you  can examine a memory location, deposit a new
             value in it, and verify your action,  while  specifying  the
             location  only  once.   If you give DEPOSIT commands without
             intervening EXAMINE commands (or vice  versa),  the  default
             address increases by 1 for each subsequent command.

        Setting the Page-access of Memory Pages

             If the system responds to a DEPOSIT command  with  an  error
             message  of the form, "?Can't write that page", give the SET
             PAGE-ACCESS COPY-ON-WRITE command for the page.   Then  give
             DEPOSIT  again.   If the system allows it, you will be given
             your own copy of the page to modify.

        Using DEPOSIT With Inferior Processes

             To  modify  memory  for  a  process  inferior  to  the   one
             immediately  below  the  TOPS-20 command processor, you must
             give the FORK command to specify this process  before  using
             DEPOSIT.   Remember that for an inferior process to run, all
             superior  processes  must  be  running   too.    INFORMATION
             PROGRAM-STATUS tells you which processes these are.





                                   2-121
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DEPOSIT)


   Effect on Memory

        The DEPOSIT command changes one location in memory.


   Related Commands

        DDT                          for  calling  a  debugging  program,
                                     allowing more efficient modification
                                     of memory

        EXAMINE                      for displaying  the  contents  of  a
                                     specific memory location

        FORK                         for  selecting  the  process   whose
                                     memory you want to modify

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE     for  displaying  a  list  of  memory
                                     pages, their contents and status

        SET PAGE-ACCESS              for making it possible to  write  to
                                     specified pages


   Examples

        1.  Deposit a value in a memory location.

            @DEPOSIT 1500 21

        2.  Modify a memory location, using symbols.   Then  examine  the
            location.

            @DEPOSIT T3+1 P+2 
            @EXAMINE T3+1
            T3+1/ P+2   (4/ 21)

        3.  Try to deposit a number into a page of memory that  does  not
            allow  it.   Examine  memory,  set  the page to Copy-on-Write
            status, and try again (succeeding this time).

            @DEPOSIT 716505 0
            ?Can't write that page
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

             216. pages, Entry vector loc 462207 len 254000

              Section 0          R, W, E, Private
            0-11          Private   R, W, E
            20            Private   R, W, E
            400-401       Private   R, W, E


                                   2-122
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DEPOSIT)


            402-660       <FIELD-IMAGE>FORTRA.EXE.3   13-271   R, CW, E
            700-730       <NEXT-RELEASE>PA1050.EXE.4   1-31   R, E
            731-733       Private   R, W, E

            @SET PAGE-ACCESS 716 COPY-ON-WRITE
            @DEPOSIT 716505 0
             [Shared]
            @EXAMINE 716505
            716505/  0

        4.  Check your program status  (the  arrow  [=>]  indicates  your
            current process [fork]).  Select an inferior process, deposit
            a value into a memory location, and verify  that  memory  for
            the superior process is not changed to this.

            @INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS
             Used 0:00:05 in 0:10:11
             TOPS-20: 0:00:03.5
             SET UUO-SIMULATION (FOR PROGRAM)
             SET CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY (OF PROGRAM)
             => MACRO (1): ^C from IO wait at 775701, 0:00:00.3
                  Fork 2: HALT at 472052, 0:00:00.1
            @FORK 2
            @DEPOSIT 3500 12
            @EXAMINE 3500
            3500/   12
            @FORK 1
            @EXAMINE 3500
            3500/   202200,,1136
























                                   2-123
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DETACH)


   2.27  DETACH

   Disconnects your job from your terminal.


   Format

        @DETACH (AND) argument

        where:

        argument       can be one of these:

                       CONTINUE - directs the current program to proceed,
                                  just  as  if you had typed the CONTINUE
                                  command.

                       REENTER -  reenters the current program,  just  as
                                  if you had typed the REENTER command.

                       START -    starts the current program, just as  if
                                  you had typed the START command.

                            Default - the program is left in its  present
                            state


   Characteristics

        Effects of Detached Jobs

             Detached jobs use scarce system resources (such as  swapping
             space,  process  slots, job slots) and can prevent new users
             from logging in.


   Warning

        Programs Writing to the Controlling Terminal (Device TTY:)

             If a program running in a detached job attempts to write  to
             device TTY:, the job will wait until it is again attached to
             a terminal.


   Effect on Terminal

        The DETACH command leaves your terminal detached from the  system
        in the state before log-in.

|       If the system manager enables the hangup-on-DETACH feature,  then


                                   2-124
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DETACH)


|       if  a  user DETACHes from a DECSYSTEM-20, the system hangs up the
|       terminal line that user was connected to.  The job still  remains
|       detached, but the user no longer retains a terminal line.


   Related Commands

        ATTACH       for joining a detached job to your terminal

        SYSTAT       for finding out which jobs are detached

        SUBMIT       for running independent jobs

        UNATTACH     for disengaging another job from its terminal


   Examples

        1.  Detach your job.

            @DETACH
            Detaching job # 16

        2.  Detach your job while starting the program  in  memory,  then
            log in again.

            @DETACH START
             Detaching job # 45

             BOSTON, TOPS-20 Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
            @LOGIN LATTA 341

        3.  Log in and put a program in  memory;  detach  the  job  while
            starting  this program, and repeat the entire procedure.  Log
            in a third time and  begin  execution  of  a  third  program.
            Interrupt  this execution with CTRL/C, then detach this third
            job while continuing its program.  Now you  have  three  jobs
            running  at  once.   Instead  of logging in again, attach the
            first job (specifying the job number) and verify the system's
            action.

   @LOGIN LATTA 341
    Job 5 on TTY230 26-Mar-87 14::09, Last Login 26-Mar-87 11:36:12

   @GET DMN
   @DETACH START
    Detaching job # 5

    BOSTON, TOPS-20 Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
   @LOGIN LATTA 341
    Job 22 on TTY222 26-Mar-87 14:42:03, Last Login 26-Mar-87 14:38:09


                                   2-125
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (DETACH)


   @GET TESTA1
   @DETACH START
    Detaching job # 22

    BOSTON, TOPS-20 Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
   @LOGIN LATTA 341
    Job 53 on TTY222 26-Mar-87 14:44:02, Last Login 26-Mar-87 14:42:03

   @EXECUTE TESTF1
   FORTRAN: TESTF1
   MAIN.
   LINK:   Loading
   [LNKXCT  TESTF1 Execution]
   ^C

   @DETACH CONTINUE
    Detaching job # 53

    BOSTON, TOPS-20 Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
   @ATTACH LATTA
|    Job 22, Detached, Running DETACH
|    Job 53, Detached, Running DETACH
|  Job: 5
   Password:___

   EXIT
   @SYSTAT LATTA
      5*   222   EXEC      LATTA
     22    DET   TESTA1    LATTA
     53    DET   TESTF1    LATTA























                                   2-126
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


   2.28  DIRECTORY

   Displays information about the files in a directory.


   Format

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) filespec,...,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        filespec                 is the specification  of  a  file  about
                                 which you want information.
                                      Default filespec - *.*.*

        @@subcommand             means that, after a final comma, you can
                                 give   one   or   more   subcommands  on
                                 successive lines.


          Summary of DIRECTORY Subcommands (defaults in boldface)

        ACCOUNT
        ALPHABETICALLY
        ARCHIVED
        BEFORE date and/or time

                           ---
                           | BY-PAGES
        CHECKSUM           | SEQUENTIALLY
                           ---

                             ---
                             | WRITE
        CHRONOLOGICAL        | CREATION
                             | READ
                             | TAPE-WRITE
                             ---

        COMPLETE
        CRAM
                     ---
                     | WRITE
                     | CREATION
        DATES        | OFFLINE-EXPIRATION
                     | ONLINE-EXPIRATION
                     | READ
                     | TAPE-WRITE
                     ---
        DELETED


                                   2-127
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


        DOUBLESPACE
        EVERYTHING
        FIND number of generations     Default number - 1
        GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT
        HEADING
        INVISIBLE
        LARGER number of pages
        LENGTH
        LPT

              ---
              | ACCOUNT
              | CHECKSUM
              | CRAM
              | DATES
              | DOUBLESPACE
              | FILE-LINES
              | GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT
              | HEADING
        NO    | LENGTH
              | LPT
              | PROTECTION
              | REVERSE
              | SEPARATE
              | SIZE
              | SUMMARY-LINES
              | TIMES
              | USER
              ---

        OFFLINE
        ONLINE
        OUTPUT filespec                Default filespec - DIR.DIR
        PROHIBIT-MIGRATION
        PROTECTION
        RESIST-MIGRATION
        REVERSE
        SEPARATE
        SINCE date and/or time
        SIZE
        SMALLER number of pages

                ---
                | WRITE
                | CREATION
        TIMES   | OFFLINE-EXPIRATION
                | ONLINE-EXPIRATION
                | READ
                | TAPE-WRITE
                ---



                                   2-128
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


               ---
        USER   | WROTE
               | CREATED
               ---



                           DIRECTORY Subcommands


        ACCOUNT                        prints  the   account   to   which
                                       storage  fees  for  the  files are
                                       charged.

        ALPHABETICALLY                 lists the  files  in  alphabetical
                                       order.
                                            Default

        ARCHIVED                       restricts the listing to  archived
                                       files only, visible and invisible,
                                       offline and online.

        BEFORE date and time or        restricts listing  to  files  last
               day of week (or         written before the  date  and time
               TODAY) and time         given.

                  ---
                  | SEQUENTIALLY
        CHECKSUM  | BY-PAGES           computes and prints 6-digit octal
                  ---                  checksums for the files, either

                                       sequentially  and  without   going
                                       beyond the EOF (end-of-file) mark,
                                       or by pages  on  disk,  accounting
                                       for   holes  in  files  and  pages
                                       beyond the EOF mark;  output  will
                                       be  followed  by  letter P in this
                                       case.
                                            Default - BY-PAGES

                       ---
                       | CREATION
        CHRONOLOGICAL  | WRITE         lists  files  in   order   (oldest
                       | READ          first) according to
                       | TAPE-WRITE    o  date of creation, or
                       ---             o  date they were last changed, or

                                       o  date they were last read, or

                                       o  date  their   tape   copy   was
                                          created,


                                   2-129
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


                                               Default - WRITE

        COMPLETE                       prints    the    complete     file
                                       specification,  which includes the
                                       structure and directory names.

        CRAM                           compresses   formats   to   reduce
                                       printing space and time.

               ---
               | CREATION
               | WRITE
        DATES  | READ                  lists for the specified files, the
               | TAPE-WRITE            following:
               | OFFLINE-EXPIRATION    o  date of creation, or
               | ONLINE-EXPIRATION     o  date they were last changed, or
               ---                     o  date they were last read, or
                                       o  date the tape copy was created,
                                          or
                                       o  date of expiration
                                               Default - WRITE

        DELETED                        limits  descriptions  to   deleted
                                       files   that  have  not  yet  been
                                       expunged.

        DOUBLESPACE                    double-spaces    the     DIRECTORY
                                       command output.

        EVERYTHING                     prints,   in   this   order,   the
                                       following  information  about  the
                                       files:

                                        o  file specification

                                        o  protection

                                        o  account number

                                        o  size in  pages  and  in  bytes
                                           (and associated byte size)

                                        o  generation retention count

                                        o  date and time of creation,  of
                                           last change (Write), last time
                                           read, and of the  creation  of
                                           any tape copy

                                        o  the  name  of  the  user   who
                                           created  the  file, and of the


                                   2-130
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


                                           user who  last  wrote  in  the
                                           file.

        FIND n                         prints the specifications  of  all
                                       but  the n most recent generations
                                       of the files, omitting  any  files
                                       having n or fewer generations.
                                            Default n - 1

        GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT     tells the number of generations of
                                       each  file  the system will retain
                                       in the given directory.

        HEADING                        prints a  headline  labeling  each
                                       category  of  information supplied
                                       by the command.
                                            Default

        INVISIBLE                      restricts the listing to invisible
                                       files   only,   both  on-line  and
                                       off-line.

        LARGER n                       lists only files of  size  greater
                                       than n pages.

        LENGTH                         gives the file length in bytes and
                                       the associated byte size.

        LPT                            directs the command output to LPT:
                                       instead of to your terminal.

             ---
             | ACCOUNT
             | CHECKSUM
             | CRAM
             | DATES
             | DOUBLESPACE
             | FILE-LINES
             | GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT
             | HEADING                 suppresses    the    action     or
        NO   | LENGTH                  information  associated  with  the
             | LPT                     specified   subcommand.     (FILE-
             | PROTECTION              LINES  refers  to the  information
             | REVERSE                 pertaining   to   the   individual
             | SEPARATE                files,  which is   the   bulk   of
             | SIZE                    the   DIRECTORY  command   output.
             | SUMMARY-LINES           SUMMARY-LINES   refers    to   the
             | TIMES                   information   following  the  file
             | USER                    lines, giving a total  file-count,
             ---                       and  total  page-count  and  total
                                       checksum     if     required    by


                                   2-131
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


                                       subcommands.)
                                            Default - HEADING

        OFFLINE                        restricts the listing to (visible)
                                       off-line files only, both archived
                                       and not archived.

        ONLINE                         restricts the listing  to  on-line
                                       files.

        OUTPUT filespec                directs the command output to  the
                                       specified file rather than to your
                                       terminal.
                                            Default filespec - DIR.DIR

        PROHIBIT-MIGRATION             restricts  the  listing  to  files
                                       that  are  never migrated, because
                                       they were specified in a SET  FILE
                                       PROHIBIT command.

        PROTECTION                     prints   the    protection    code
                                       (protection number) of the file.

        RESIST-MIGRATION               restricts  the  listing  to  files
                                       that the system considers last for
                                       migration.    These   files   were
                                       specified  in  a  SET  FILE RESIST
                                       command.

        REVERSE                        causes  an  ordering   subcommand,
                                       such    as    ALPHABETICALLY    or
                                       CHRONOLOGICAL,  to   arrange   its
                                       output in reverse.

        SEPARATE                       lists the  complete  specification
                                       for  each  file on a separate line
                                       (instead  of  listing   successive
                                       generation  numbers of the file on
                                       the  same   line,   separated   by
                                       commas;  and  instead  of  listing
                                       files  of  the   same   name   and
                                       different  type by file type only,
                                       indented under the first  complete
                                       file specification).

        SINCE date and time or         limits  listing  to   files   last
              day of week (or          written  after  the date  (or  day
              TODAY) and time          of week) and time given.

        SIZE                           prints the size of  the  files  in
                                       pages.


                                   2-132
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


        SMALLER n                      lists only files of size less than
                                       n pages.

               ---
               | CREATION
        TIMES  | WRITE                 lists, for  the  specified  files,
               | READ                  the following:
               | TAPE-WRITE
               | OFFLINE-EXPIRATION    o  time and date of creation, or
               | ONLINE-EXPIRATION     o  time and date they were last
               ---                        changed, or
                                       o  time and date  they  were  last
                                          read, or
                                       o  time and date the tape copy was
                                          created, or
                                       o  time and date of expiration
                                               Default - WRITE

             ---                       gives the name of the user who
             | CREATED                 created the file,  or  changed
        USER | WROTE                   the file last.
             ---                            Default - WRITE


   Hints

        Listing Unneeded Files

             In preparation for deleting files  so  that  your  directory
             will  fall  within  disk  quotas, you can get a list of your
             largest files by using the LARGER and/or  SIZE  subcommands,
             and  of  your  oldest or least-used files with DATES, TIMES,
             and BEFORE.  With FIND you can discover extra generations of
             files.

        Finding Files of a Particular Age or Size

             To examine only files of a certain age  or  size,  give  the
             pair of subcommands BEFORE and SINCE, or LARGER and SMALLER,
             with appropriate arguments.

        Comparing Checksums of Files

             You can use the numbers reported by the CHECKSUM  subcommand
             to  compare two files:  if they have differing contents they
             will almost certainly yield different values; and  identical
             files will have the same checksums.  The CHECKSUM subcommand
             causes a checksum of checksums as well.


   Special Cases


                                   2-133
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


        Asterisks Appearing Before Filespecs

             An asterisk (*) appearing before a filename in the  response
             to a DIRECTORY command indicates a possible hardware-related
             error, one caused  by  a  read  operation  at  a  marginally
             functional  area of disk.  To test whether there actually is
             an error in the file, use the COPY command to copy the  file
             to a new specification.  If the COPY command succeeds, there
             is no error in the file, and no asterisk  will  precede  the
             new  file  specification.   If  the  COPY command fails, you
             should move  the  disk  to  another  drive  and  repeat  the
             command.   If it still fails, you may have to write your own
             program to recover everything but the missing  part  of  the
             file (usually, just one page).

        DIRECTORY-class Commands for Labeled Magnetic Tapes

             The FDIRECTORY,  TDIRECTORY,  and  VDIRECTORY  commands  for
             labeled  magnetic  tapes  are  equivalent  to  the DIRECTORY
             command for labeled  magnetic  tapes.   All  these  commands
             rewind  the  tape  set to the beginning of the first volume,
             print a directory of files, then rewind the set again.   You
             can  give  only these subcommands when using DIRECTORY-class
             commands  with  labeled  magnetic  tapes:    ALPHABETICALLY,
             DOUBLESPACE,   HEADING,   LPT,   NO,  OUTPUT,  REVERSE,  and
             SEPARATE.


   Related Commands

                                          ---
        FDIRECTORY (Full DIRECTORY)         |   other     DIRECTORY-class
                                            |
        TDIRECTORY (Time-ordered DIRECTORY) |   commands  for  performing
                                            |   related functions
        VDIRECTORY (Verbose DIRECTORY)      |
                                          ---


   Examples

        1.  Obtain a listing of your files.

            @DIRECTORY

               PS:<HERRICK>
             4-UPED.TXT.13
             ACCT20.FOR.1
             DUMPER.MAC.1
             F-O.DIRECTORY.1
             FORD.CTL.2,3,4,5,6


                                   2-134
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


             MEMO.CMD.1
               .FIL.1
               .FRM.2
             MULTIP.FOR.2

             Total of 13 files

        2.  Use  a  DIRECTORY  command  with  a  filespec  consisting  of
            wildcard  characters  and  the account attribute (;A) to find
            out which files' storage fees are being  charged  to  account
            MONITOR.

            @DIRECTORY *.*;AMONITOR

               PS:<HERRICK>
             FORD.CTL.2
             MEMO.FRM.2

             Total of 2 files

        3.  Find out what files of type .TXT there are in your  connected
            directory and in one to which you have group rights.

            @DIRECTORY *.TXT, <SARTINI>*.TXT

               PS:<HERRICK>
             4-UPED.TXT.13
             MAIL.TXT.1
             REMARK.TXT.4

             Total of 3 files

               PS:<SARTINI>
             CHAP21.TXT.33
             CHAPT2.TXT.16
             CHAPT3.TXT.8
             PRIVATE.TXT.1
             TEST.TXT.1

             Total of 5 files

             Grand total of 8 files

        4.  Give  a  DIRECTORY  command  with  the   BEFORE   and   SINCE
            subcommands  to  find out which files were changed during the
            week of March 6, 1985.

            @DIRECTORY,
            @@BEFORE 3-12-85
            @@SINCE 3-5-85
            @@


                                   2-135
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (DIRECTORY)


               PS:<HERRICK>
             DIVIDE.FOR.4
             MULTIP.FOR.2
             QUOTNT.EXE.1
             SQUARE.EXE.1

             Total of 4 files

        5.  Give the DIRECTORY  command  to  list  all  the  files  in  a
            directory that you have access to.

            @DIR WORK:<HERRICK>

              WORK:<HERRICK>
            CALENDAR.TXT.26
            COMAND.MIC.3
            QUERY.DAVE.1
                 .GENE.2
            RESULT.SCM.1
            WEEKLY.STA.15

            Total of 6 files































                                   2-136
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISABLE)


   2.29  DISABLE

   Disables any special capabilities, such as those of WHEEL or OPERATOR,
   that you have enabled.


   Format

        $DISABLE (CAPABILITIES)
        @


   Characteristics

        Resumption of Standard Prompt

             The DISABLE command causes the system to resume the standard
             at  sign  prompt (@) in place of the dollar sign prompt ($),
             which indicated enabled capabilities.


   Warning

        Disabling Promptly

             Be sure to disable your capabilities as  soon  as  you  have
             finished using them, so that you or a program you run cannot
             accidentally damage the system.


   Related Commands

        ENABLE     for  activating  any  capabilities  that  the   system
                   manager has given you


   Examples

        1.  Disable your capabilities.

            $DISABLE
            @

        2.  Try copying a file from a directory  to  which  you  have  no
            access.   Then  enable  your  capabilities (assuming you have
            been granted capabilities), copy the file, and give  up  your
            capabilities with the DISABLE command.

            @COPY <MON-SPCS>FFE.SPC
            ?Directory access privileges required
            @ENABLE


                                   2-137
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISABLE)


            $COPY <MON-SPCS>FFE.SPC
             <MON-SPCS>FFE.SPC.1 => FFE.SPC.2 [OK]
            $DISABLE
            @

















































                                   2-138
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISCARD)


   2.30  DISCARD

   Gives up the tape copy of specified on-line files.


   Format

        @DISCARD (TAPE INFORMATION FOR FILES) filespec,...

        where:

        filespec            is the specification of  a  file  whose  tape
                            copy you want to discard.


   Characteristics

        Action of DISCARD

             The DISCARD command causes the tape pointer in the FDB (File
             Descriptor  Block)  of the specified file to be deleted.  It
             does not actually destroy the tape copy of  the  file.   The
             tape  copy  is  destroyed  when  the tape is recycled by the
             operator.  (See also Hints - Undoing DISCARD, below.)

        Withdrawing Archive Status of Files

             When you give the DISCARD command for  an  on-line  archived
             file,  you withdraw archive status from the disk copy of the
             file.  That is, the file  becomes  an  ordinary  disk  file,
             which you can edit or delete if you wish.

        DISCARD for Non-archived Files

             You can also use the DISCARD command to  give  up  the  tape
             copy   of   files   that   have   been   migrated   to  tape
             (automatically, by the system) and then retrieved using  the
             RETRIEVE command.


   Hints

        Undoing DISCARD

             You receive a mail message from the operator for every  file
             whose  tape  copy  you  discard.  The message gives the tape
             number, saveset number, and file number within  the  saveset
             of  each  tape  copy.  If you have given the DISCARD command
             for a file and later wish to use the tape copy, you  may  be
             able  to  recover  it using this information, as long as the
             tapes have not yet been recycled.


                                   2-139
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISCARD)


   Related Commands

        ARCHIVE                  for requesting  that  a  permanent  tape
                                 copy of specified files be made

        DELETE (with CONTENTS-ONLY subcommand)
                                 for deleting only the disk copy of files
                                 that also have a tape copy

        RETRIEVE                 for requesting that an off-line file  be
                                 restored to disk


   Examples

        1.  Discard the tape copy of a file.

            @DISCARD TESTER.EXE
             TESTER.EXE.1 [OK]

        2.  Attempt to alter an archived file.  When you find out it  has
            archive  status,  discard  its  tape  copy  (this revokes its
            archive status) and  perform  the  alteration.   Archive  the
            resulting file and check its status.

            @APPEND FOO.LOG DRCHIVE.TXT
              FOO.LOG.1
            ?File has archive status, modification is prohibited: 
            DRCHIVE.TXT.1
            @DISCARD DRCHIVE.TXT
              DRCHIVE.TXT.1 [OK]
            @APPEND FOO.LOG DRCHIVE.TXT
              FOO.LOG.1 [OK]
            @ARCHIVE DRCHIVE.TXT
              DRCHIVE.TXT.1 [Requested]
            @INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS DRCHIVE.TXT
              DRCHIVE.TXT.1 Archive requested
















                                   2-140
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISMOUNT)


   2.31  DISMOUNT

   Gives up access to the specified structure or tape set.


   Format

        @DISMOUNT medium (NAME) dev:  /switch(es)

        where:

        medium         is one of the following optional arguments:

                       STRUCTURE - for dismounting file structures  (disk
                                   packs)

                            TAPE - for dismounting magnetic tapes

        dev:           is either the structure identification (or alias),
                       or  a  logical name referring to the tape set (the
                       tape setname  specified  in  your  previous  MOUNT
                       command),  or  a  logical  device name of the form
                       MTn:.   The  colon  after  the  device   name   is
                       optional.

        /switches      are  keywords,  chosen  from   the   list   below,
                       indicating   your   choice   of  DISMOUNT  command
                       options.


                         DISMOUNT Command Switches
                   (for use with argument STRUCTURE only)


        /NOWAIT                  tells the system to return your terminal
                                 to  TOPS-20 command level as soon as you
                                 give the DISMOUNT command, and to send a
                                 message   to   your  terminal  when  the
                                 request has been processed.   Otherwise,
                                 your terminal waits for the message.




        /REMARK:"remark"
                                 sends the specified remark  (of  119  or
                                 fewer characters, which must be enclosed
                                 in  quotation  marks  ["  "])   to   the
                                 operator  when  he  is  notified of your
                                 request.  The remark is sent only if you
                                 also include the /REMOVE switch.


                                   2-141
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISMOUNT)


        /REMOVE                  tells the operator that you want him  to
                                 physically  dismount  the structure from
                                 the   drive;   makes    the    structure
                                 unavailable  for further mount requests.
                                 See  also  Hints - Action  of   DISMOUNT
                                 Command Including /REMOVE Switch, below.

        /STRUCTURE-ID:structure identification

                                  gives the  name  of  the  structure  as
                                 recorded  in  the disk(s); used when you
                                 give some alias as argument dev:, above.
                                 See   Hints - Using   the  /STRUCTURE-ID
                                 Switch, below.


   Characteristics

        Action of DISMOUNT STRUCTURE Command

             Ordinary DISMOUNT STRUCTURE

                  The DISMOUNT STRUCTURE command reduces by 1  the  mount
                  count  of  the specified structure (the number of users
                  who have given a MOUNT but not a DISMOUNT  command  for
                  the  structure)  if  you  had  given  a  previous MOUNT
                  command for it.  An ordinary DISMOUNT STRUCTURE command
                  does not withdraw the structure from system use.

             Including /REMOVE Switch

                  If you include  the  /REMOVE  switch  when  giving  the
                  DISMOUNT  STRUCTURE command, the specified structure is
                  made  unavailable  for  further  mount  requests.   The
                  operator  is informed of your dismount request, and any
                  further action depends  on  him.   If  he  denies  your
                  request, the structure is again made available to other
                  users; if he grants your request, the structure remains
                  unavailable  for  further  mount requests, and is taken
                  off  line  and  physically  removed.    Under   extreme
                  conditions  the  operator may take a structure off line
                  and physically remove it even though  some  users  have
                  not dismounted the structure.  Before doing so, he will
                  usually send a message to such users to allow  them  to
                  close their files.

        Action of DISMOUNT TAPE Command

             The DISMOUNT TAPE  command  unloads  the  currently  mounted
             volume   of   the  specified  tape  set  (i.e.,  rewinds  it
             completely  onto  its  source  reel)  so  that  it  can   be


                                   2-142
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISMOUNT)


             physically  removed  by  the  operator, and returns the tape
             drive to the pool of available resources.  (Note that if the
             /NOUNLOAD  switch  was given in your original MOUNT command,
             no volumes are unloaded by the  system  or  removed  by  the
             operator, even after your DISMOUNT command is completed.) If
             a logical name (such as the setname of the tape set) is used
             in  the DISMOUNT command to specify the tape set, the system
             also withdraws the definition  of  the  logical  name.   Use
             DISMOUNT  TAPE  only  for tape drives having device names of
             the form MTn:; drives obtained using the MOUNT command.  Use
             UNLOAD  to  unload  tapes from drives having device names of
             the form MTAn:.


   Hints

        Omitting "medium" Argument

             If the dev:  argument  of  your  DISMOUNT  command  will  be
             unambiguous  (for  example, you do not have both a structure
             and a tape set mounted using the same device name), you need
             not  specify  the  medium.   The shortened command, DISMOUNT
             dev:/switch(es), is sufficient.

        Using the /STRUCTURE-ID Switch

             The /STRUCTURE-ID switch gives the name of the structure  as
             recorded in the disk(s) of the pack itself, where it is used
             by the system for identification.  You may use  this  switch
             to dismount a structure that had been mounted using an alias
             different from its structure identification.  (See  Hints  -
             Using   the  /STRUCTURE-ID  Switch,  in  the  MOUNT  command
             description.)

        Using INFORMATION VOLUMES before DISMOUNT TAPE

             If  you  give  the  INFORMATION   VOLUMES   command   before
             dismounting  a tape set, the system will respond with a list
             of the volids for mounted volumes, including volids for  any
             volumes  newly  added  to  the  set.   You  should  keep  an
             up-to-date record  of  these  for  use  with  further  MOUNT
             commands.


   Effect on Terminal

        The  DISMOUNT  command  with  the  /NOWAIT  switch,  leaves  your
        terminal  at  TOPS-20  command  level.  If you have not given the
        /NOWAIT  switch,  your  terminal  waits  until  the  system   has
        processed  your  request, or until you give a CTRL/C to return to
        TOPS-20 command level.  This CTRL/C does not cancel your request.


                                   2-143
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISMOUNT)


   Related Commands

        CANCEL         for withdrawing mount  requests  before  they  are
                       processed

        INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
                       for finding which tape devices (if any) have  been
                       assigned to your job

        INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS
                       for finding out information  about  pending  mount
                       requests   for   structures  and  tape  sets,  and
                       currently mounted tape sets

        INFORMATION STRUCTURE
                       for finding out information  about  the  specified
                       mounted  structure,  including its mount count and
                       the names of  users  who  have  given  the  MOUNT,
                       CONNECT, and ACCESS commands for the structure

        INFORMATION VOLUMES
                       for finding out the volids of all mounted  volumes
                       (including newly created volumes) of a tape set


   Examples

        1.  Dismount a magnetic tape set you have been using.

            @DISMOUNT TAPE MT3:
            [Tape dismounted]

        2.  Dismount the same tape set, referring to it by its setname.

            @DISMOUNT TAPE LAT:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name LAT: deleted]

        3.  Find out the volids of your tape set before  dismounting  it,
            in case the tape set has been extended to another volume.

            @INFORMATION VOLUMES MT3:
            Volumes of tape set LAT: LAT,00J16
            @DISMOUNT MT3
            [Tape dismounted]

        4.  Find out if you  have  any  mount  requests  pending  or  any
            currently  mounted  tape  sets.  Dismount a currently mounted
            tape set (these display the actual device name  (here,  MTA0)
            in the column headed, Status).

            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUEST/USER


                                   2-144
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISMOUNT)


            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status  Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  -------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  ------
            UNLBLD     MTA0  Tape   Locked   UNLBLD    128    55   LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue
            @DISMOUNT TAPE UNLBLD:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name UNLBLD: deleted]

        5.  Dismount a structure you have mounted named SNARK.

            @DISMOUNT SNARK
            Structure SNARK: dismounted

        6.  Find out whether your mount request for a structure has  been
            satisfied  yet  (it  has  not).   Use  the  CANCEL command to
            withdraw this request.

            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status  Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  -------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  ----------
            MARK     MTA1     Tape  Enabled  MARK       126    60  HOVSEPIAN
            TAPE     MTA3     Tape  Enabled  TAPE       148    13  WALLACE
            LATB     Waiting  Disk           LATB       157    65  LATTA
            There are 3 Requests in the Queue

            @CANCEL MOUNT 157
            [1 mount request canceled]

        7.  Find out  whether  you  can  safely  dismount  and  remove  a
            structure  you  have  mounted.   Use  the SEND command to ask
            another user to dismount  the  structure;  then  enable  your
            capabilities and give a DISMOUNT command that will physically
            remove it.

            @INFORMATION STRUCTURE LATB:
            Status of structure LATB:
            Mount count: 2, open file count: 0, units in structure: 1
            Foreign 
            Users who have MOUNTed LATB: LATTA, GBLAINE
            Users ACCESSing LATB: LATTA, GBLAINE
            No users CONNECTed to LATB:
            @SEND GBLAINE PLEASE DISMOUNT LATB: AS SOON AS CONVENIENT. -
            I MUST REMOVE THE STRUCTURE.  THANKS.
            @INFORMATION STRUCTURE LATB:
            Status of structure LATB:
            Mount count: 1, open file count: 0, units in structure: 1
            Foreign 
            Users who have MOUNTed LATB: LATTA
            Users ACCESSing LATB: LATTA
            No users CONNECTed to LATB:

                                   2-145
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (DISMOUNT)


            @END-ACCESS LATB:<OPERATOR>
            @ENABLE
            $DISMOUNT STRUCTURE LATB: /REMOVE/REMARK:"PLEASE LEAVE LATB: -
            ON RP06 CABINET"
            [Mount Request LATB Queued, Request-ID 164]
            Structure LATB: removed
            $DISABLE
            @













































                                   2-146
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


   2.32  EDIT

   Invokes your defined editor to modify a file.

                                    NOTE

           This manual  assumes  that  you  are  using  the  EDIT
           program  to edit.  See the Special Cases section below
           for information relating to other editors.



   Format

        @EDIT (FILE) /switch(es) input filespec (OUTPUT AS) output filespec

        where:

        switches            are keywords, chosen  from  the  list  below,
                            indicating   your   choice  of  EDIT  command
                            options.
                                 Defaults  are  shown  in  the  list   of
                                 switches

        input filespec      is the specification of the file you want  to
                            edit.
                                 Default - last  file  specification  and
                                           associated  switches  you gave
                                           in a CREATE  or  EDIT  command
                                           during  the  current  terminal
                                           session

        output filespec     is the specification with which you  want  to
                            name the edited file.
                                 Default - the input file  specification,
                                           but with a generation number 1
                                           higher   than   the    highest
                                           existing generation number


          Summary of EDIT Command Switches (Defaults in boldface)

                                    NOTE

           These switches are applicable only if  you  are  using
           the EDIT editor.

             /BAK
             /C128
             /C64
             /DECIDE


                                   2-147
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


             /DPY
             /EXPERT
             /INCREMENT:n        Default n - 100
             /ISAVE:n
             /LOWER
             /M33
             /M37
             /NOBAK
             /NODECIDE
             /NONSEPARATORS
             /NONUMBER
             /NOVICE
             /NUMBER
             /OLD
             /OPTION:name
             /PLINES:n           Default n - 16
             /R
             /READONLY
             /RONLY
             /RUN:filespec       Default file type - .EXE
             /SAVE:n
             /SEPARATORS
             /SEQUENCE
             /START:n            Default n - argument of INCREMENT switch
             /STEP:n             Default n - 100
             /UNSEQUENCE
             /UPPER
             /WINDOW:n           Default n - 10


                           EDIT Command Switches


        /BAK               causes an unedited copy  of  the  file  to  be
                           saved  at  the end of an editing session under
                           the specification name.Qyp, where name.typ  is
                           the file's original specification.
                                Default

        /C128              specifies a 128-character  alphabet,  allowing
                           insertion   of   control   characters   in  an
                           alternate  format.   See  the   TOPS-20   EDIT
                           Reference Manual for details.

        /C64               specifies a 64-character alphabet, disallowing
                           use  of  an  alternate format for insertion of
                           control characters.
                                Default

        /DECIDE            lets you decide whether to  accept  or  reject
                           each  change  caused by the operation of the S


                                   2-148
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


                           (substitute) command of the EDIT program.

        /DPY               has no effect in the current monitor.

        /EXPERT            tells the EDIT  program  that  you  need  only
                           abbreviated error messages, and fewer warnings
                           and reminders.

        /INCREMENT:n       specifies the value that will be added to each
                           line  number  of  the  file to obtain the next
                           line number.
                                Default n - 100

        /ISAVE:n           instructs  the  EDIT  program  to  update  the
                           backup  file  of  specification name.Qyp after
                           every n lines you insert, instead of  only  at
                           the end of the EDIT session.

        /LOWER             specifies that all alphabetic  characters  you
                           type    should    be    considered   lowercase
                           characters;  give  uppercase   characters   by
                           preceding    the    corresponding    lowercase
                           character with a single quotation mark (').

        /M33               has no effect in the current monitor.

        /M37               has no effect in the current monitor.

        /NOBAK             prevents an unedited copy  of  the  file  from
                           being  saved  at the end of an editing session
                           under specification name.Qyp,  where  name.typ
                           is the file's original specification.

        /NODECIDE          ensures  the  automatic  operation  of  the  S
                           (substitute) command of the EDIT program.
                                Default

        /NONSEPARATORS     notifies the EDIT program that the  characters
                           .  (period),  $  (dollar sign), and % (percent
                           sign) are to be regarded as  ordinary  textual
                           characters   and   not   as  field  delimiters
                           (separators) in the file being edited.
                                Default

        /NONUMBER          suppresses the printing of line  numbers  with
                           each line of a file.

        /NOVICE            tells the EDIT program that you  want  to  see
                           complete  error  messages  and all appropriate
                           warnings and reminders;  opposite  of  /EXPERT
                           switch.


                                   2-149
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


                                Default

        /NUMBER            prints a line number  for  each  line  of  the
                           file.
                                Default

        /OLD               causes the first backup file to be saved under
                           the  specification name.Zyp, where name.typ is
                           the file's original specification.

        /OPTION:name       sets any EDIT switches contained in  lines  of
                           your SWITCH.INI file labeled with name (of six
                           or fewer characters).  The system expects this
                           file to be in your log-in directory.

        /PLINES:n          specifies how many lines to print in  response
                           to each P (print) command of the EDIT program.
                                Default n - 16

        /R                 same as /READONLY.

        /READONLY          prevents any changes to the  file  during  the
                           current  session of the EDIT program, that is,
                           makes it a  read-only  session.   This  switch
                           cannot be given in the SWITCH.INI file.

        /RONLY             same as /READONLY.

        /RUN:filespec      specifies the program to be run when  you  end
                           the  current  session of the EDIT program with
                           the G command.
                                Default file type - .EXE

        /SAVE:n            instructs  the  EDIT  program  to  update  the
                           backup  file  of  specification name.Qyp after
                           every n EDIT program commands that modify  the
                           file.

        /SEPARATORS        notifies the EDIT program that the  characters
                           .  (period),  $  (dollar sign), and % (percent
                           sign) are not ordinary textual characters  but
                           are field separators in the accompanying file.

        /SEQUENCE          tells the EDIT program not to strip  the  line
                           numbers  from  the  file when the EDIT session
                           ends.
                                Default

        /START:n           specifies the first line number for  the  EDIT
                           program to use when numbering the file.
                                Default n - argument of /INCREMENT switch


                                   2-150
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


        /STEP:n            same as /INCREMENT.

        /UNSEQUENCE        tells the  EDIT  program  to  strip  the  line
                           numbers  from  the  file when the EDIT session
                           ends.

        /UPPER             specifies that all alphabetic  characters  you
                           type    should    be    considered   uppercase
                           characters;  give  lowercase   characters   by
                           preceding    the    corresponding    lowercase
                           character with a single quotation mark (').
                                Default

        /WINDOW:n          specifies the number n (between 10 and 99)  of
                           pages  to  be  held  in memory during the EDIT
                           session.
                                Default n - 10


   Characteristics

        Edit Mode or Input Mode

             The EDIT command runs the EDIT system program in Edit  mode,
             which  uses  an  asterisk  prompt  (*).   (However, see also
             Special Cases - Using an Editor Other than EDIT, below.)  In
             Edit  mode  you  can use any EDIT program commands to modify
             the specified file.  If the EDIT program starts by  printing
             the  word Input instead of Edit, the specified file does not
             yet exist.  You are then in Input mode, just as if  you  had
             used  the  CREATE  command  instead of EDIT.  See the CREATE
             command description for details.

        Saving Backup Files Periodically

             Whenever you use EDIT, be sure to keep an extra copy of  the
             file  you  are  modifying,  in case of a system failure.  By
             default the system renames the unedited copy of your file to
             name.Qyp  at  the  end  of an editing session.  By using the
             /SAVE:n  switch  you  can  have  this  backup  file  updated
             periodically  during  the  editing  session  to reflect your
             edits.

        SWITCH.INI File

             If there is a group of EDIT command switches that you always
             or  often  use with EDIT or CREATE commands, put them into a
             file named SWITCH.INI in your log-in directory, in a line of
             that file beginning with "EDIT:abc", where abc is any set of
             characters you choose to identify the  line.   Then  if  you
             include  the single switch /OPTION:abc when you give an EDIT


                                   2-151
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


             or CREATE command, all these switches will be in effect.


   Hints

        Debugging Your Programs and Editing the Sources

             You can use EDIT to modify files containing source  programs
             written  in  a  programming  language.   The  DDT  and DEBUG
             commands run system programs that offer more  efficient  and
             powerful  techniques  for  testing  temporary corrections to
             your programs, but you should use the EDIT command  to  make
             final changes to the source files.

        Further Information

             For more information about the EDIT program, see the TOPS-20
             EDIT Reference Manual.


   Special Cases

        Using an Editor Other than EDIT

             The CREATE, EDIT, and PERUSE command  descriptions  in  this
             manual  assume  that these commands call on the EDIT program
             for their action.  If your job uses another editing program,
             for  example  EDT, the switches and examples shown here will
             not be applicable.

             The editor used by CREATE, EDIT, and PERUSE is specified  by
             logical  name  EDITOR:, so you can find out the name of this
             program by giving  the  command,  INFORMATION  LOGICAL-NAMES
             EDITOR:.   The  job-wide  definition  (if any) will be given
             first, followed by the system-wide definition; the  job-wide
             definition  prevails  if  both  exist.  If the definition of
             EDITOR:  is SYS:EDIT.EXE, the CREATE and EDIT commands  will
             function  as  described in this manual.  Otherwise, you must
             consult the appropriate  manual  (for  example,  the  EDT-20
             Reference Manual) for information.

             You can use  the  DEFINE  command  to  define  logical  name
             EDITOR:   to  be  any  editing  program  available  at  your
             installation.  Then this program will be in effect when  you
             give the CREATE or EDIT command.

        Attempting to Edit Archived Files

             If you attempt to edit an on-line archived file, the  system
             will let you produce an edited version of the archived file,
             but will retain the original (archived) file unchanged under


                                   2-152
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


             the  specification name.Qyp (or name.Zyp if you included the
             /OLD switch in the EDIT  command),  where  name.typ  is  the
             file's  original  specification.   See  also Hints - Editing
             Files of Type .Qyp, below.

        Editing Files of Type .Qyp

             If you edit a file of type .Qyp (any file whose type  begins
             with  the  letter  Q),  the  EDIT  program does not save the
             unedited copy as a backup file.  In  such  cases,  give  the
             /OLD  switch  to  retain  the  unedited copy under file type
             .Zyp.  If the file of type .Qyp is  an  archived  file,  you
             will  not be allowed to produce an altered version using the
             EDIT command unless you include the /OLD switch.


   Effect on Memory

        The EDIT command clears any unkept forks from memory, then  loads
        the editor program defined by the logical name EDITOR:.


   Related Commands

        CREATE                       for creating new files

        DIRECTORY-class commands     for getting lists of existing files

        PERUSE                       for editing files in read-only mode


   Examples

        1.  Edit a file.

            @EDIT FILE.FOR
            Edit:  FILE.FOR.1
            *

        2.  Edit a file using the EDIT editor, requesting that an updated
            copy  of  the  file  be  saved after every three EDIT program
            commands; ask that the first such backup file be saved  under
            specification FILE.ZOR.  @EDIT /SAVE:3/OLD FILE.FOR
            Edit:  FILE.FOR.1
            *

        3.  Edit a  large  text  file,  adjusting  several  EDIT  program
            parameters  as you begin, and give new specifications for the
            output file.

        @EDIT /EXPERT/DECIDE/PLINES:50/WINDOW:99 REMARK.TXT REVISION.TXT


                                   2-153
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EDIT)


        Edit: REMARK.TXT.18
        *

        4.  Use the EDIT editor to create a SWITCH.INI file with one line
            for the switches used in Example 2, and one line for those in
            Example 3.  Use this file to repeat Example 3.

            @CREATE SWITCH.INI
            Input: SWITCH.INI.1
            00100   EDIT:ABC/SAVE:3/OLD
            00200   EDIT:DEF/EXPERT/DECIDE/PLINES:50/WINDOW:99
            00300
            *E

            [SWITCH.INI.1]
            @EDIT /OPTION:DEF REMARK.TXT REVISION.TXT
            Edit: REMARK.TXT.18
            *



































                                   2-154
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ENABLE)


   2.33  ENABLE

   Enables any special capabilities you may have.


   Format

        @ENABLE (CAPABILITIES)
        $


   Characteristics

        Dollar Sign Prompt

             The ENABLE command causes the system to print a dollar  sign
             prompt ($), indicating enabled capabilities, in place of the
             standard at sign prompt (@).   The  dollar  sign  prompt  is
             printed  after  ENABLE even if you have not been granted any
             capabilities.

        Capabilities of Log-In Directory Only

             The ENABLE command activates only  those  capabilities  that
             have  been  granted  to  the owner of your log-in directory.
             You do not receive any capabilities as a result  of  CONNECT
             or ACCESS commands or group memberships.


   Hints

        Displaying Capabilities

             Capabilities are defined by your login directory but  are  a
             characteristic  of  your  job  and  can  be  enabled  in any
             directory to which you connect.  To list your  capabilities,
             give  the  INFORMATION  DIRECTORY  command  for  your  login
             directory.

        More Information

             Capabilities are assigned with the BUILD command.   See  the
             BUILD   command   subcommands   in  this  manual  for  brief
             descriptions of special capabilities.


   Special Cases

        Dollar Sign Prompt in Batch Jobs

             Because a dollar sign placed in the location  of  a  TOPS-20


                                   2-155
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ENABLE)


             prompt  could  be  confused with a batch command, the system
             precedes the enabled prompt with a space for batch jobs.

        Capabilities Changed While Logged In

             Capabilities are given to your job when you log in.  If your
             capabilities  are  changed while you are logged-in, you must
             log out and log in again for the change to take effect.


   Warning

        Disabling Capabilities Promptly

             Because your commands are much more  powerful  if  you  have
             capabilities enabled, you should disable them as soon as you
             have finished using them.  Otherwise you or a  program  that
             you run could accidentally damage the system.


   Related Commands

        DISABLE                       for  suspending  any   capabilities
                                      that  the  system manager has given
                                      you

        INFORMATION DIRECTORY (for    for finding out which capabilities,
        the login directory)          have been granted to you.


   Examples

        1.  Enable your capabilities.

            @ENABLE
            $

        2.  Try to assign a tape drive to your job before taking  it  off
            line  for  repairs.   But  it  is already assigned to another
            user, whose terminal is set to  refuse  links.   Enable  your
            capabilities  and  ask  him to deassign the tape drive.  Then
            disable capabilities.

            @ASSIGN MTA2:
            ?MTA2: Already assigned to job 29
            @SYSTAT 29
              29      53   EXEC    R.SCHNEIDER
            @TALK R.SCHNEIDER
            ?Refused, send mail to the user instead
            @ENABLE
            $TALK R.SCHNEIDER


                                   2-156
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (ENABLE)


            LINK FROM F.DOMINO, TTY 221
            $;ROBIN - PLEASE DEASSIGN MTA2:.  IT MUST BE TAKEN OFF LINE
            $;FOR MAINTENANCE.  USE MTA3: INSTEAD.  THANKS.
            @;OKAY, SURE.
            @DEASSIGN MTA2:
            @
            $BREAK
            $DISABLE
            @












































                                   2-157
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (END-ACCESS)


   2.34  END-ACCESS

   Terminates your ownership rights to an accessed directory, as well  as
   group rights borrowed from its owner.


   Format

        @END-ACCESS (TO DIRECTORY) dev:<directory>

        where:

        dev:<directory>     is the directory to which  you  want  to  end
                            access.

                                 Default dev: - your connected structure

                                 Default <directory> - the directory  (on
                                                       the      specified
                                                       structure) of  the
                                                       same  name as your
                                                       connected
                                                       directory


   Hints

        Implicit END-ACCESS

             You can access only one directory at a time on each  mounted
             structure.   Each ACCESS command ends access obtained by any
             previous ACCESS command for a  directory  on  the  specified
             structure.  Therefore you do not need to give the END-ACCESS
             command if you access another directory on the structure, or
             if the structure is dismounted.

        Restoring Previous Rights

             END-ACCESS does not restore owner and group rights  obtained
             by  a  previous  ACCESS command for the specified structure.
             Give another ACCESS command to regain these.  (Note that you
             must  access  your  log-in  directory to regain group rights
             obtained by the LOGIN command,  lost  by  accessing  another
             directory on the public structure.


   Related Commands

        ACCESS        for obtaining ownership rights to a  directory  and
                      the group rights of the owner



                                   2-158
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (END-ACCESS)


        DISMOUNT      for decrementing the mount count  of  a  previously
                      accessed structure

        INFORMATION STRUCTURE
                      for finding out who is accessing a structure


   Examples

        1.  Give up your access rights to another user's directory.

            @END-ACCESS <HOLLAND>

        2.  Access another user's directory, copy a  file  from  it,  and
            give  up your rights to it.  Then give a command that depends
            on your own  group  rights.   (It  fails.)  Access  your  own
            directory   to  establish  these,  and  repeat  the  command,
            successfully this time.

            @ACCESS <HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @COPY <HOLLAND>DIST.LST
             <HOLLAND>DIST.LST.2 => DIST.LST.2 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS <HOLLAND>
            @INFORMATION DIRECTORY <LATTA.*>,
            ?No such directory
            @ACCESS <LATTA>
            @INFORMATION DIRECTORY <LATTA.*>,
            @@NAME-ONLY
            @@
             Name PS:<LATTA.A>
             Name PS:<LATTA.A.F-O>

        3.  Mount a structure, and access a user's directory there.   Get
            a  listing  of  his  files  of type .TXT.  End the access and
            dismount the structure.

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:<HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @DIRECTORY SNARK:<HOLLAND>*.TXT

               SNARK:<HOLLAND>
             ACCT.TXT.1
             MAIL.TXT.2
             REMARKS.TXT.1
             SYSTEM.TXT.1


             Total of 4 files


                                   2-159
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (END-ACCESS)


            @END-ACCESS SNARK:<HOLLAND>
            @DISMOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: dismounted


















































                                   2-160
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EOF)


   2.35  EOF

   Writes an end-of-file mark on the specified magnetic tape.   Use  this
   command for unlabeled tapes only.


   Format

        @EOF (DEVICE) dev:

        where:

        dev:      is the name of the magnetic tape  drive  on  which  you
                  want to write an end-of-file mark.  The colon after the
                  device name is optional.

   Hints

        EOF Seldom Needed

             Because tape-writing  programs  and  commands  automatically
             write  end-of-file  marks  in the appropriate places, you do
             not ordinarily need the EOF command.  But it can  be  useful
             if  such  a  program  is interrupted (by your CTRL/C or by a
             system failure and restart) and you  want  to  preserve  the
             information already written.  Also, you can shorten files on
             an existing tape by giving an EOF  command  at  the  desired
             point.


   Restrictions

        EOF With Open Files

             If you have given a CTRL/C to exit from a program  that  has
             opened  a  magnetic  tape  drive  and  you then give the EOF
             command for that tape drive, the system will first allow you
             to  close  the  associated file.  You must do so for the EOF
             command to succeed, but  you  will  probably  be  unable  to
             continue  the program from that point, because the file will
             now be closed.












                                   2-161
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (EOF)


   Related Commands

                ---
        BACKSPACE |
                  |
        REWIND    |
                  |   other TOPS-20 commands for controlling magnetic
                  |   tape drives
        SKIP      |
                  |
        UNLOAD    |
                ---


   Example

        1.  Put an end-of-file mark (EOF) on your magnetic tape.

            @EOF MTA0:


































                                   2-162
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (ERUN)


   2.36  ERUN

   Runs a system program without disturbing the program already in memory
   by placing the program in an ephemeral fork.


   Format

        @ERUN (PROGRAM) filespec

        where:

        filespec       is the file specification of a system program.
                            Default dev:<directory> - SYS:

                            Default .typ - .EXE


   Characteristics

        Characteristics of an Ephemeral Fork

             The ERUN command runs a program in  an  ephemeral  fork.   A
             program  that  runs  in  an ephemeral fork acts like an EXEC
             command (excluding those EXEC commands that run programs  or
             otherwise affect memory).  Ephemeral forks and EXEC commands
             share these characteristics:

              o  They do not affect programs in memory.  For example,  if
                 you  exit a program and issue a SYSTAT command, or run a
                 program in an ephemeral fork, neither  the  command  nor
                 the ephemeral fork will disturb the program in memory.

                 A program that runs ephemerally is always  placed  in  a
                 new fork.

              o  They  disappear  when  interrupted  or  when  processing
                 completes.   For  example,  if  you  stop execution of a
                 SYSTAT command or an ephemeral fork with CTRL/C, neither
                 the command nor the ephemeral fork can be continued.

                 Whenever you stop or exit an ephemeral fork, the fork is
                 automatically reset (cleared from memory).

             Good candidates for ephemeral forks are  programs  that  may
             have short execution times and simply display information in
             a manner similar to the INFORMATION and SYSTAT commands.






                                   2-163
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (ERUN)


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES     for  examining  the  definition  of
                                      SYS:

        R                             for  running  executable   programs
                                      stored on SYS:

        RUN                           for   running    executable    user
                                      programs

        SET FILE EPHEMERAL            for  giving  a  file  a   permanent
                                      ephemeral attribute

        SET PROGRAM EPHEMERAL         for  running  a   program   in   an
                                      ephemeral fork



   Example

        1.  Display the status of the fork in memory with the INFORMATION
            FORK-STATUS  command.   Then,  run  a program in an ephemeral
            fork in order to preserve the state  of  your  job's  memory.
            Redisplay the fork status and note that the ephemeral program
            has been reset and has not replaced the original fork.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EMACS (1): HALT AT 50340, 0:00:03.6
            @ERUN TERMSTAT
            TERMSTAT>SHOW FREE TERMINALS

            Lab  Terminals in use  Free terminals
            ---  ----------------  --------------
            A          17               0
            B          12               4

            TERMSTAT>EXIT
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EMACS (1): HALT at 50340, 0:00:03.6













                                   2-164
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXAMINE)


   2.37  EXAMINE

   Displays the contents of a memory location.


   Format

        @EXAMINE (MEMORY LOCATION) octal or symbolic address


   Output

        Contents of Memory Location or Message

             When you complete an EXAMINE command, the system prints  the
             memory  address  examined,  followed  by a slash (/) and its
             contents.  If you  previously  used  the  SET  TYPEOUT  MODE
             SYMBOLIC  command, this information is both in symbolic and,
             in  parentheses,  numeric  (octal)  format.   (The   numeric
             information  will  always  appear  for  this  setting of the
             command; symbolic information  will  appear  if  the  system
             finds that it is different from the numeric.)

             Generally the numeric format shows two 6-digit octal numbers
             separated  by a pair of commas (,,).  If you do not see this
             pair of commas, only the right half of the  memory  location
             is  being displayed; as the left half is 0.  However, if you
             are not permitted  to  examine  this  location,  the  system
             prints only a message telling you of the restriction.


   Hints

        Using Symbols

             For symbols that  are  defined  in  multiple  modules  of  a
             program,  you  can  be  specific  by  giving the module name
             followed by an ampersand (&) and the symbol name.

        Abbreviating EXAMINE

             The EXAMINE command can be abbreviated by the single  letter
             E.

        Default Argument for EXAMINE

             The argument of your current EXAMINE command defaults  to  a
             value  greater by 1 than the last address examined, allowing
             you to inspect a section of memory with only  a  minimum  of
             typing.   But if you gave a more recent DEPOSIT command, the
             argument of your current EXAMINE command  defaults  to  that
             address, allowing you to verify the deposit.

                                   2-165
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXAMINE)


        Using EXAMINE With Noncurrent and Inferior Forks

             The EXAMINE command displays memory locations of the current
             fork.   To  examine  the  memory  of  noncurrent or inferior
             forks, make the fork the current fork  by  giving  the  FORK
             command with the fork name or number as an argument.

             To run an inferior fork after examining it, you must  ensure
             that  all superior forks are running too.  Give the CONTINUE
             command with the superior fork name or number as an argument
             to let the superior fork continue its inferiors.


   Related Commands

        DDT                          for  calling  a  debugging  program,
                                     allowing  more efficient examination
                                     of memory

        DEPOSIT                      for  changing  the  contents  of   a
                                     specific memory location

        FORK                         for selecting the fork whose  memory
                                     you want to examine

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE     for  displaying  a  list  of  memory
                                     pages, their contents and status

        SET TYPEOUT MODE             for   displaying   information    in
                                     symbolic or numeric format


   Examples

        1.  Examine location 550 of the current fork.

            @EXAMINE 550
            550/    74473,,414155

        2.  Examine location 20, first in numeric typeout mode,  then  in
            the symbolic mode.

            @SET TYPEOUT MODE NUMERIC
            @EXAMINE 20
            20/ 104000,,56

            @SET TYPEOUT MODE SYMBOLIC
            @EXAMINE 20
            P+1/ 104000,,.JBBLT+11   (20/ 104000,,56)

        3.  Put a  program  into  memory  and  find  out  what  pages  it
            occupies.   Examine a location on page 2, and then (using the

                                   2-166
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXAMINE)


            abbreviated form of the EXAMINE command) one on page 400.

            @GET DMN
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

             5. pages, Entry vector loc 400010 len 254000

              Section 0    R, W, E,  Private
            0-3           DMN.EXE.1  1-4   R, CW, E
             400          DMN.EXE.1  5   R, CW, E

            @EXAMINE 2550
            2550/   600170
            @E 400550
            400550/ 0






































                                   2-167
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


   2.38  EXECUTE

   Loads your program into memory, compiling the  source  file  first  if
   necessary.  Then it starts the program.


   Format

        @EXECUTE (FROM) /switch(es) source/switch(es) object,...

        where:

        switches     are keywords chosen from the list below,  indicating
                     your  choice  of EXECUTE command options.  They have
                     different effects depending on their position in the
                     command  line:   placed  before  all  files  in  the
                     command, they act on  defaults  for  all;  otherwise
                     they affect only the nearest preceding file.
                          Defaults  are shown in the list of switches

        source       is the file specification  of  the  source  program.
                     The  filename  must be of 6 or fewer characters, and
                     the file type of 30 fewer characters; you cannot use
                     a generation number.  This argument is not necessary
                     if you supply an object filespec.

        object       is the file specification  of  the  object  program.
                     The filename must be of six or fewer characters, and
                     the file  type  must  be  .REL;  you  cannot  use  a
                     generation  number.   This argument is not necessary
                     if you supply a source.
                          Default (if you give neither source nor  object
                                  filespecs) - last     filespecs     and
                                  associated  switches  you  gave  in   a
                                  LOAD-class command


        Summary of EXECUTE Command Switches (defaults in boldface)

             /10-BLISS
             /36-BLISSS
             /68-COBOL
             /74-COBOL
             /ABORT
             /ALGOL
             /BINARY
             /COBOL
             /COMPILE
             /CREF
             /CROSS-REFERENCE
             /DDT


                                   2-168
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


             /DEBUG
             /FAIL
             /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
             /FORTRAN
             /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"
             /LIBRARY
             /LIST
             /MAC
             /MACHINE-CODE
             /MACRO
             /MAP
             /NOBINARY
             /NOCOMPILE
             /NOCREF
             /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
             /NODEBUG
             /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
             /NOLIBRARY
             /NOLIST
             /NOOPTIMIZE
             /NOSEARCH
             /NOSTAY
             /NOSYMBOLS
             /NOWARNINGS
             /OPTIMIZE
             /PASCAL
             /RELOCATABLE
             /SAIL
             /SEARCH
             /SIMULA
             /SNOBOL
             /STAY
             /SYMBOLS
             /WARNINGS

        Descriptions of these switches are  given  below.   Although  the
        system  will  not  reject  switches  described  under  any of the
        LOAD-class commands, only those switches commonly associated with
        EXECUTE are described here.


                            EXECUTE Command Switches


        /10-BLISS         compiles the file using the BLISS-10 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .B10 and .BLI

        /36-BLISS         compiles the file using the BLISS-36 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .B36

        /68-COBOL         compiles the file using the COBOL-68 compiler.


                                   2-169
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


                               Default for files of type .C68 or .68C

        /74-COBOL         compiles the file using the COBOL-74 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .C74 or .74C

        /ABORT            stops a compile if a fatal  error  is  detected
                          and  returns  your  terminal to TOPS-20 command
                          level.

        /ALGOL            compiles the file using the ALGOL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .ALG

        /BINARY           allows generation of an  object  (binary)  file
                          for each source file given.
                               Default

        /COBOL            compiles the file  using  the  COBOL  compiler,
                          either   COBOL-68   or   COBOL-74,   that  your
                          installation   has   stored   in    the    file
                          SYS:COBOL.EXE.
                               Default for files of type .CBL

        /COMPILE          forces compilation of the source file even if a
                          current  object  file already exists.  Use this
                          switch along with a /LIST or  /CREF  switch  to
                          obtain  listings  when  you have current object
                          files.

        /CREF             same as /CROSS-REFERENCE.

        /CROSS-REFERENCE
                          creates  a  file   containing   cross-reference
                          information  for  each  compilation.   The file
                          name is that of the object file; the file  type
                          is  .CRF.   Use  the  CREF  command to obtain a
                          listing of the file.   (For  COBOL  files  this
                          switch automatically produces a cross-reference
                          listing.)
                               Default

        /DDT              loads the DDT debugging program along with your
                          object file.

        /DEBUG            produces an object  file  containing  debugging
                          information  beyond  what  is  usually inserted
                          during  compilation.   (For  FORTRAN   programs
                          only,  and  only  if  you  have  not  given the
                          /OPTIMIZE switch).

        /FAIL             compiles the file using the FAIL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .FAI


                                   2-170
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


        /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
                          indicates nonstandard syntax in a file

        /FORTRAN          compiles the file using the FORTRAN compiler.
                               Default  in  the  absence  of  a  standard
                                        source  file  type and a language
                                        switch
                               Default  for files of type .FOR

        /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"
                          passes the specified switches to  the  compiler
                          that  will  process  the  file(s) to which this
                          switch applies.  You must include the  switches
                          in double quotation marks ("  ").

        /LIBRARY          same as /SEARCH.

        /LIST             prints a line printer listing of the program in
                          ASCII  format;  the name of this listing is the
                          filename of the object file.  The /CREF  switch
                          overrides  /LIST  when  they  both apply to the
                          same file.

        /MAC              same as /MACRO.


        /MACHINE-CODE     produces  a  file  containing   the   generated
                          machine  code.   The  filename  is  that of the
                          object  file;  the  file  type  is  .LST.   For
                          high-level languages.

        /MACRO            assembles the file using the MACRO assembler.
                               Default for files of type .MAC

        /MAP              produces a loader map and stores it in the file
                          object.MAP,  where  object  is  the name of the
                          module containing the start address; or (if  no
                          start  address)  nnnLNK.MAP,  where nnn is your
                          job number.

        /NOBINARY         prevents generation of an object (binary) file.
                          Use  this  switch  along with /LIST or /CREF to
                          allow these switches  to  take  effect  without
                          producing a new object file.

        /NOCOMPILE        prevents compilation  if  the  object  file  is
                          current;   otherwise   it  forces  compilation.
                          Cancels the /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE switch.

        /NOCREF           same as NOCROSS-REFERENCE.



                                   2-171
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


        /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
                          prevents  the  creation  of  a  cross-reference
                          file.
                               Default

        /NODEBUG          excludes  special  debugging  information  from
                          your object file.
                               Default

        /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
                          prevents the flagging of non-standard syntax in
                          the file.
                               Default

        /NOLIBRARY        same as /NOSEARCH.

        /NOLIST           prevents a line printer listing of the program.
                               Default

        /NOMACHINE-CODE   prevents  generation  of  a   file   containing
                          machine code.
                               Default

        /NOOPTIMIZE       prevents the generation of a globally optimized
                          object file (for FORTRAN programs only).
                               Default

        /NOSEARCH         requires all modules in the object file library
                          (the  file  accompanied  by  this switch in the
                          command line) to be loaded even if they are not
                          called  by  your  program.  Cancels the /SEARCH
                          switch.
                               Default

        /NOSTAY           stops the  compiler  from  being  placed  in  a
                          background  fork.   Use  when /STAY is set as a
                          default for the compiler.

        /NOSYMBOLS        prevents a symbol table from being loaded along
                          with the object file.

        /NOWARNINGS       prevents  display  of  warnings  for   nonfatal
                          errors.

        /OPTIMIZE         generates a globally optimized object file; one
                          that runs as quickly as possible.  (For FORTRAN
                          programs only, and only if you do not also give
                          the   /DEBUG  switch  (see  the  DEBUG  command
                          description).)

        /PASCAL           compiles the file using the PASCAL compiler.


                                   2-172
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


                               Default for files of type .PAS

        /RELOCATABLE      identifies the input file  as  an  object  file
                          (regardless  of  its  extension)  and  prevents
                          compilation of the source file, forcing use  of
                          an existing object file even if the object file
                          is out of date.
                               Default for files of type .REL

        /SAIL             compiles the file using the SAIL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .SAI

        /SEARCH           requires that the object file library (the file
                          accompanied by this switch in the command line)
                          be searched for modules called by your  program
                          or by a program subroutine.  Only these modules
                          are loaded,  along  with  modules  called  from
                          system libraries, which are always searched.

        /SIMULA           compiles the file using the SIMULA compiler.
                               Default for files of type .SIM

        /SNOBOL           compiles the file using the SNOBOL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .SNO

        /STAY             returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command  level
                          so  that  you  can perform other work while the
                          system continues to execute your program.   You
                          immediately  receive  the  TOPS-20 prompt (@ or
                          $), and can then issue any  user  command.   Be
                          careful  not to send incorrect data to programs
                          expecting terminal  input.   See  the  CONTINUE
                          command,  Restrictions:  Programs Competing for
                          Terminal Input.)

                          This switch saves you from having to:  issue  a
                          ^T  to make sure execution has begun; give a ^C
                          to halt the job; and  issue  a  CONTINUE  /STAY
                          command  to  remain  at  command  level  during
                          execution.

        /SYMBOLS          loads a symbols table  along  with  the  object
                          file (helpful for debugging a program).
                               Default

        /WARNINGS         displays warnings for nonfatal errors.
                               Default






                                   2-173
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


   Characteristics

        Compiling New Sources Only

             Before executing programs, the  system  ordinarily  compiles
             any source (and only those sources) whose write date is more
             recent that that of the object file of the same  name.   You
             can  override  this action with the /COMPILE or /RELOCATABLE
             switch.

        Using Standard File Types

             If you specify source files with standard types (.FOR, .MAC,
             .CBL,   or   .ALG)   in  an  EXECUTE  command,   the  system
             automatically   calls   the   appropriate   compiler    when
             compilation  is  necessary.   If you specify source files by
             filename only,  the system searches your connected directory
             in  the  above  order for a file of this name and a standard
             type.   To  execute  programs   from   sources   that   have
             nonstandard file types, give a switch to indicate the proper
             compiler (/FORTRAN, /MACRO, /COBOL, or  /ALGOL).   A  switch
             will  take  precedence  over  a  standard  file type if they
             indicate different languages.  If no compiler  is  indicated
             with  either  a  switch or a standard file type, the FORTRAN
             compiler is used.

        Default Switches Not Passed to Compiler

             Only switches specified in a LOAD-class command  are  passed
             to  the compiler; default switches are not passed.  Instead,
             the system assumes that the defaults for  the  compiler  are
             the same as the defaults for the LOAD-class command.


   Hints

        Commas Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more filespecs  separated  by  commas  as
             arguments to EXECUTE, the loaded programs exist in memory at
             the same time and will act as a single program.  You can use
             this  feature  to  substitute  one  module for another under
             varying conditions or for different applications.

        Plus Signs Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more filespecs separated  by  plus  signs
             (+)  as  arguments  to EXECUTE, they are treated as a single
             file by compilers.  Their object module is stored under  any
             filename  given  as the "object" argument of the command, or
             (if none) under the last filename in the group and file type


                                   2-174
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


             .REL.

        Indirect Files as Arguments

             You can store the arguments (source  and  object  filespecs,
             switches)  of  an  EXECUTE  command in an indirect file, and
             specify them by typing an at sign (@) and its filespec as an
             EXECUTE command argument.

        Establishing Default Arguments with the SET Command

             You can issue the SET DEFAULT  COMPILE-SWITCHES  command  to
             set  up  default  global  arguments  to the EXECUTE command.
             Insert this SET command in your COMAND.CMD  file  to  change
             your own defaults permanently.

        Running LINK Directly

             The EXECUTE command automatically runs  LINK,  the  system's
             loader  program,  but  if you require control of the loading
             process you can run LINK directly.   See  the  TOPS-20  LINK
             Reference Manual.

        Wildcards Illegal with EXECUTE

             The EXECUTE command does not accept wildcard  characters  (*
             and %) in a file specification.


   Effect on Memory

        The EXECUTE command clears any unkept forks  from  memory,  loads
        the appropriate compiler if necessary, then loads and starts your
        program.


   Related Commands

        COMPILE, LOAD, and DEBUG     other   LOAD-class   commands    for
                                     performing related functions

        RUN                          for running executable programs


   Examples

        1.  Execute a program, indicating the language  with  a  standard
            file type.

            @EXECUTE CAFN.FOR
            FORTRAN: CAFN


                                   2-175
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXECUTE)


            LINK:   LOADING
            [LNKXCT CAFN EXECUTION]

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.04 ELAPSED TIME: 0.89

            EXIT

        2.  Execute a program, indicating the  language  with  a  switch.
            Specify  the  /STAY  switch  to return immediately to TOPS-20
            command level.

            @EXECUTE CAFN/FORTRAN/STAY

        3.  Execute two programs, requesting a cross-reference  file  for
            one of them.

            @EXECUTE CAFN, TAFN/CREF
            FORTRAN: CAFN
            MAIN.
            FORTRAN: TAFN
            MAIN.
            LINK:   LOADING
            [LNKXCT TAFN EXECUTION]

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.04 ELAPSED TIME: 0.15
            EXIT

        4.  Combine two source programs into a single object program, and
            run this program.

            @EXECUTE CAFN+TAFN
            FORTRAN: CAFN
            MAIN.
            MAIN.
            LINK:   LOADING
            [LNKXCT TAFN EXECUTION]

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.04 ELAPSED TIME: 0.16
            EXIT

        5.  Execute an  ALGOL  program,  ensuring  that  the  compilation
            includes required modules only; request a map.

            @EXECUTE /COMPILE/MAP CALEND/ALGOL, ALGMOD.LBR/SEARCH
            ALGOL: CALEND
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT


                                   2-176
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXPUNGE)


   2.39  EXPUNGE

   Permanently erases all the deleted files from a directory.


   Format

        @EXPUNGE (DIRECTORY) dev:<directory>,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        dev:<directory>     is the name of  the  directory  you  wish  to
                            expunge;  you  may use wildcard characters to
                            expunge more than one directory.

                                 Default dev: - your connected structure

                                 Default <directory> - the directory  (on
                                                       the      specified
                                                       structure) of  the
                                                       same  name as your
                                                       connected
                                                       directory

                                 Default (if no arguments - your
                                          are given)        connected
                                                            directory

        @@subcommand        means that after a final comma you  can  give
                            one   or   more   optional   subcommands   on
                            successive lines.


        DELETE      deletes and expunges temporary files (those with  the
                    Temporary  (;T)  attribute)  created  by  some system
                    programs to hold interim data.  Do  not  use  if  you
                    will have any further need of these files.

        PURGE       expunges all files which  you  have  opened  but  not
                    closed.

        REBUILD     rebuilds the symbol table of the directory named.


   Output

        After a successful EXPUNGE command, the system reports the number
        of disk pages freed with the message [n pages freed].  If deleted
        files are mapped, they will not be  expunged,  and  so  will  not
        contribute to the number of pages freed.  Occasionally the system


                                   2-177
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXPUNGE)


        will report a negative number.  This can  mean  that  files  were
        being written in the directory during the EXPUNGE, or (especially
        if you include the REBUILD subcommand) that previous computations
        of  directory  size  had not adequately accounted for some files,
        for example, files written near the time of a  system  crash  and
        reload.


   Hints

        Using the REBUILD Subcommand

             The REBUILD subcommand is not needed under usual conditions,
             as  the  system  performs  this  action  automatically.  Use
             REBUILD if a message is printed on  your  terminal  advising
             you to rebuild the symbol table of a directory.

        Using the PURGE Subcommand

             The PURGE subcommand is  useful  chiefly  for  removing  the
             remains  of  files  that were being created at the time of a
             system crash or a structure dismount.  Do not give it  while
             anyone  might  be  using  the directory, because that user's
             program might be deprived of necessary files as a result.

|       Cannot CTRL/C
|  
|            You cannot use <CTRL/C> to interrupt an EXPUNGE once  it  is
|            started.


   Special Cases

        Files With the "Permanent" Attribute

             The system erases only the contents of any files  that  have
             the  Permanent  attribute,  for  example your MAIL.TXT file,
             when you try to expunge them.  The  file  specifications  of
             permanent  files remain among your deleted files, and cannot
             be removed by TOPS-20 commands.


   Related Commands

        DELETE                     for marking files to be later expunged

        DIRECTORY-class commands   for   obtaining    lists    of    file
                                   specifications

        INFORMATION DISK-USAGE     for  finding  out  the   size   of   a
                                   directory


                                   2-178
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (EXPUNGE)


        UNDELETE                   for recovering deleted files


   Examples

        1.  Expunge all deleted files from your directory.

            @EXPUNGE
             PS:<LATTA> [6 pages freed]

        2.  Find out how much of your disk space is in use and  how  much
            is  occupied  by  deleted  files.  Delete some of your backup
            files, then give the EXPUNGE command to erase all of these.

            @INFORMATION DISK-USAGE
             PS:<LATTA>
             154 Pages assigned, 101 in use, 53 deleted
             590 Working pages, 590 Permanent pages allowed
             33371 Pages free on PS:
            @DELETE *.Q*
             BLUE.QAR.1 [OK]
             REMARK.QXT.1 [OK]
             RIMOUSKI.QXT.1 [OK]
            @EXPUNGE
             PS:<LATTA> [56 pages freed]




























                                   2-179
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (FDIRECTORY)


   2.40  FDIRECTORY

   The FDIRECTORY (Full DIRECTORY) command is equivalent to the DIRECTORY
   command with the subcommands CRAM, EVERYTHING, and NOHEADING.  Use the
   same format and subcommands with FDIRECTORY as  with  DIRECTORY.   For
   further information, see the DIRECTORY command description.

   When used with magnetic tapes, the FDIRECTORY command is equivalent to
   DIRECTORY for magnetic tapes.


   Examples

        1.  Get a "Full DIRECTORY" listing, on your terminal, for one  of
            your files.

            @FDIRECTORY TESTF1.FOR
               MISC:<LATTA>
             TESTF1.FOR.17;P777700;A341   1 162(7) 1 25-Oct-85 11:17:46
            25-Oct-85 11:17:46 Never Never LATTA LATTA

        2.  Give the FDIRECTORY command for a file, this time  requesting
            the  only  piece  of  information  about  current  files  not
            ordinarily supplied by the command.  Ask for a heading also.

            @FDIRECTORY TESTF1.FOR,
            @@HEADING
            @@CHECKSUM
            @@
               MISC:<LATTA>
                                    PGS Bytes(SZ)  Ret   Creation
            Write            Read     Tape-write   Creator Writer
            Checksum
             TESTF1.FOR.17;P777700;A341   1 162(7) 1 25-Oct-85 11:17:46
            25-Oct-85 11:17:46 Never   Never       LATTA LATTA 566101P


















                                   2-180
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (FORK)


   2.41  FORK

   Makes the specified fork your current fork.  The current fork  is  the
   fork to which TOPS-20 commands are applied.


   Format

        @FORK (IS) fork

        where:

        fork is one of the following:  Fork name
                                       Fork number
                                            Default - the fork  with  the
                                                      highest fork number


   Characteristics

        Default Fork

             If you do not specify a fork name or number  with  the  FORK
             command,  the fork with the highest fork number (usually the
             last fork created) becomes your current fork, and  the  fork
             name is printed in brackets, [FORK-NAME].

        Fork Name and Number

             Forks are named after  the  program  they  contain  and  are
             numbered   in   the   order   that  they  are  created.   In
             multiforking class commands, the fork name  and  number  are
             interchangeable.


   Hints

        More Information

             The FORK command is one of  the  TOPS-20  multiforking-class
             commands.   For more information about multiforking, see the
             section named, Running Multiple  Programs,  in  the  TOPS-20
             User's Guide.


   Special Cases

        Fork 0

             If you are a user with enabled WHEEL privileges you can give
             the  command, FORK 0.  This references the command processor


                                   2-181
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (FORK)


             (EXEC) itself.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE       for  examining   memory   of   the
                                       current process

        INFORMATION FORK-STATUS        for finding  out  the  number  and
                                       status of each fork in your job

        INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS     for finding what  fork  attributes
                                       have been set with the SET PROGRAM
                                       command and the number and  status
                                       of each fork in your job

        CONTINUE, FREEZE,              other multiforking-class
        KEEP, RESET, SET NAME,         commands
        SET PROGRAM, and UNKEEP


   Examples

        1.  Make the first fork you created your current fork.

            @FORK 1

        2.  Display the fork status, and make the last fork  you  created
            your  current fork.  Then, redisplay the fork status to check
            the result.  (In  the  FORK-STATUS  display,  an  arrow  (=>)
            indicates the current fork).

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:12.8
                DUMPER (2): Kept, HALT at 6065, 0:00:30.1
                HOST (3): Kept, HALT at 67543, 0:00:09.3
            @FORK
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:12.8
                DUMPER (2): Kept, HALT at 6065, 0:00:30.1
             => HOST (3): Kept, HALT at 67543, 0:00:09.3

        3.  Make the FORK named DUMPER your current  fork;  then  display
            the fork status.

            @FORK DUMPER
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:12.8
             => DUMPER (2): Kept, HALT at 6065, 0:00:30.1
                HOST (3): Kept, HALT at 67543, 0:00:09.3



                                   2-182
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (FORK)


        4.  Find out which forks exist in your job.  Look at  memory  for
            the first fork, then examine a particular location.  Make the
            second inferior fork current, and do the same thing there.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => QUILL (1): Kept, HALT at 50340, 0:00:04.5
                   Fork 2: HALT at 21010, 0:00:00.4
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

            124. pages, Entry vector loc 4570 len 3

              Section 0     R, W, E,  Private
            0-5      Private   R, W, E
            6-55     RANDOM:<QUILL>TECPUR.EXE.1120  1-50    R, E
            56-77    Private   R, W, E
            116-123  Private   R, W, E
            620-637  RANDOM:<QUILL>ABBRE.:EJ.614  0-17   R, E
            640-643  RANDOM:<QUILL>TYPE.:EJ.27  0-3   R, E
            644-645  RANDOM:<QUILL>INIT.:EJ.17  0-1   R, E
            646-661  RANDOM:<QUILL>LSTSQ.:EJ.424  0-13   R, E
            662-663  RANDOM:<QUILL>SYSTEM.:EJ.1  0-1   R, E
            @EXAMINE 6400
            6400/ 200040,,4636
            @FORK 2
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

            95. pages, Entry vector loc 15710 len 3

              Section 0     R, W, E,  Private
            0-11     Private   R, W, E
            13-15    Private   R, W, E
            16-110   RANDOM:<TOOLS>DEFFNA.3  3-75   R, CW, E
            117      Private   R, W, E
            166      Private   R, W, E
            170      Private   R, W, E
            172      Private   R, W, E
            174      Private   R, W, E
            224      Private   R, W, E
            226      Private   R, W, E
            231-250  Private   R, W, E
            @EXAMINE 2600
            2600/ 0











                                   2-183
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (FREEZE)


   2.42  FREEZE

   Halts execution of a fork.


   Format

        @FREEZE (FORK) fork

        where:

        fork is one of the following:  Fork name
                                       Fork number
                                            Default - the current fork


   Characteristics

        Same Function as CTRL/C

             The FREEZE command stops running background forks while  you
             are at EXEC command level.  The effect is the same as if you
             typed two CTRL/Cs while at the fork's program level.


   Hints

        More Information

             The FREEZE command is one of the TOPS-20  multiforking-class
             commands.   For more information about multiforking, see the
             section named, Running Multiple  Programs,  in  the  TOPS-20
             User's Guide.


   Related Commands

        CONTINUE/BACKGROUND      for continuing  a  halted  fork  in  the
                                 background

        INFORMATION FORK-STATUS  for displaying the fork status

        FORK,                    other multiforking-class commands
        INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS
        KEEP, RESET, SET NAME,   
        SET PROGRAM, and UNKEEP  







                                   2-184
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (FREEZE)


   Examples

        1.  Give  the  FREEZE  command  to  stop  the   current   running
            background  fork.   Then, display the fork status.  The arrow
            points to the current fork.

            @FREEZE
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => BLISS (1): ^C from RUNNING at 500000, 0:00:13.1
                EDIT (2): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5

        2.  Display the fork status and give the FREEZE command to stop a
            running  background fork.  Then, redisplay the fork status to
            check the result.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                BLISS (1): Background, RUNNING at 500000, 0:00:13.1
             => EDIT (2): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5
            @FREEZE BLISS
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                BLISS (1): ^C from RUNNING at 500000, 0:00:13.1
             => EDIT (2): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5































                                   2-185
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (GET)


   2.43  GET

   Places an executable program into memory.


   Format

        @GET (PROGRAM) filespec /switch

        where:

        filespec       is the specification of  any  file  containing  an
                       executable program.
                            Default file type - .EXE

        /switch        is   /USE-SECTION:n
                            specifies the memory section (from  0  to  37
                            octal)  into  which  your  program  is  to be
                            loaded.  You can use this switch only if your
                            program can be contained in one section.


   Effect on Memory

        The GET command clears  any  unkept  forks,  puts  the  specified
        program into memory.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE      for  examining  the   contents   of
                                      memory

        KEEP                          for making  the  specified  fork  a
                                      kept fork

        LOAD                          for  loading  a  source  or  object
                                      program into memory

        MERGE                         for putting an  executable  program
                                      into  memory without first clearing
                                      memory

        SAVE                          for storing a copy of  the  program
                                      in  memory  in a file in executable
                                      format

        START                         for starting  the  program  in  the
                                      current fork




                                   2-186
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (GET)


   Examples

        1.  Put an executable program into memory.

            @GET TESTF1.EXE

        2.  Verify that you have a magnetic tape drive assigned  to  your
            job.   Get one of your executable programs, save a copy of it
            on tape, and then start it.

            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, SNARK, MISC, LANG, REL3, DX20, MTA0
             LPT, LPT0, LPT1, CDR, PCDR0, CDP, FE0-15
             PTY23-61, NUL, PLT, PLT0, DCN, SRV
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: MT0, TTY230
            @GET TESTF1
            @SAVE MT0:
             MT0:TESTF1 Saved
            @START

            THIS IS A TEST.

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.03 ELAPSED TIME: 0.72
            EXIT



























                                   2-187
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (HELP)


   2.44  HELP

   Displays explanatory text for many TOPS-20 system features.


   Format

        @HELP (ON SUBJECT) name

        where:

        name     is the name of a topic chosen from  the  list  given  in
                 response to the command HELP ?
                      Default name - HELP


                      Sample of HELP Command Arguments


   ACCT20   ACCTPR   ACTGEN  APL      APLSF    BLIS10   CHECKD   CHKPNT
   COBDDT   COBOL    CONV20  CREF     DAEMDB   DBINFO   DBMEND   DIRTST
   DLUSER   DUMPER   EDIT    FE       FILCOM   FORDDT   FORDML   FORMAT
   FORTRA   HELP     ISAM    LIBARY   LINK     LPTSPL   MACRO    MAIL
   MAKLIB   MAKRAM   MAKVFU  OPLEAS   PLEASE   PTYCON   QUEUE    RDMAIL
   RERUN    RSXFMT   RUNINP  RUNOFF   SCHEMA   SORT     SYSERR   SYSJOB
   TRANSL   ULIST    USAG20  USAH20   WATCH


   Characteristics

        Other HELP Command Arguments

             Note that some of the HELP command arguments shown here  may
             be  omitted  if  the  associated topics are not available at
             your site.  The list may include  other  texts  inserted  by
             your  system  administrator  to describe features special to
             your system.  Also,  this  list  is  revised  frequently  to
             reflect  improvements  and  additions  to  standard  TOPS-20
             programs.


   Hints

        Printing HELP Files on the Line Printer

             The texts displayed by the HELP command are stored in system
             logical name HLP:  under the name of the topic and file type
             .HLP.  Use the PRINT command to request your own copy.





                                   2-188
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (HELP)


   Examples

        1.  Ask for information about the FILCOM program.

            @HELP FILCOM
            FILCOM V21B(60)

            FILCOM compares two files in either ASCII mode 
            or binary depending upon switches or file name extensions.  
            All standard binary extensions are recognized as binary by 
             default.
            Switches are :-
            /A compare in ASCII mode
                    .
                    .
                    .
            /W compare the Word mode but don't expand files
            /X expand files before word mode compare

        2.  Use the DIRECTORY command to search system logical name  HLP:
            for  any  text  involving  mail.   (Note  the use of wildcard
            characters here.) Then, print a  copy  of  one  of  the  help
            files.

            @DIRECTORY HLP:*MAIL*.HLP

               PS:<HELP>
             MAIL.HLP.2
             RDMAIL.HLP.2

             Total of 2 files
            @PRINT /AFTER:1700 HLP:MAIL.HLP
            [Printer job APLSF queued, request #131, limit 174]




















                                   2-189
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


   2.45  INFORMATION

   Displays information about system and job parameters.


   Format

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) argument

        where:

        argument     is a keyword, chosen from the list below, indicating
                     your choice of INFORMATION command options.


     Summary of INFORMATION Command Arguments (defaults in boldface)


        ADDRESS-BREAK

        ALERTS

        ARCHIVE-STATUS filespecs

                   ---
                   | LINES
        AVAILABLE  | DEVICES
                   ---

                        ---
                        | /ALL
        BATCH-REQUESTS  | /FAST
                        | /PROCESSING-NODE:node name
                        | /USER:user name  Default user name - your user
                        |                                      name
                        ---

        CLUSTER
        COMMAND-LEVEL
        DECNET node-name













                                   2-190
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                   ---
                   | ALL
                   | CARDS
                   | COMPILE-SWITCHES
                   | DECLARE
                   | PAPER-TAPE
        DEFAULTS   | PLOT
                   | PRINT
                   | PROGRAM
                   | SUBMIT
                   | TAKE
                   ---

        DIRECTORY dev:<directory>,         Default dev:<directory> - your
          @@VERBOSE                                connected    directory
          @@FAST
          @@NAME-ONLY

        DISK-USAGE dev:<directory>         Default dev:<directory> - your
                                                   connected    directory

        FILE-STATUS  octal JFN             Default JFN - all JFNs in your
                                                         job
        FORK-STATUS
|       INTERNET STATUS
        JOB-STATUS

                       ---
                       | SYSTEM
        LOGICAL-NAMES  | JOB
                       | ALL
                       | logical name:
                       ---

              ---
        MAIL  | user name                  Default user name - your user
              | SYSTEM                                         name
              ---

        MEMORY-USAGE
        MONITOR-STATISTICS

                         ---
                         | /ALL
        MOUNT-REQUESTS   | /FAST
                         | /USER:user name Default user name - your user
                         |                                     name
                         ---





                                   2-191
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                         ---
                         | /ALL
                         | /DESTINATION-NODE:node name
        OUTPUT-REQUESTS  | /FAST
                         | /USER:user name Default user name - your user
                         |                                     name
                         ---

        PROGRAM-STATUS
        PSI-STATUS
        REMOTE-PRINTING

                            ---
                            | /ALL
        RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS  | /FAST        
                            | /USER:user name Default user name - your
                            |                           user name
                            ---

        SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION
        STRUCTURE dev:                     Default dev: - your connected
                                                          structure
        SUBSYSTEM-STATISTICS
        SUPERIORS
        SYSTEM-STATUS
        TAPE-PARAMETERS
        TERMINAL-MODE number               Default number - your terminal
                                                            line number
        VERSION
        VOLUMES


                       INFORMATION Command Arguments

        ADDRESS-BREAK            gives  the  location  (in   numeric   or
                                 symbolic   format   -   depending   upon
                                 previous  specification   of   the   SET
                                 TYPEOUT  MODE  command)  and mode of any
                                 address breaks for the program currently
                                 in memory.  Set with SET ADDRESS-BREAK.

        ALERTS                   lists  the  dates  and  times  that  the
                                 system is to signal you at the terminal.
                                 The last line of the  display  indicates
                                 whether    alerts   are   to   be   sent
                                 unconditionally   to    your    terminal
                                 (depending  upon  previous specification
                                 of the SET AUTOMATIC command).  Set with
                                 SET ALERT.

        ARCHIVE-STATUS filespecs prints  the  archive   status   of   all


                                   2-192
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 specified  files  for which archival has
                                 been requested or  for  which  migration
                                 has been prohibited.
                                       Default filespec - *.*.* in your
                                                     connected directory

                     ---
                     | LINES
        AVAILABLE    | DEVICES   lists  the  devices or  terminal   lines
                     ---         available to you or already assigned  to
                                 your  job.  Use ASSIGN to obtain devices
                                 (use MOUNT for structures).
                                      Default - DEVICES

                        ---
                        | /ALL
        BATCH-REQUESTS  | /FAST
                        | /PROCESSING-NODE:node name::
                        | /USER:user name
                        ---

                                 lists  the  jobs  being  processed   and
                                 waiting  to  be  processed  by the batch
                                 system.  The list includes:

                                 o  the jobname and request ID number  of
                                    the  request (an asterisk (*) appears
                                    before the  jobname  if  the  job  is
                                    currently being processed)

                                 o  the scheduled run time of the request

                                 o  the name of the  user  who  initiated
                                    the request

                                 o  the values of the switches /AFTER and
                                    /DEPENDENCY-COUNT,   if  values  were
                                    given  in  the  original  SUBMIT   or
                                    subsequent MODIFY command

                                 Use SUBMIT, MODIFY, or CANCEL to  change
                                 this list.

                                 The  /ALL  switch  adds   the   switches
                                 /ASSISTANCE,  /PRIORITY,   /RESTARTABLE,
                                 /SEQUENCE, and  /UNIQUE  to  this  list,
                                 while  /FAST  eliminates  the display of
                                 all  switches   and   column   headings;
                                 /PROCESSING-NODE  specifies  the  DECnet
                                 network node about whose batch jobs  you
                                 want    information;   /USER   restricts


                                   2-193
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 descriptions to jobs of the user  named,
                                 and  can  be given with any of the other
                                 three switches.
                                      Default user name - your user name

        CLUSTER                  displays the names of the systems  in  a
                                 Common File System (CFS) cluster:

                                  o  local cluster node (the  system  you
                                     are logged in on).

                                  o  accessible  CFS  nodes  (the   other
                                     systems in the CFS cluster).

                                  o  accessible HSC  servers  (the  HSC50
                                     device controllers in the cluster).

        COMMAND-LEVEL            prints     the     status     of     the
                                 LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD   parameter,  which
                                 prevents you from giving another TOPS-20
                                 command    until   any   error   message
                                 resulting from a  previous  command  has
                                 been     printed.     Set    with    SET
                                 LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD.

        DECNET node-name         tells  whether  the   specified   DECnet
                                 network   node  is  accessible  to  your
                                 system.  If you do not  specify  a  node
                                 name, the system prints the name of your
                                 host  system,  the   total   number   of
                                 reachable  nodes,  and  the names of all
                                 reachable nodes.
                                      Default node-name - all accessible
                                                          nodes

                  ---
                  | ALL
                  | CARDS
                  | COMPILE-SWITCHES
                  | PAPER-TAPE
        DEFAULTS  | PLOT         displays,  in  a   format  suitable  for
                  | PROGRAM      entering   them,    default    arguments
                  | PRINT        established  at  the  current  level  of
                  | SUBMIT       TOPS-20  for  the   specified   command.
                  | TAKE         CARDS and PAPER-TAPE refer to the PUNCH
                  ---            CARDS  and  PUNCH  PAPER-TAPE  commands,
                                 respectively.   COMPILE-SWITCHES  refers
                                 to  LOAD-class  commands   and   PROGRAM
                                 refers  to the SET PROGRAM command.  The
                                 ALL argument displays the  defaults  for
                                 all  these  categories.   Set  with  SET


                                   2-194
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 DEFAULT.   This  argument  displays  the
                                 default  for  every  SET DEFAULT command
                                 given, even  if  duplicate  setting  are
                                 made.
                                      Default - ALL

        DIRECTORY dev:<directory>,

        @@FAST                   lists  the current parameter values  set
        @@VERBOSE                for  the indicated directory  (with  the
        @@NAME-ONLY              exception of the directory password)  by
                                 the  SET DIRECTORY or BUILD commands, or
                                 by default.  The  subcommands  call  for
                                 either a short list of non-default (that
                                 is, user-determined) values only (FAST),
                                 or  a  complete  list including defaults
                                 (VERBOSE), or  a  listing  of  directory
                                 names  only  (NAME-ONLY).   If  you  use
                                 NAME-ONLY, specify a  directory  in  the
                                 form  <directory.*>,  <*directory*>,  or
                                 <*>.   The  categories  of   information
                                 include:

                                 o  the name of the directory

                                 o  working and permanent storage limits

                                 o  capabilities (assigned or withheld)

                                 o  whether you can establish  DECnet  or
|                                   INTERNET network connections

                                 o  whether  expired  files   should   be
                                    automatically archived

                                 o  directory number

                                 o  default file protection

                                 o  default account for login

                                 o  directory protection

                                 o  default   number    of    generations
                                    maintained for files

                                 o  maximum  number   of   subdirectories
                                    allowed

                                 o  date and time that  you  started  the
                                    current  terminal  session with LOGIN


                                   2-195
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                    (for log-in directory only)

|                                o  date and  time  of  last  interactive
|                                   login
|  
|                                o  date and time of last non-interactive
|                                   login
|  
|                                o  date and time password expires
|  
|                                o  number of interactive login  failures
|                                   since last login
|  
|                                o  number   of   non-interactive   login
|                                   failures since last login

                                 o  off-line   and   on-line   expiration
                                    defaults

                                 o  group memberships

                                 o  user  group  numbers  assignable   to
                                    subdirectories

                                 o  TOPS-10 project-programmer number

                                 Set   with   SET   DIRECTORY   or   (for
                                 subdirectories) BUILD.
                                      Default dev:<directory> - your
                                                                connected
                                                                directory
                                      Default subcommand - FAST

        DISK-USAGE dev:<directory>

                                 prints, for the indicated directory, the
                                 following:

                                 o  the name of the directory

                                 o  the number of pages of assigned  disk
                                    storage,  and  the  number of deleted
                                    pages, if any

                                 o  working and permanent page limits

                                 o  total number of unused pages  on  the
                                    file    structure    containing   the
                                    directory

                                 The wildcard characters, * and % can  be


                                   2-196
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 included  in the <directory> field.  For
                                 example,       type       <%directory*>,
                                 <directory.*>, or <*> to get information
                                 about  all   matching   directories   or
                                 subdirectories.
                                      Default dev:<directory> - your
                                                                connected
                                                                directory

        FILE-STATUS octal JFN    gives,  for  the   specified   JFN   (an
                                 internal  number  identifying  each file
                                 opening), the following:

                                 o  the JFN

                                 o  the associated file specification

                                 o  the mode of access (Append,  Execute,
                                    Read,  or Write) for which the JFN is
                                    open (or  was  opened  last,  if  NOT
                                    OPENED precedes the access mode)

                                 o  special  access  conditions,   namely
                                    DATA  ERROR  if  an  error is made in
                                    accessing the file,  or  EOF  if  the
                                    file  pointer  is  at  the end of the
                                    file

                                 o  if appropriate, byte pointer and byte
                                    size,  which tell the number of bytes
                                    transferred to or from the file,  and

                                 o  a list of devices currently  assigned
                                    to  or  opened  by  this job But if a
                                    file  has  been  opened  by   another
                                    process  for  its  sole  use, you see
                                    only the message, "Restricted JFN".
                                      Default JFN - all JFNs for your job

        FORK-STATUS              gives a summary of the  status  of  each
                                 fork  belonging  to your current copy of
                                 the TOPS-20 command processor, including
                                 Kept  status,  RUN status, and total CPU
                                 time  used  so  far.   An   arrow   (=>)
                                 indicates your current fork.

|       INTERNET STATUS          displays, if the  system  is  a  member,
|                                information   about  Internet  networks,
|                                including  INTERNET,  Milnet  and  Local
|                                Area Networks.  The display includes:



                                   2-197
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


|                                o  the name of  the  local  host  system
|                                   followed by its Internet name and its
                                    Internet address

                                 o  the status of the network interface

                                 o  whether network interface  output  is
                                    enabled

                                 o  whether network service is enabled

                                 o  the date and time of the last network
                                    interface  online transition, offline
                                    transition, and cycle transition

        JOB-STATUS               prints your

                                 o  host system (Displayed only  if  your
|                                   host  system  is  part of a DECnet or
|                                   INTERNET network.)

                                 o  job number

                                 o  user name

                                 o  connected  directory  (if  not   your
                                    log-in directory)

                                 o  account; session remark (if any)

                                 o  terminal number

|                                o  terminal access descriptor

                                 o  network node  to  which  your  output
                                    device,     requests     are    sent.
                                    (Displayed  only  if  not  your  host
                                    node.)  Set  with  the  command,  SET
                                    LOCATION.

                                 You can set  some  of  these  parameters
                                 with CONNECT, SET ACCOUNT, SET LOCATION,
                                 and SET SESSION-REMARK.

                       ---
                       | ALL
        LOGICAL-NAMES  | JOB
                       | SYSTEM
                       | logical name:
                       ---
                                 prints the logical names and definitions


                                   2-198
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 which  have  been  established  for your
                                 job, for the system,  or  for  both;  or
                                 prints   the  job-wide  and  system-wide
                                 definitions  of  the  specified  logical
                                 name.   Establish  and  withdraw logical
                                 names with DEFINE.

                                 For   the   DEFINE    and    INFORMATION
                                 LOGICAL-NAMES    commands,    a    colon
                                 following the logical name is  optional.
                                 However,  in  INFORMATION  LOGICAL-NAMES
                                 the logical name SYS:   must  always  be
                                 followed  by  a  colon.   Otherwise, the
                                 system interprets SYS as an abbreviation
                                 for the SYSTEM argument.

                                 The wildcard characters, * and % can  be
                                 included   in  the  logical  name.   For
                                 example, type A*  to  list  all  logical
                                 names  that  begin  with the letter 'A'.
                                 See example 6.
                                      Default - JOB

             ---
        MAIL | user name         tells whether there is unread  mail  for
             | SYSTEM            the user, if you have read access to
             ---                 the user's mailbox; otherwise,  you  see
                                 only  the  message, "Mailbox protected."
                                 Also, displays any system messages since
                                 your  last  login  when  you type SYSTEM
                                 instead of user-name.   Send  mail  with
                                 one  of  the two mail programs, MAIL and
                                 DECmail/MS.  Read mail with  the  RDMAIL
                                 or DECmail/MS program.
                                      Default user name - your user name

        MEMORY-USAGE             prints, for the current process of  your
                                 job, the following:

                                 o  the  number  of   pages   of   memory
                                    assigned

                                 o  location  (in  numeric  or   symbolic
                                    format - depending    upon   previous
                                    specification of the SET TYPEOUT MODE
                                    command)  and  length  of the current
                                    program's entry vector (see with  SET
                                    ENTRY-VECTOR)

                                 and on each succeeding line



                                   2-199
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 o  the page numbers of pages occupied by
                                    a file or program

                                 o  the file specification if  the  pages
                                    are    file    pages;   the   process
                                    specification if the pages are mapped
                                    from    another    process;   PRIVATE
                                    otherwise.

                                 o  the page numbers  of  file  pages  or
                                    process  pages.   If a page is mapped
                                    by  indirect   pointers,   the   file
                                    specification  is printed to which it
                                    is mapped; "Fork n" means that  these
                                    pages  are  mapped indirectly through
                                    another process (process  n)  of  the
                                    job;  "No page"  can  mean  either of
                                    these    conditions,     when     the
                                    destination page does not yet exist.

                                 o  the permitted accesses to  the  pages
                                    (set with SET PAGE-ACCESS):

                                       R - Read access

                                       W - Write access

                                      CW - Copy-on-Write access

                                       E - Execute access

                                 See Example 4 at the end of this command
                                 description for obtaining information on
                                 pages assigned to extended  sections  of
                                 memory.

        MONITOR-STATISTICS       gives you the following:

                                  o  the  length  of  time   (in   hours,
                                     minutes,   and  seconds)  since  the
                                     monitor was reloaded

                                  o  an  analysis  of  monitor   overhead
                                     time, by percentages

                                  o  the   number   of   swap-reads   and
                                     -writes, and file-reads and -writes

                                  o  the  number  of  pages   of   memory
                                     available to user programs



                                   2-200
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                  o  the  number  of  terminal   wake-ups
                                     (occasions when a program "wakes up"
                                     after waiting for terminal input  or
                                     output  to  finish,  and of terminal
                                     interrupts (occasions when a program
                                     is  interrupted by a CTRL/C, CTRL/O,
                                     or CTRL/T  (or  other,  user-enabled
                                     control   characters)   typed  at  a
                                     user's terminal)

                                  o  the average number of  processes  in
                                     the  balance  set (NBAL, a subset of
                                     the run  set - these  are  runnable,
                                     and  each  receives a share of total
                                     CPU time) and in  the  remainder  of
                                     the   run   set   (NRUN - these  are
                                     waiting to be run)

                                  o  the number of seconds  of  CPU  time
                                     given to each of the scheuler queues
                                     (where    the    leftmost    listing
                                     describes   the   highest   priority
                                     queue,  for  interactive  processes,
                                     and  the  rightmost  listing  is for
                                     CPU-bound processes)

                                  o  if class scheduling is enabled,  the
                                     allotted share and actual use of the
                                     system (expressed as a percentage of
                                     total  CPU  time) by each class, and
                                     the  1-,  5-,  and  15-minute   load
                                     averages of each class

                                 All averages and totals are computed for
                                 the time since system start-up.

                        ---
                        | /ALL
        MOUNT-REQUESTS  | /FAST
                        | /USER:user name
                        ---

                                 prints a  list,  at  your  terminal,  of
                                 pending  structure-mount  and tape-mount
                                 requests,  and  of  tape-mount  requests
                                 currently  being  satisfied.   The  list
                                 includes:

                                  o  the volid of  the  first  volume  of
                                     tape  that  will  be mounted, or the
                                     volid of the mounted  tape,  or  the


                                   2-201
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                     structure   identification  of  each
                                     disk pack that will be mounted

                                  o  the status of each  volume  of  tape
                                     (either   the  number  of  the  tape
                                     drive, in the form, MTAn,  on  which
                                     it is mounted, or Waiting)

                                  o  the type of request (either Disk  or
                                     Tape)

                                  o  the tape density  specified  in  the
                                     tape-mount request

                                  o  the mode  (either  Enabled,  if  the
                                     /WRITE-ENABLED  switch was specified
                                     or   assumed   in    the    original
                                     MOUNT-TAPE  command,  or  Locked  if
                                     /READ-ONLY applies)  in  which  each
                                     volume of tape is to be mounted

                                  o  the request number (i.e., request ID
                                     number) of each request

                                  o  the number of the job that made  the
                                     request

                                  o  the user name of the  owner  of  the
                                     job that made the request

                                 Use  the  MOUNT,  CANCEL  (for   pending
                                 requests),  and  DISMOUNT (for satisfied
                                 requests) commands to change this list.

                                 The /ALL switch adds  the  following  to
                                 the     display:     the    /ASSISTANCE,
                                 /PRIORITY,     /RESTARTABLE/,     /NOTE,
                                 /SEQUENCE,    /UNIQUE,    and    /REMARK
                                 switches, whether a tape  mount  request
                                 is  for  a  labeled  tape,  and the tape
                                 volume-set  name.   The   /FAST   switch
                                 eliminates  column  headings and the sum
                                 of  the  number   of   requests;   /USER
                                 restricts  descriptions  to  jobs of the
                                 user named, and can be given with either
                                 of the other two switches.
                                      Default user name - your user  name






                                   2-202
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                         ---
                         | /ALL
                         | /DESTINATION-NODE:node name
        OUTPUT-REQUESTS  | /FAST
                         | /USER:user name
                         ---
                                 prints a listing, at your  terminal,  of
                                 the requests being sent or waiting to be
                                 sent to  an  output  device.   The  list
                                 includes:

                                  o  the name of  the  node  (for  remote
                                     line printer requests)

                                  o  the name of the queue  (card  punch,
                                     paper  tape  punch, plotter, or line
                                     printer)

                                  o  the jobname and request ID number of
                                     the request (an asterisk (*) appears
                                     before the jobname if the request is
                                     currently being processed)

                                  o  the  output  limit,  in  appropriate
                                     units  (number  of pages, minutes of
                                     plotter time, feet of paper tape, or
                                     number of cards)

                                  o  the name of the user  who  initiated
                                     the request, and

                                  o  values  of  the   switches   /AFTER,
                                     /FORMS,    and   /UNIT,   if   given
                                     non-default values in  the  original
                                     PRINT,  PLOT,  PUNCH,  or subsequent
                                     MODIFY command.

                                 Use  PRINT,  PLOT,  PUNCH,  MODIFY,   or
                                 CANCEL to change this list.

                                 The  /ALL  switch  adds  the  /NOTE  and
                                 /SEQUENCE  switches  to this list, while
                                 the /FAST switch eliminates the  display
                                 of  all  switches  and  column headings;
                                 /USER restricts descriptions to jobs  of
                                 the  user  named,  and can be given with
                                 either of the other two  switches.   The
                                 /DESTINATION-NODE  switch  displays  the
                                 print requests on remote  nodes  in  the
                                 same TOPS-20 cluster as the local node.
                                      Default user name - your user name


                                   2-203
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


        PROGRAM-STATUS           gives the following information for  the
                                 current  level  of  the  TOPS-20 command
                                 processor (EXEC):

                                  o  the amount  of  CPU  time  you  have
                                     used,  and  total elapsed time since
                                     you logged in

                                  o  the  amount   of   TOPS-20   command
                                     processor time used

                                  o  SET  UUO-SIMULATION  (set  with  SET
                                     UUO-SIMULATION)   if   the   TOPS-10
                                     compatibility package is enabled  to
                                     simulate   TOPS-10   monitor   calls
                                     issued by a program you are running

                                  o  SET CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY  (set  with
                                     SET  CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY)  if  your
                                     program is allowed to handle  CTRL/C
                                     interrupts itself

                                  o  the settings  established  with  the
                                     SET TRAP and SET TYPEOUT commands

                                  o  the settings  established  with  the
                                     SET DEFAULT PROGRAM command

                                  o  the settings  established  with  the
                                     SET PROGRAM command

                                  o  a summary of the status of each fork
                                     belonging to the current copy of the
                                     TOPS-20 command processor, including
                                     kept  status,  RUN status, and total
                                     CPU time used so far

                                 An arrow  (=>)  indicates  your  current
                                 fork.

        PSI-STATUS               tells you:

                                  o  whether    the    PSI    (Programmed
                                     Software-Interrupt) system is in use
                                     (ON) or not (OFF)

                                  o  the  memory  address  of  the  level
                                     table  and  of the channel table - 0
                                     if none was set




                                   2-204
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                  o  the numbers of the  priority  levels
                                     for  which  there  are interrupts in
                                     progress  (1  and/or  2  and/or  3),
                                     where 1 is the highest priority

                                  o  the  numbers  of  channels   enabled
                                     (ready) to accept interrupts, and of
                                     channels with pending interrupts

                                 For further discussion of the  interrupt
                                 system  see  the  TOPS-20  Monitor Calls
                                 Reference Manual.

        REMOTE-PRINTING          displays    system    definitions    and
                                 characteristics    for    remote    line
                                 printers.


                            ---
                            | /ALL
        RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS  | /FAST
                            | /USER:user name
                            ---

                                 prints a  list,  at  your  terminal,  of
                                 pending  retrieval  requests.  Each file
                                 for   which   you   request    retrieval
                                 constitutes  a separate request, even if
                                 specified  within  a   single   RETRIEVE
                                 command.  The list includes:

                                  o  the name of the request  (the  first
                                     six characters of the filename)

                                  o  the request ID number

                                  o  the volids of each  tape  containing
                                     the file

                                  o  the name of the user  who  made  the
                                     request

                                 The /ALL switch  includes  the  complete
                                 specification  (up  to  49 characters of
                                 the  file,  while   the   /FAST   switch
                                 eliminates    column   headings;   /USER
                                 restricts descriptions  to  requests  of
                                 the  user  named  and  can  be used with
                                 either of the other two switches.

                                 Note  that  the  /ALL  switch  does  not


                                   2-205
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 display  the complete file specification
                                 unless  you  have  Wheel   or   Operator
                                 privileges.
                                      Default user name - your user name

        SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION    tells you whether the  system  processes
                                 your     spooled     output     requests
                                 immediately, or defers  them  until  you
                                 log      out.       Set     with     SET
                                 SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION.

        STRUCTURE dev:           gives, for  each  structure  named,  the
                                 following:

                                  o  information as to whether the system
                                     performs  checking  operations while
                                     writing  to  the  data  or  swapping
                                     areas  of the structure.  The system
                                     would  perform  this   checking   by
                                     immediately reading the data that it
                                     has just  written.   If  the  system
                                     manager has enabled these functions,
                                     the following lines  appear  at  the
                                     top    of   the   display:    "Write
                                     verification for data",  and  "Write
                                     verification for swapping".

                                  o  the number of users who have mounted
                                     the  structure,  the  number of open
                                     files  on  the  structure,  and  the
                                     number of disks in the structure

                                  o  kind   of   structure - Public    or
                                     Private,  Domestic  or  Foreign (see
                                     the TOPS-20 User's Guide)

                                  o  names of users who have mounted  the
                                     structure

                                  o  names of users who have accessed the
                                     structure

                                  o  names of users who have connected to
                                     the structure

                                  o  whether  or  not  the  structure  is
                                     offline

                                 The colon after the  structure  name  is
                                 optional.   Use  an  asterisk * for dev:
                                 to  specify  all   mounted   structures.


                                   2-206
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 Mount  and  dismount structures with the
                                 MOUNT and DISMOUNT commands.
                                      Default dev: - your       connected
                                                     structure

        SUBSYSTEM-STATISTICS     gives,  for  each  subsystem  (any  name
                                 specified   by   the  SETSN  JSYS),  the
                                 following information:

                                  o  its name and total runtime since the
                                     system last started - SNAMES, STIMES

                                  o  the average number  of  page  faults
                                     per second it has caused - SPFLTS

                                  o  the number of long-term waits it has
                                     caused - SNBLKS

                                  o  its average  working-set  size  (the
                                     number   of  pages  it  occupies  in
                                     memory)-SSIZE

                                  o  the number of times a SETSN JSYS has
                                     been  executed for it (excluding the
                                     EXEC subsystem)

                                 See the TOPS-20 Monitor Calls  Reference
                                 Manual for more information.

        SUPERIORS                tells you the number of forks  that  are
                                 superior  to  the  current  EXEC  level.
                                 This number is equal to  the  number  of
                                 times  you gave the PUSH command without
                                 intervening POP commands.

                                 Note  that  many  programs   have   PUSH
                                 commands    and   that   some   programs
                                 automatically do a PUSH.   These  PUSHes
                                 also change the number of superior forks
                                 reported by this command.

        SYSTEM-STATUS            tells you:

                                  o  whether the operator is present

                                  o  what kinds of logins are  allowed  -
                                     local,    remote,   pseudo-terminal,
                                     DECnet, Arpanet, or console

                                  o  whether  accounting  (assessing  and
                                     recording charges for system use) is


                                   2-207
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                     being done

                                  o  whether account validation (checking
                                     accounts against lists of authorized
                                     users) is enabled

                                  o  whether working  set  preloading  is
                                     enabled  (Working  set preloading is
                                     discussed in  the  System  Manager's
                                     Guide    and    in    the   Software
                                     Installation Guide.)

                                  o  whether sending of level zero system
|                                    messages is enabled.  System level 0
|                                    messages inform users about resource
|                                    problems, such as:
|  
|                                     -  [GIDNEY:    Caution,    Swapping
|                                        space low]
|  
|                                     -  [CLOYD:  Caution, SPT space low]
|  
|                                     -  [THEP:  Caution, Disk space  low
|                                        on system structure THEP:]

                                  o  whether sending of level one  system
|                                    messages is enabled.  System level 1
|                                    messages     inform     users     of
|                                    operationsal type messages, such as:
|  
|                                     -  [RONCO:  Deleted files  will  be
|                                        expunged  from  system structure
|                                        RONCO:  in 30 seconds]
|  
|                                     -  [RONCO:   Expunge  of  structure
|                                        RONCO:  completed]

                                  o  whether sending of operator messages
                                     (like  BUGCHK, BUGINF, and "RESOURCE
                                     LOW") to the CTY (central  terminal)
                                     is enabled

                                  o  whether    tape-drive     allocation
                                     (automatic    assignment   of   tape
                                     drives) is enabled

                                  o  whether        automatic        file
                                     retrieval-waits  (the  delaying of a
                                     command's execution until  specified
                                     off-line  files  are [automatically]
                                     retrieved) are enabled


                                   2-208
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                  o  the system's expiration default date
                                     for off-line files

                                  o  the current setting of the scheduler
                                     bias control

                                  o  whether class scheduling is enabled,
                                     and,  if  it is enabled, the special
                                     class (if any) for batch  jobs,  and
                                     the default class (if any)

                                  o  off-line structures timeout interval

                                  o  status of cluster information

                                  o  status of cluster sendalls

                                  o  minimum password length
|  
|                                 o  number  of  days  for  password   to
|                                    expire
|  
|                                 o  whether the password  dictionary  is
|                                    enabled

        TAPE-PARAMETERS          gives  the  default  settings  of  these
                                 parameters for magnetic tapes:

                                  o  tape density, in bits per inch

                                  o  tape parity (ODD or EVEN)

                                  o  format    (ANSI-ASCII,    CORE-DUMP,
                                     INDUSTRY-COMPATIBLE,              or
                                     SYSTEM-DEFAULT), and

                                  o  tape record length, in bytes

                                 Set with SET TAPE.

        TERMINAL-MODE number     gives the  following  information  about
                                 the specified terminal:

                                  o  its type (for example,  LA36,  VT52,
                                     or SYSTEM-DEFAULT)

                                  o  its speed (baud rate), in  bits  per
                                     second.     If   the   terminal   is
                                     connected  to  the  system   through
                                     another     node,    such    as    a
                                     DECserver-100  or  another   TOPS-20


                                   2-209
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                     system, the terminal speed cannot be
                                     determined by this command.  This is
                                     indicated  in  the  display  by  the
                                     message       !Terminal        speed
                                     indeterminate!.

                                  o  whether all  output  that  does  not
                                     originate   from  your  own  job  is
                                     inhibited.

                                  o  whether it  is  set  to  receive  or
                                     refuse  links,  advice,  and  system
                                     messages

                                  o  whether  it  is  set  to  pause   in
                                     printing  output  when  you type the
                                     pause character, and/or at  the  end
                                     of each full page of output

                                  o  the pause  and  continue  characters
                                     that  you  may  have  set  with  the
                                     TERMINAL  PAUSE  CHARACTER   command
                                     (only  if TERMINAL PAUSE END-OF-PAGE
                                     and TERMINAL PAUSE  COMMAND  are  in
                                     effect,  and  if  CTRL/S  and CTRL/Q
                                     were not the specified characters)

                                  o  the length (in number of lines)  and
                                     width  (in  number of characters) of
                                     its page

                                  o  whether it is  capable  of  printing
                                     lowercase  characters, whether it is
                                     set to raise lowercase  letters  you
                                     type  to  uppercase,  and whether it
                                     will  mark  (flag)  capital  letters
                                     with a single quotation mark (')

                                  o  whether it has a formfeed mechanism,
                                     and   whether  it  is  set  to  only
                                     indicate  formfeeds  or  to  perform
                                     them

                                  o  whether it has mechanical tab stops,
                                     whether  it  is  set  to immediately
                                     echo input you type

                                  o  whether   it   is    operating    in
                                     FULLDUPLEX or HALFDUPLEX mode

                                 Set with TERMINAL.  The  SYSTAT  command


                                   2-210
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                                 displays terminal numbers.

        VERSION                  tells you:

                                  o  the name of the host system

                                  o  the TOPS-20 operating system's  name
                                     and octal version number

                                  o  the octal  version  of  the  TOPS-20
                                     command processor (EXEC) in use

                                  o  the  name  (and  decimal  or   octal
                                     version   number,  if  any)  of  the
                                     program  in  the  current  fork  for
                                     which  program  data  vectors (PDVs)
                                     exist and that are  associated  with
                                     the   current   process.   (See  the
                                     TOPS-20  Monitor   Calls   Reference
                                     Manual  and  the  description of the
                                     /PVBLOCK switch in the TOPS-20  LINK
                                     Reference  Manual for information on
                                     PDVs.)  See Example 5.

                                  o  the  decimal  version  of  the   UUO
                                     simulation  package  in  use  (if  a
                                     TOPS-10 program is in memory)

                                 The format of a version number is:

                                      a.b(c)-d

                                 where:  (1) a  and  b  are  respectively
                                 incremented  for major and minor changes
                                 in the software  (2)  c  gives  a  rough
                                 indication  of  the  number of times the
                                 software component has been  edited  (3)
                                 d,  a  holdover from earlier versions of
                                 TOPS-20  which  is  now   rarely   used,
                                 identifies the programmer(s) responsible
                                 for the software component.

        VOLUMES setname:         gives the volids  of  currently  mounted
                                 and   newly   created   volumes  in  the
                                 specified tape set.  A colon  after  the
                                 tape set name is optional.


   Hints

        Specifying the Current Fork of TOPS-20


                                   2-211
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


             Use the FORK command to specify the fork to be described  by
             the  ADDRESS-BREAK,  FILE-STATUS,  MEMORY-USAGE  and VERSION
             arguments.  Find out  your  current  fork  with  INFORMATION
             FORK-STATUS.


   Restrictions

        Using the INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /DESTINATION-NODE switch

             For non-privileged users, the local node's GALAXY must  know
             if the remote node has printers.  If the user is privileged,
             then the print  request  queue  of  the  node  specified  is
             displayed,  regardless  of whether the local GALAXY knows if
             the node has printers or not.  The user specified node  must
             be a node in the cluster known to the local GALAXY.

             If the node specified by the /DESTINATION-NODE switch is the
             local  node,  then the print request queue of the local node
             is displayed.

             You cannot use an * as an argument in the  /DESTINATION-NODE
             switch.


   Related Commands

        SYSTAT         for printing information about the  current  state
                       of the system.


   Examples

        1.  Use an INFORMATION command to determine your current terminal
            settings.

            @INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE
             TERMINAL VT100
             TERMINAL SPEED 9600
                  .
                  .
                  .
             TERMINAL NO IMMEDIATE
             TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX

        2.  Mount a structure and access your directory on the structure.
            Compare  the  disk  space  available in this directory and in
            your connected directory.  (Note that  there  are  many  more
            pages  free  on  your  connected structure (MISC:) as a whole
            than on structure SNARK:; this is likely to make your use  of
            the system more efficient if you work only within MISC:.)


                                   2-212
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:
            @INFORMATION DISK-USAGE SNARK:
             SNARK:<LATTA>
             198 Pages assigned
             400 Working pages, 400 Permanent pages allowed
             2836 Pages free on SNARK:
            @INFORMATION DISK-USAGE
             MISC:<LATTA>
             119 Pages assigned
             590 Working pages, 590 Permanent pages allowed
             33172 Pages free on MISC:

        3.  Print a file, ordering several copies and supplying a note to
            be attached to it.  Use an INFORMATION command to verify that
            your request is in the output  queue.   Modify  the  date  on
            which  the  job  will  be  printed,  and  use the INFORMATION
            command again to confirm this action.

            @PRINT TESTF1.FOR /AFTER:17:00/COPIES:20/FORMS:NARROW/NO -
            TE:"T-TH LAB"
            [Printer job TESTF1 queued, request-ID 219, Limit 54]

            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /ALL/USER

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit            User          
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------
              TESTF1   219     54  LATTA                  /Forms:NARROW
                      /After: 8-Nov-85 17:00  /Note:T-TH LAB  /Seq:1791
            There is 1 job in the queue (none in progress)

            @MODIFY PRINT 219 /AFTER:15-NOV-85 17:00
            [1 Job modified]
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /ALL/USER

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit             User          
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------
              TESTF1   219     54  LATTA                   /Forms:NARROW
                      /After:15-Nov-85 17:00   /Note:T-TH LAB  /Seq:1791
            There is 1 job in the queue (none in progress)

        4.  Request to print a file  on  a  remote  node,  then  use  the
            INFORMATION  command  to  verify  that your request is in the
            remote output queue.

            @PRINT VENUS.TXT/DESTINATION-NODE:HENSON
            [Printer job VENUS queued  on  node  HENSON,  request-ID  39,
            Limit 12]


                                   2-213
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


            @INFORMATION OUTPUT/DESTINATION-NODE:HENSON

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit             User          
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------
              VENUS   200     54   ANDERSON
                      
            There is 1 job in the queue (none in progress)

        5.  Place  a  program  in  memory  section  17.   Then  give  the
            INFORMATION  MEMORY-USAGE  command to verify that the program
            was appropriately placed.  The  page  numbers,  beginning  at
            17000,  indicate that section 17 is in use, because a section
            comprises 1000 (octal) pages.  Also, the  left  half  of  the
            entry vector location contains 17.

            @GET GRADES.EXE.1 /USE-SECTION:17
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

            64.  pages, Entry vector loc 17,,542 len 254000

              Section 0     R, W, E,  Private
              Section 17    R, W, E,  Private
            17000-17002      GRADES.EXE.1  1-3   R, CW, E
            17374-17425      GRADES.EXE.1  4-35   R, CW, E
            17600-17637      GRADES.EXE.1  36-75   R, CW, E
            17643-17645      GRADES.EXE.1  76-100   R, CW, E

        6.  Issue the INFORMATION  VERSION  command  for  information  on
            programs  in  your memory area that have program data vectors
            associated with them.  Note that the merging of such programs
            yields consolidated information.

            @GET IOLIB
            @INFORMATION VERSION
             BOSTON TOPS-20 System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(163)
             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(10)
             Program is IOLIB
            PDVs:  Program name IOPAK, version 1.1(420)
            @GET MATHLB
            @INFORMATION VERSION
             BOSTON TOPS-20 System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(163)
             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(10)
             Program is MATHLB
            PDVs:  Program name MATHLB, version 3.33(360)
            @MERGE IOLIB
            @INFORMATION VERSION
             BOSTON TOPS-20 System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(163))
             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(10)
             Program is MATHLB
            PDVs:  Program name MATHLB, version 3.33(360)


                                   2-214
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                               (INFORMATION)


                   Program name IOPAK, version 1.1(420)
            @MERGE RPTGEN
            @INFORMATION VERSION
             BOSTON TOPS-20 System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(163)
             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(10)
             Program is MATHLB
            PDVs:  Program name REPORT, version 3.1(156)
                   Program name MATHLB, version 3.33(360)
                   Program name IOPAK, version 1.1(420)

        7.  Use the INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES command with the * wildcard
            to  list  all the job-wide and system-wide logical names that
            begin with the letter 'P'.

            @INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES P*
            Job-wide:

            PAS: => PUB:<DBONIN.PASCAL>
            PB: => PUB:PHONE.BOOK
            PUB: => PUBLIC:<DBONIN>

            System-wide:

            PCL: => RANDOM:<PCL>
            POBOX: = PUBLIC:
            POST-OFFICE: => PUBLIC:<OPERATOR>
            PS: => GIDNEY:
|  
|       8.  Use the INFORMATION INTERNET STATUS command  to  display  the
|           status of INTERNET nodes.
|  
|           @ INFORMATION INTERNET STATUS
|  
|           Local dec-internet host name is gidney.tops20.dec.com
|            Network interface type is IPNI, Internet address is 16.34.0.2
|            Network interface is up, output is enabled
|            Network service is enabled
|            Last network interface up transition: 4-May-90 23:16:04
|  
|           Local dec-mrnet host name is gidney.mrnet.dec.com
|            Network interface type is IPNIA, Internet address is 192.5.5.4
|            Network interface is up, output is enabled
|            Network service is enabled
|            Last network interface up transition: 4-May-90 23:16:02
|  
|           Local dec-mrrad host name is mrdale.mrrad.dec.com
|            Network interface type is IPCI, Internet address is 192.5.6.12
|            Network interface is up, output is enabled
|            Network service is enabled
|            Last network interface up transition: 4-May-90 23:16:02



                                   2-215
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (KEEP)


   2.46  KEEP

   Protects a fork from being cleared from memory.


   Format

        @KEEP (FORK) fork

        where:

        fork is one of the following:  Fork name
                                       Fork number
                                            Default - the current fork


   Characteristics

        Characteristics of Kept Forks

             The KEEP command gives a fork a "kept" status.  A kept  fork
             has these characteristics:

              o  A kept fork is not reset when another program is brought
                 into  memory.   Normally,  when  a  program  is  run, it
                 replaces the fork currently in memory.  However, if  the
                 program in memory is in a kept fork and a new program is
                 run, the new program is placed  in  a  new  fork.   This
                 allows you to have several programs in memory.

              o  A kept fork is not cleared from memory  with  the  RESET
                 command   unless   one   of  these  RESET  arguments  is
                 specified:  the fork name, a period or an asterisk.

              o  A kept fork can be restarted by  typing  the  kept  fork
                 name  as  an  EXEC  command.   The kept fork name can be
                 abbreviated to the point where it is  unique  from  EXEC
                 commands  and other kept fork names.  ESCAPE recognition
                 and question mark help  also  function  with  kept  fork
                 names.

                 The KEEP command sets the kept fork to  restart  at  its
                 starting  address  when the kept fork name is given as a
                 command.  For information on changing the fork's restart
                 address  see  Hints,  Setting  the  Kept  Fork's Restart
                 Address.

              o  A kept fork is named  after  the  program  it  contains.
                 Forks  are  numbered  in  the  order  in which they were
                 created.  In multiforking-class commands the  fork  name
                 and number are interchangecable.


                                   2-216
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (KEEP)


        Inferior Forks

             Any inferior forks created by a kept fork are also kept.


   Hints

        Keeping Forks Automatically

             Place  SET  PROGRAM  KEEP  commands  in  your  LOGIN.CMD  or
             COMAND.CMD file for programs that you normally place in kept
             forks.   Then  when  you  load  the  program,   the   system
             automatically  keeps  the  fork  and  notifies  you with the
             message [Keeping FORK-NAME].

             The SET PROGRAM command applies only  to  the  current  EXEC
             level.   If  you  want  your  SET  PROGRAM commands to be in
             effect after a PUSH command,  put  the  commands  into  your
             COMAND.CMD   file.    The   COMAND.CMD   file   is  executed
             automatically after every PUSH command.

        Kept Forks Continued Using the Fork Name

             The KEEP command sets  the  fork  to  be  restarted  at  its
             starting  point  when  the  fork name is given as a command.
             So, if a program that was kept  with  the  KEEP  command  is
             running  in  a  background  fork, and you type the kept fork
             name, execution of the program is canceled and  the  program
             returns to its start address, which is usually the program's
             prompt.

             With the SET PROGRAM KEEP command, you to specify the  point
             at  which  the fork will restart when the fork name is given
             as a command.  The  starting  point  can  be  the  program's
             continue,  reentry,  or  start  address.   The  command  SET
             PROGRAM KEEP CONTINUE gives the fork name the same  function
             as  the  CONTINUE  /NORMALLY command.  So, if a program that
             was kept with the  SET  PROGRAM  KEEP  CONTINUE  command  is
             running  in  a  background  fork, and you type the kept fork
             name, execution of the program continues and  your  terminal
             is placed at program level.

        More Information

             The KEEP command is one of  the  TOPS-20  multiforking-class
             commands.   For more information about multiforking, see the
             section named, Running Multiple  Programs,  in  the  TOPS-20
             User's Guide.





                                   2-217
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (KEEP)


   Restrictions

        Limited Number of Forks

             There is a limited number of forks available  on  a  system.
             When  all  forks are in use, existing users cannot add forks
             and new users cannot log in.  Therefore, KEEP only necessary
             forks and return idle forks to the system with the UNKEEP or
             RESET commands.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION FORK-STATUS       for displaying the fork status

        RESET                         for clearing forks from memory

        UNKEEP                        for changing  a  kept  fork  to  an
                                      unkept fork

        CONTINUE, FORK, FREEZE,       other       multiforking-class
        INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS,   commands
        SET NAME, and SET PROGRAM


   Examples

        1.  Display the fork  status  with  the  INFORMATION  FORK-STATUS
            command.   Then,  give  the  KEEP command to make the current
            fork a kept fork and redisplay the fork status.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5
                FILCOM (2): ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.3
            @KEEP
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5
                FILCOM (2): ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.3

        2.  Display the fork status, and  KEEP  the  FILCOM  fork.   Then
            verify the new fork status.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5
                FILCOM (2): ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.3
            @KEEP FILCOM
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.5
                FILCOM (2): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 776721, 0:00:00.3




                                   2-218
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


   2.47  LOAD

   Loads your program into memory, compiling the  source  file  first  if
   necessary.


   Format

        @LOAD (FROM) /switch(es) source/switch(es) object,...

        where:

        switches       are  keywords  chosen   from   the   list   below,
                       indicating  your  choice  of LOAD command options.
                       They have different  effects  depending  on  their
                       position  in  the command line:  placed before all
                       files in the command, they  act  as  defaults  for
                       all;   otherwise  they  affect  only  the  nearest
                       preceding file.
                            Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        source         is the file specification of the  source  program.
                       The filename must be of 6 or fewer characters, and
                       the file type of 3 or fewer characters; you cannot
                       use  a  generation  number.   This argument is not
                       necessary if you supply an object filespec.

        object         is the file specification of the  object  program.
                       The filename must be of 6 or fewer characters, and
                       the file type must  be  .REL;  you  cannot  use  a
                       generation number.  This argument is not necessary
                       if you supply a source filespec.
                            Default (if  you  give  neither  source   nor
                                    object   filespecs) - last  filespecs
                                    and associated switches you gave in a
                                    LOAD-class command

          Summary of LOAD Command Switches (defaults in boldface)

             /10-BLISS
             /36-BLISS
             /68-COBOL
             /74-COBOL
             /ABORT
             /ALGOL
             /BINARY
             /COBOL
             /COMPILE
             /CREF
             /CROSS-REFERENCE
             /DDT
             /DEBUG

                                   2-219
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


             /FAIL
             /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
             /FORTRAN
             /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"switch(es)"
             /LIBRARY
             /LIST
             /MAC
             /MACHINE-CODE
             /MACRO
             /MAP
             /NOBINARY
             /NOCOMPILE
             /NOCREF
             /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
             /NODEBUG
             /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
             /NOLIBRARY
             /NOLIST
             /NOMACHINE-CODE
             /NOOPTIMIZE
             /NOSEARCH
             /NOSTAY
             /NOSYMBOLS
             /NOWARNINGS
             /OPTIMIZE
             /PASCAL
             /RELOCATABLE
             /SAIL
             /SEARCH
             /SIMULA
             /SNOBOL
             /STAY
             /SYMBOLS
             /WARNINGS


                           LOAD Command Switches


        /10-BLISS         compiles the file using the BLISS-10 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .B10 and .BLI

        /36-BLISS         compiles the file using the BLISS-36 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .B36

        /68-COBOL         compiles the file using the COBOL-68 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .C68 or .68C

        /74-COBOL         compiles the file using the COBOL-74 compiler.
                               Default for files of type .C74 or .74C

        /ABORT            stops a compile if a fatal  error  is  detected

                                   2-220
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


                          and  returns  your  terminal to TOPS-20 command
                          level.

        /ALGOL            compiles the file using the ALGOL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .ALG

        /BINARY           allows generation of an  object  (binary)  file
                          for each source file given.
                               Default

        /COBOL            compiles the file  using  the  COBOL  compiler,
                          either   COBOL-68   or   COBOL-74,   that  your
                          installation   has   stored   in    the    file
                          SYS:COBOL.EXE.
                               Default for files of type .CBL

        /COMPILE          forces compilation of the source file even if a
                          current  object  file already exists.  Use this
                          switch along with a /LIST or  /CREF  switch  to
                          obtain  listings  when  you have current object
                          files.

        /CREF             same as /CROSS-REFERENCE.

        /CROSS-REFERENCE
                          creates  a  file   containing   cross-reference
                          information  for  each  compilation.   The file
                          name is that of the object file; the file  type
                          is  .CRF.   Use  the  CREF  command to obtain a
                          listing of the file.   (For  COBOL  files,  the
                          switch automatically produces a cross-reference
                          listing.)  See the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide
                          for more information about the CREF program.

        /DDT              loads the DDT debugging program along with your
                          object file.

        /DEBUG            produces an object  file  containing  debugging
                          information beyond that usually provided during
                          a compilation (for use  with  FORTRAN  programs
                          only,  and  only  if  you  have  not  given the
                          /OPTIMIZE switch).

        /FAIL             compiles the file using the FAIL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .FAI

        /FLAG-NON-STANDARD
                          indicates nonstandard syntax in file.

        /FORTRAN          compiles the file using the FORTRAN compiler.
                              Default in the absence of a standard source
                                      file type and a language switch

                                   2-221
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


                              Default for files of type .FOR

        /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES:"/switch(es)"
                          passes the specified switches to  the  compiler
                          that  will  process  the  file(s)  to which the
                          switch applies.  You must include the  switches
                          in double quotation marks ("  ").

        /LIBRARY          same as /SEARCH.

        /LIST             prints a line printer listing of the program in
                          ASCII  format.  The name of this listing is the
                          filename of the object file.  The /CREF  switch
                          overrides  /LIST  when  they  both apply to the
                          same file.

        /MAC              same as /MACRO.

        /MACHINE-CODE     produces  a  file  containing   the   generated
                          machine  code.   The  filename  is  that of the
                          object  file;  the  file  type  is  .LST.   For
                          high-level languages.

        /MACRO            assembles the file using the MACRO assembler.
                               Default for files of type .MAC

        /MAP              produces a loader map and stores it in the file
                          object.MAP,  where  object  is  the name of the
                          module containing the start address; or (if  no
                          start  address)  nnnLNK.MAP,  where nnn is your
                          job number.

        /NOBINARY         prevents generation of an object (binary) file.
                          Use  this  switch  along with /LIST or /CREF to
                          allow these switches  to  take  effect  without
                          producing a new object file.

        /NOCOMPILE        prevents compilation if the  associated  object
                          file    is   current;   otherwise   it   forces
                          compilation.    Cancels   the    /COMPILE    or
                          /RELOCATABLE switch.
                               Default

        /NOCREF           same as /NOCROSS-REFERENCE.

        /NOCROSS-REFERENCE
                          prevents  the  creation  of  a  cross-reference
                          file.
                               Default

        /NODEBUG          excludes  special  debugging  information  from


                                   2-222
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


                          your object file.
                               Default

        /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD
                          prevents the flagging of non-standard syntax in
                          the file.
                               Default

        /NOLIBRARY        same as /NOSEARCH.

        /NOLIST           prevents a line printer listing of the program.
                               Default

        /NOMACHINE-CODE   prevents  generation  of  a   file   containing
                          machine code.
                               Default

        /NOOPTIMIZE       prevents the generation of a globally optimized
                          object file (for FORTRAN programs only).
                               Default

        /NOSEARCH         requires all modules in the object file library
                          (the  file  accompanied  by  this switch in the
                          command line) to be loaded even if they are not
                          called  by  your  program.  Cancels the /SEARCH
                          switch.
                               Default

        /NOSTAY           stops the  compiler  from  being  placed  in  a
                          background  fork.   Use  when /STAY is set as a
                          default for the compiler.

        /NOSYMBOLS        prevents a symbol table from being loaded along
                          with the object file.

        /NOWARNINGS       prevents  display  of  warnings  for   nonfatal
                          errors.

        /OPTIMIZE         calls for generation of  a  globally  optimized
                          object  file, that is, one that runs as quickly
                          as possible (for  FORTRAN  programs  only,  and
                          only  if  you  do  not  also  give  the  /DEBUG
                          switch).

        /PASCAL           compiles the file using the PASCAL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .PAS

        /RELOCATABLE      identifies the input file  as  an  object  file
                          (regardless  of  its  extension)  and  prevents
                          compilation of the  source  file,  /RELOCATABLE
                          switch  forcing  use of an existing object file


                                   2-223
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


                          even if the object file is out of date.
                               Default for files of type .REL

        /SAIL             compiles the file using the SAIL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .SAI

        /SEARCH           requires that the object file library (the file
                          accompanied by this switch in the command line)
                          be searched for modules called by your  program
                          or by a program subroutine.  Only these modules
                          are loaded, along with modules called from  the
                          system libraries, which are always searched.

        /SIMULA           compiles the file using the SIMULA compiler.
                               Default for files of type .SIM

        /SNOBOL           compiles the file using the SNOBOL compiler.
                               Default for files of type .SNO

        /STAY             returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command  level
                          so  that  you  can perform other work while the
                          system continues to  load  your  program.   You
                          immediately  receive  the  TOPS-20 prompt (@ or
                          $), and can then issue any  user  command.   Be
                          careful  not to send incorrect data to programs
                          expecting  terminal  input.   (Refer   to   the
                          CONTINUE   command,   Restrictions:    Programs
                          Competing  for  Terminal  Input.   This  switch
                          saves  you  from having to:  issue a ^T to make
                          sure loading has begun; give a ^C to  halt  the
                          job;  and  issue  a  CONTINUE  /STAY command to
                          remain at command level during loading.

        /SYMBOLS          loads a symbol table along with the object file
                          (helpful for debugging a program).
                               Default

        /WARNINGS         displays warnings for nonfatal errors.
                               Default


   Characteristics

        Compiling New Sources Only

             Before loading programs, the system ordinarily compiles  any
             specified  source  (and only those sources) whose write date
             is more recent than that of the  object  file  of  the  same
             name.   You  can  override  this action with the /COMPILE or
             /RELOCATABLE switch.



                                   2-224
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


        Using Standard File Types

             If you specify source files with standard types (.FOR, .MAC,
             for  example)  in  a  LOAD command, the system automatically
             calls  the  appropriate   compiler   when   compilation   is
             necessary.   If  you  specify source files by filename only,
             the system searches your connected directory for a  file  of
             this  name  and  a  standard  type.   To  load programs from
             sources that have nonstandard file types, give a  switch  to
             indicate  the  proper compiler (/FORTRAN, /MACRO, /COBOL, or
             /ALGOL).  A switch will take precedence over a standard file
             type  if  they indicate different languages.  If no compiler
             is indicated with either a switch or a standard  file  type,
             the FORTRAN compiler is used.

        Default Switches Not Passed to Compiler

             Only switches specified in a LOAD-class command  are  passed
             to  the compiler; default switches are not passed.  Instead,
             the system assumes that the defaults for  the  compiler  are
             the same as the defaults for the LOAD-class command.


   Hints

        Commas Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more filespecs  separated  by  commas  as
             arguments  to  LOAD,  the loaded programs exist in memory at
             the same time and will operate as a single program.  You can
             use  this feature to substitute one module for another under
             varying conditions or for different applications.

        Plus Signs Between Filespecs

             If you give two or more source filespecs separated  by  plus
             signs  (+)  as arguments to LOAD, they are compiled together
             as if they were a  single  file.   Their  object  module  is
             stored  under any filename given as the "object" argument of
             the command, or (if none) under the  last  filename  in  the
             group and file type .REL.

        Indirect Files as Arguments

             You  can  store  arguments  (source  and  object  filespecs,
             switches) of a LOAD command in an indirect file, and specify
             them by typing an at sign (@) and its  filespec  as  a  LOAD
             command argument.

        Establishing Default Arguments with the SET Command



                                   2-225
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


             You can issue the SET DEFAULT  COMPILE-SWITCHES  command  to
             set up default global arguments to the LOAD command.  Insert
             this SET command in your COMAND.CMD file to change your  own
             defaults permanently.

        Running Link Directly

             The LOAD  command  automatically  runs  LINK,  the  system's
             linking  loader,  but  if  you  require  more control of the
             loading process you can run LINK directly.  See the  TOPS-20
             LINK Reference Manual.

        Using GET Instead of LOAD

             If you have used the SAVE command to save your  programs  in
             executable  format,  you  can use the GET command instead of
             LOAD to place them in memory.  This is  a  faster  and  less
             expensive means of loading programs into memory.

        Wildcards Illegal with LOAD

             The LOAD command does not accept wildcard characters (*  and
             %) in a file specification.


   Warning - Generation Numbers, Long Filespecs

        You must not give generation numbers when  specifying  source  or
        object   files;   the   system  automatically  uses  the  highest
        generation.  Also, most compilers require filenames of 6 or fewer
        characters and file types of 3 or fewer characters.


   Related Commands

        COMPILE, EXECUTE, and DEBUG               other        LOAD-class
                                                  commands for performing
                                                  related functions

        SAVE                                      for saving  the  loaded
                                                  program in an .EXE file

        START                                     for starting the loaded
                                                  program

        SET DEFAULT COMPILE-SWITCHES              for        establishing
                                                  default   switches  for
                                                  LOAD-class commands





                                   2-226
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


        INFORMATION DEFAULTS COMPILE-SWITCHES     for  examining  default
                                                  switches    established
                                                  for LOAD-class commands


   Examples

        1.  Load an object file into memory.

            @LOAD LSTSQ.REL
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT

        2.  Load the same program, allowing  the  system  to  update  the
            object file if necessary.

            @LOAD LSTSQ/FORTRAN
            FORTRAN: LSTSQ
            MAIN.
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT

        3.  Load a MACRO program and request a loader map or memory  map.
            (Notice the filename of this map.)

            @LOAD TEST2/MAP
            MACRO:  FT
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT
            @TDIRECTORY
                            WRITE


               PS:<LATTA>
             FT.MAP.1        6-APR-85 15:23:17
             TEST2.REL

        4.  Load a COBOL program, forcing a new compilation that includes
            only the required modules.  Request a map.

            @LOAD /MAP TEST1/COMPILE, COBLIB/SEARCH
            COBOL:  DBL     [TEST1.CBL]
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT

        5.  Compile   a   program.    Then   load   it,   requesting    a
            cross-reference listing this time.  Finally, save the program


                                   2-227
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (LOAD)


            in executable format.

            @COMPILE TEST1/COBOL
            COBOL:  DBL     [TEST1.CBL]
            @LOAD /COMPILE/CREF
            COBOL:  DBL     [TEST1.CBL]
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT
            @SAVE
             TEST1.EXE.1 SAVED

        6.  Combine two FORTRAN sources into an object  program  under  a
            new name.  Start this program.

            @LOAD LSTSQ+ABRR REGRES
            FORTRAN: LSTSQ
            MAIN.
            MAIN.
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT
            @START

        7.  Create an indirect file, and use it to load  several  modules
            at  once.   Request cross-reference files, then give the CREF
            command to turn these into listings.

            @CREATE SERVTT.CMD
            INPUT: PS:SERVTT.CMD.1
            00100   HJRAD/COMPILE, FORLIB/SEARCH
            00200   HJVTT/COMPILE, FORLIB/SEARCH
            00300   HJINI/RELOCATABLE
            00400   $
            *E

            [SERVTT.CMD.1]
            @LOAD /CREF @SERVTT.CMD
            FORTRAN:HJRAD
            MAIN.
            FORTRAN: HJVTT
            MAIN.
            LINK:   LOADING

            EXIT
            @CREF
            CREF:   HJRAD
            CREF:   HJVTT
            @




                                   2-228
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGIN)


   2.48  LOGIN

   Begins your timesharing job and connects you to your log-in directory.


   Format

        @LOGIN /FAST (USER) name (PASSWORD) password (ACCOUNT)account -
        (SESSION REMARK) remark

        where:

        name         is your user name.

        pwd          is your secret password (which  is  not  printed  on
                     your terminal).

        acc          is an account name or number that you are authorized
                     to use.

        remark       is an optional remark of up to  39  characters  that
                     identifies   the  terminal  session  for  accounting
                     purposes.   Check   with   INFORMATION   JOB-STATUS.
                     Change with SET SESSION-REMARK.

        /FAST        is an optional switch that prevents  the  following:
                     processing  of  your  LOGIN.CMD and COMAND.CMD files
                     and the system's  LOGIN.CMD  and  COMAND.CMD  files,
                     printing  of system mail, and printing of the notice
                     of new mail.  (Your system manager may  remove  this
                     switch from your system.)


   Output

        Acknowledgement of Valid Login

             The system acknowledges a valid LOGIN  command  by  printing
             your  job  number, terminal number, and the current date and
             time.  In addition, it prints the date and time of your last
             login.  You can use this information to determine if another
             user has learned your password and logged in to your account
             since the last time you logged out.

             Note that a batch job automatically logs in and logs out  of
             your  account.   The  batch  login sets the date and time of
             your last login and should  not  be  confused  with  illegal
             access to your account.

        Notice of User Mail and System Mail



                                   2-229
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGIN)


             When you log in, the system notifies you if another user has
             sent  you  a  message  with one of the system mail programs.
             The  system  then  lists  any  system  mail  (mail  sent  by
             privileged  users  to  all users) that has accumulated since
             your last login.  Note that this mail  appears  in  the  log
             file if a batch job is run for you between the time the mail
             was sent and the time you logged in.

        Output from Command Files

             After a successful LOGIN, the system processes the LOGIN.CMD
             and  COMAND.CMD  files  in  the directory defined by logical
             name SYSTEM:  and the command files in your login directory.
             The files are processed in this order:

                  1.  SYSTEM:LOGIN.CMD
                  2.  LOGIN.CMD
                  3.  SYSTEM:COMAND.CMD
                  4.  COMAND.CMD

             The system displays any output from the  commands  in  these
             files  on  your  terminal.   After execution of each command
             file,   the   system   displays   the   message   "End    of
             file-name.CMD".   If the last command in the command file is
             a TAKE command  with  no  arguments,  this  message  is  not
             displayed.


   Characteristics

        Getting the Attention of the System

             Before logging in, you may have to press any alphanumeric or
             special  character  to display the system herald or greeting
             and the @ prompt necessary for typing the LOGIN command.

             If you are dialing  in  by  telephone  to  a  line  declared
             autobaud  by  the  system  manager,  this  initial character
             enables  the  system  to  determine  your  terminal's  speed
             setting,  as  long  as  the  speed is 300, 1200, 1800, 2400,
             4800, or 9600.  Type a second character  if  the  terminal's
             speed  is 110 or 150.  If your initial character(s) fails to
             get the system identification message, press the  BREAK  key
             twice, followed by another character(s).

        Rights, Capabilities, and Charges

             The LOGIN command gives you ownership rights to your  log-in
             directory,  and  any group rights established for you on the
             public structure (usually named PS:).  In addition, you  are
             granted  whatever  capabilities  (for  example, Maintenance,


                                   2-230
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGIN)


             Wheel)  have been awarded to you, and can be sure  that  any
             charges  you  incur for the use of system resources, such as
             CPU time or the batch and printing systems, will be recorded
             to your user name.


   Hints

        Commands in Files Executed at Log-in Time

             For Affecting Entire Session or Current Level Only

                  Commands that affect  your  entire  job,  for  example,
                  TERMINAL  and  DEFINE,  belong  in LOGIN.CMD.  Commands
                  that affect only the  current  level  of  TOPS-20,  for
                  example, many SET commands, must be put into COMAND.CMD
                  if you want them to  be  executed  automatically  after
                  every PUSH command as well as after LOGIN.

             For Affecting Batch Jobs

                  As soon as one of your batch jobs logs in,  the  system
                  processes the command files in the directory defined by
                  logical name SYSTEM:  and the  command  files  in  your
                  login  directory.   The  files  are  processed  in this
                  order:

                       1.  SYSTEM:BATCH.CMD
                       2.  BATCH.CMD
                       3.  SYSTEM:COMAND.CMD
                       4.  COMAND.CMD

                  Note that certain parameters  of  the  batch  job,  for
                  example,  its  time limit and the name of its log file,
                  have  already  been  set  before  these  commands   are
                  executed.   Such  parameters  are  set either to values
                  specified by switches in the SUBMIT command that starts
                  the  batch  job, or to default values in effect for the
                  job issuing this SUBMIT command.  See also  Hints - For
                  Affecting Nested Batch Jobs, below.

             Avoiding Duplicate Commands in Command Files

                  After executing a SYSTEM:   command  file,  the  system
                  executes  the  file  of  the  same  name  in your login
                  directory.  The  SYSTEM:   command  files  may  contain
                  commands  that  you  already  have  in your own command
                  files.  To avoid executing  the  same  commands  twice,
                  remove  duplicate commands from your command files.  To
                  display a SYSTEM:  command file, give the command  TYPE
                  SYSTEM:file-name.CMD.


                                   2-231
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGIN)


             For Affecting Nested Batch Jobs

                  By  placing  a  SET  DEFAULT  SUBMIT  command  in  your
                  BATCH.CMD  file,  you  cause  these  defaults  to be in
                  effect for a nested batch job, (a batch job started  by
                  a  SUBMIT command within the control file of another of
                  your batch jobs).

             A Final TAKE Command

                  To  suppress  the  display  of  the  message  "End   of
                  file-name.CMD"  after execution of a command file, make
                  the last command in the file a  TAKE  command  with  no
                  arguments.

             Simplifying Log-ins

                  By using the SET DIRECTORY ACCOUNT-DEFAULT command  you
                  cause  subsequent  LOGIN  commands to require just your
                  user name and password.


   Special Cases

        Commands You Can Issue Before Log-in

             You can give these commands and arguments before logging in:

             Command                  Arguments

             ATTACH
             BREAK
             DAYTIME
             INFORMATION         AVAILABLE
                                 COMMAND-LEVEL
                                 MAIL
                                 TERMINAL-MODE
                                 VERSION
             LOGOUT
             SET                 LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD
                                 TIME-LIMIT
             SYSTAT              (except with subcommands LPT or OUTPUT)
             TERMINAL
             UNATTACH

        Logging in to PTYs

             You do not need to give a password  when  logging  in  under
             your own user name to a PTY (pseudo-terminal).

        Must Log In Within Five Minutes


                                   2-232
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGIN)


             If you do not log in within five  minutes  of  your  initial
             CTRL/C,  your  job  will be logged out automatically and you
             will have to type CTRL/C again.

        Logging in to Last Available Job Slot

             If you attempt to log in to the last available job slot, the
             system  will  not  log  you  in  but  will send you an error
             message instead.  This job slot is intended  for  users  who
             wish  to  attach detached jobs using the ATTACH command.  To
             log in a new job you must wait until  a  current  user  logs
             out.


   Related Commands

        ATTACH                            for joining to your terminal  a
                                          job   that   has  already  been
                                          logged in

        INFORMATION DIRECTORY             for  displaying  the  date  and
                                          time   that   you  started  the
                                          current terminal  session  with
                                          LOGIN.

        LOGOUT                            for ending your timesharing job

        SET ACCOUNT                       for   changing   your   account
                                          during a terminal session

        SET DIRECTORY ACCOUNT-DEFAULT     for   specifying   a    default
                                          account for subsequent log-ins

        SET SESSION-REMARK                for  making  or  changing  your
                                          session    remark    during   a
                                          terminal session


   Examples

        1.  Log in, using account 341  and  automatically  executing  the
            system LOGIN.CMD file and your LOGIN.CMD file.

            @LOGIN C.RYDER  341
|            Job 39 on TTY41 GIDNEY:: C.RYDER (CTM) 8-Mar-89 11:04:21, 
|           Last interactive login 7-Mar-89 08:32:15
|           Last non-interactive login 7-Mar-89 08:32:15
             End of SYSTEM:LOGIN.CMD.1
             End of LOGIN.CMD.1




                                   2-233
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGIN)


        2.  Log in using the default account number and the /FAST switch.

            @LOGIN /FAST C.RIDER  
|            Job 39 on TTY41 LAT1:LAT127(LAT) 8-AUG-88 11:10:34
|            Last interactive login 8-Aug-88 11:04:21
|            Last non-interactive login 8-Aug-88 11:04:21 

        3.  Type a character to get the  TOPS-20  herald,  then  log  in,
            using  account  341  and  inserting  a  session remark.  Give
            INFORMATION JOB-STATUS as your first  command,  to  see  this
            session remark.

|                Unauthorized Access is Prohibited

             BOSTON (KL2871), Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(10)
            @LOGIN URQUHART  341 DEBUG ACCOUNT.PAS
|            Job 42 on TTY29 LAT64:242(LAT) 8-Mar-90 09:15:15
|            Last interactive login 7-Mar-90 09:20:32
|            Last non-interactive login Never
            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
|            Host AURORA, Job 42, TTY29 LAT64:242(LAT)
|            User URQUHART, FTN:<URQUHART>
             Account 341 Session Remark:DEBUG ACCOUNT.PAS






























                                   2-234
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGOUT)


   2.49  LOGOUT

   Ends a timesharing job.


   Format

        @LOGOUT /FAST n

        where:

        /FAST is an optional switch  that  prevents  processing  of  your
              LOGOUT.CMD and the system's LOGOUT.CMD files.

        n     is an optional job number.  Specify n only when logging out
              a job other than your attached job.


   Output

        System Use Under Current Account

             The system acknowledges a valid LOGOUT command  by  printing
             your  job  number,  user  name,  current  account,  terminal
             number, and the current date and time.  Then  it  shows  the
             total  amount  of  CPU  time  you  used  during the terminal
             session and the total length of time  you  were  logged  in,
             followed  by  the account of CPU time used under the current
             account and the length of time you were logged in under this
             account.

        LOGOUT.CMD Output

             Before logging you out, the system processes the commands in
             your  login  directory's  LOGOUT.CMD  file  and the system's
             LOGOUT.CMD file and displays any output from these commands.
             Then,  after execution of each file, the system displays the
             message "End of LOGOUT.CMD", unless the last command in  the
             file is a TAKE command.


   Characteristics

        Expunging Your Log-in and Connected Directories

             Before logging you out,  the  system  expunges  any  deleted
             files from your log-in and connected directories, and prints
             a  message  if  either  directory  is  still  exceeding  its
             assigned permanent disk quota.

        Logging Out Other Jobs


                                   2-235
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGOUT)


             By specifying a job number you can log  out  any  other  job
             logged  in under the same user name as your attached job.  A
             user with Wheel or Operator capabilities enabled can log out
             any  job  on  the system.  Whenever you log out another job,
             the system prints the job's user name, terminal number,  and
             current  program.   You must then confirm the LOGOUT command
             with an extra RETURN.

             When a job is logged out by another job, the logout  command
             files are not processed.


   Hints

        A Final TAKE Command

             To suppress the display of the message "End  of  LOGOUT.CMD"
             after  execution  of  your  LOGOUT.CMD  file,  make the last
             command in the file a TAKE command with  no  arguments.   Be
             sure  the  file  contains  only  one  RETURN  after the TAKE
             command.

        Errors in LOGOUT.CMD

             If there is an error in a command in your  LOGOUT.CMD  file,
             the system processes the commands up to the one in error and
             cancels the LOGOUT command.  To log out, correct  the  error
             in  the  command  file  or  give the LOGOUT command with the
             /FAST switch.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The LOGOUT command clears memory and leaves your terminal in  the
        state  before log-in.  LOGOUT n does not affect memory and leaves
        your terminal at TOPS-20 command level.


   Related Commands

        DETACH       for disengaging a job  from  your  terminal  without
                     ending the job

        LOGIN        for beginning your timesharing job

        UNATTACH     for disengaging a job from another terminal  without
                     ending the job






                                   2-236
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (LOGOUT)


   Examples

        1.  Log out your job.

            @LOGOUT
             End of SYSTEM:LOGOUT.CMD.2
             End of LOGOUT.CMD.5
            Killed Job 18, User C.RYDER, Account 341, TTY 233,
             at 8-Mar-84 16:25:46, Used 0:0:5 in 1:2:16

        2.  Log out your job,  receiving  a  warning  message  that  your
            directory is over its storage quota.

            @LOGOUT
             <URQUHART> Over permanent storage allocation by 8 page(s).
            Killed Job 39, User URQUHART, Account 341, TTY 41
              at  8-Mar-84 16:33:12,  Used 0:0:1 in 0:1:5

        3.  Check what jobs are logged in under your user name.  Log  out
            a  detached job and verify that it is gone, then log out your
            attached job.

            @SYSTAT WALKER
              18   DET  EXEC    WALKER
              21*   31  SYSTAT  WALKER
            @LOGOUT  18
            User WALKER, Detached, running EXEC
            [Confirm]
            @SYS WALKER
              21*   31  SYSTAT  WALKER
            @LOGOUT
            Killed Job 43, User WALKER, Account 341, TTY 226,
              at  8-Mar-84 16:35:16,  Used 0:0:1 in 0:1:1




















                                   2-237
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MERGE)


   2.50  MERGE

   Places an executable program into the current fork, combining it  with
   whatever program (if any) is already there.


   Format

        @MERGE (PROGRAM) filespec /switch

        where:

        filespec     is the file specification of any executable program.
                          Default file type - .EXE

        /switch      is one or more of the following:

                          /OVERLAY       allows pages of the DDT  program
                                         to be loaded over pages occupied
                                         by  the  existing   program   in
                                         memory.

                          /USE-SECTION:n
                                         specifies  the  memory   section
                                         (from  0 to 37 octal) into which
                                         your program is  to  be  merged.
                                         You  can use this switch only if
                                         your program can be contained in
                                         one section.


   Characteristics

        Executable Files Only

             If a program you try to merge is not in  executable  format,
             you   may   get   an   immediate  error  message  (that  is,
             "?UNEXPECTED END-OF-FILE TRAP...") or a  delayed  one  (that
             is,  "?ENTRY VECTOR LENGTH IS NOT LESS THAN 1000") after the
             merge.  In either case, be sure that you have  specified  an
             executable  program before investigating further.  The MERGE
             command does not alter the entry vector if  the  file  being
             merged is in the proper .EXE format.

        Existing Pages Not Overlaid

             If there is a program already in memory when  you  give  the
             MERGE  command, and pages of the new program overlay it, the
             new program is not placed into memory, and the system prints
             the  error message, "?Illegal to overlay existing pages." To
             force the existing pages to be overlaid, reissue  the  MERGE


                                   2-238
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MERGE)


             command using the /OVERLAY switch.


   Effect on Memory

        The MERGE command combines the specified program with the program
        in  the  current  fork.   It  does not affect the contents of the
        current fork unless you specify the /OVERLAY switch.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE      for  examining  the   contents   of
                                      memory

        GET                           for putting  a  saved  (executable)
                                      file into memory

        SAVE                          for storing a copy of  the  program
                                      in  the  current  fork in a file in
                                      executable format

        START                         for starting the program in memory


   Examples

        1.  Merge an executable program into memory.

            @MERGE TESTF1.EXE

        2.  Place an executable system program in memory,  then  merge  a
            system   debugging   program   with   it.   Give  INFORMATION
            MEMORY-USAGE  commands  to  verify  that  both  programs  are
            intact.

            @GET SYS:DUMPER
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

            34. pages, Entry vector loc 4715 len 3

              Section 0     R, W, E,  Private
            0        RANDOM:<NEXT-RELEASE>DUMPER.EXE 4  1   R, CW, E
            4-44     RANDOM:<NEXT-RELEASE>DUMPER.EXE.4  2-42   R, CW, E
            @MERGE SYS:UDDT
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

            45. pages, Entry vector loc 4715 len 3

              Section 0     R, W, E,  Private
            0        RANDOM:<NEXT-RELEASE>DUMPER.EXE.4  1   R, CW, E


                                   2-239
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MERGE)


            4-44     RANDOM:<NEXT-RELEASE>DUMPER.EXE.4  2-42   R, CW, E
            764-767  RANDOM:<NEXT-RELEASE>UDDT.EXE.1  1-4   R, CW, E
            770-776  RANDOM:<NEXT-RELEASE>UDDT.EXE.1  5-13   R, E


















































                                   2-240
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


   2.51  MODIFY

   Adds or changes switches for a request placed in  a  batch  or  output
   queue.


   Format

        @MODIFY (REQUEST TYPE) queue (ID) identifier /switch(es)

        where:

        queue      is the waiting list in which you placed  the  original
                   request, chosen from the following list:

                       BATCH          for requests made using the  SUBMIT
                                      command

                       CARDS          for requests made using  the  PUNCH
                                      CARDS command

                       PAPER-TAPE     for requests made using  the  PUNCH
                                      PAPER-TAPE command

                       PLOT           for requests made  using  the  PLOT
                                      command

                       PRINT          for requests made using  the  PRINT
                                      command

                   In the  switch  summary  and  descriptions,  the  word
                   Output  in  the  column headed Applicable Queues means
                   all queues except the batch queue.



        identifier   is one of the following:

                  request ID number   the unique identifier  assigned  by
                                      the  system  to your request.  This
                                      is the number appearing  under  the
                                      heading   "Req#"  in  the  list  of
                                      requests shown by  the  INFORMATION
                                      BATCH-REQUESTS    or    INFORMATION
                                      OUTPUT-REQUESTS command.

                  jobname             the jobname of the request,  either
                                      the  first  six  characters  of the
                                      first filename in the  request,  or
                                      the  argument  you  supplied  to  a
                                      /JOBNAME  switch  when  making  the


                                   2-241
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


                                      original request.  This is the name
                                      appearing under  the  heading  "Job
                                      Name" in the list of requests shown
                                      by the  INFORMATION  BATCH-REQUESTS
                                      or    INFORMATION   OUTPUT-REQUESTS
                                      command.

                  /JOBNAME:jobname    switch showing the jobname  of  the
                                      request to modify.  You can specify
                                      a particular  jobname  when  making
                                      the  original request.  See Special
                                      Cases - /JOBNAME Switch, below.

                  /SEQUENCE:sequence number
                                      switch showing the sequence  number
                                      of  the request to modify.  You can
                                      specify   a   particular   sequence
                                      number  when  making  the  original
                                      request.

             Use an  asterisk  (*)  as  identifier  to  modify  all  your
             requests in the specified queue.

        /switches                are  keywords,  chosen  from  the   list
                                 below, specifying the parameter you want
                                 to change (and,  where  applicable,  the
                                 new value of this parameter)


                     Summary of MODIFY Command Switches


           Switch                          Applicable Queues

        /AFTER:date and/or time                              All
        /BEGIN:n                                             All
        /CARDS:n                                   BATCH
        /COPIES:n                                         Output
        /DELETE                            PRINT   BATCH
        /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:n                        BATCH
        /DESTINATION-NODE:node name::                        All
        /FEET:n                                    BATCH
              ASCII                        PRINT           
              COBOL                        PRINT           
        /FILE:ELEVEN                       PRINT           
              FORTRAN                      PRINT       
        /FORMS:forms name                                 Output
        /GENERIC                                          Output
        /HEADER                                           Output
        /JOBNAME:jobname                                     All
        /LIMIT:n                           PRINT           


                                   2-242
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


        /LOWERCASE                         PRINT
        /MODE:output mode                                 Output
        /NOHEADER                                         Output
        /NOTE:12-character message                        Output
                 ALWAYS                            BATCH
        /OUTPUT  ERRORS                            BATCH
                 NOLOG                             BATCH
        /PAGES:n                                   BATCH
        /PRIORITY:n                                          All
        /PRESERVE                                            All
        /PROCESSING-NODE:node name                 BATCH
|       /REMOTE-PRINTER:                           PRINT
        /REPORT:title                      PRINT           
                      NO
        /RESTARTABLE:YES                           BATCH


                Switch                     Applicable Queues

        /SEQUENCE:n                                          All
                 SINGLE
        /SPACING:DOUBLE                    PRINT
                 TRIPLE
        /TIME:hh:mm:ss                                       All
        /TPLOT:n                                   BATCH
                0 or NO
        /UNIQUE:1 or YES                           BATCH
        /UNIT:octal number                                Output
        /UPPERCASE                         PRINT
        /USER:user name                                      All


                          MODIFY Command Switches


                                Applicable Queues


        /AFTER:date and/or time, or              ensures that the request
        day of week (or TODAY)              All  will   not  be processed
               and/or time                       until after  he  revised
                                                 date     and/or     time
                                                 specified.    NOV-12-79,
                                                 and 18:00 illustrate two
                                                 arguments     to    this
                                                 switch.   If  you   give
                                                 both   date   and  time,
                                                 separate  them  with   a
                                                 space.     When    given
                                                 alone, the time  may  be
                                                 preceded  by a plus sign


                                   2-243
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


                                                 (+),  which  will  delay
                                                 processing     by    the
                                                 indicated length of time
                                                 from the present.

                                                 Alternatively,  you  can
                                                 give  a  day of the week
                                                 (for example, MONDAY) or
                                                 TODAY  as argument; then
                                                 the  job  will  not   be
                                                 printed     until    the
                                                 beginning     of     the
                                                 following  day.   If you
                                                 follow   this   argument
                                                 with  a  plus sign and a
                                                 time, the  job  will  be
                                                 further  delayed by this
                                                 amount.

        /BEGIN:n                            All  gives the  decimal  line
                                                 number  of  the  control
                                                 file at which processing
                                                 is to begin (for BATCH),
                                                 or  the   decimal   page
                                                 number  of  the  file at
                                                 which the output  is  to
                                                 begin     (for    CARDS,
                                                 PAPER-TAPE,  PLOT,   and
                                                 PRINT)

        /CARDS:n                  BATCH          specifies  the   decimal
                                                 number  of spooled cards
                                                 the job  is  allowed  to
                                                 punch

        /COPIES:n                        Output  tells how many copies of
                                                 the file to produce

        /DELETE                             All  deletes the  file  after
                                                 processing.  Opposite of
                                                 /PRESERVE.

        /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:n       BATCH          sets    the    request's
                                                 dependency  count to the
                                                 new   value   n.    This
                                                 switch   can   also   be
                                                 followed  by  a   signed
                                                 value, such as +n or -n,
                                                 which will  increase  or
                                                 decrease  the  old value
                                                 by the specified amount.


                                   2-244
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


                                                 A  batch  request is not
                                                 processed   until    its
                                                 dependency  count  is 0.
                                                 See the TOPS-10/20 Batch
                                                 Reference   Manual   for
                                                 more  information  about
                                                 dependency counts.

        /DESTINATION-NODE:node-name              specifies the  node  on
                                            All  whose line  printer  the
                                                 log  file  of your batch
                                                 job  is  to  be  printed
                                                 (for BATCH), or the node
                                                 on whose line printer or
                                                 other output device your
                                                 request   is    to    be
                                                 processed        (CARDS,
                                                 PAPER-TAPE,  PLOT,   and
                                                 PRINT).  Two colons (::)
                                                 following the node  name
                                                 are optional.

        /FEET:n                   BATCH          specifies  the   decimal
                                                 number    of   feet   of
                                                 spooled paper  tape  the
                                                 job is allowed to punch.

              ASCII
              COBOL
        /FILE:ELEVEN              PRINT          specifies that the  file
              FORTRAN                            consists of ASCII  text,
                                                 or COBOL SIXBIT text; or
                                                 (ELEVEN)  contains  four
                                                 eight-bit  bytes in each
                                                 36-bit   word;   or   is
                                                 FORTRAN    ASCII   text,
                                                 where column 1  of  each
                                                 line is interpreted as a
                                                 carriage         control
                                                 character.

        /FORMS:forms name                Output  specifies,  in  six   or
                                                 fewer   characters,  new
                                                 forms  (determining  the
                                                 size  of banner, header,
                                                 and  trailer   sections;
                                                 the  paper color, width,
                                                 and   weight;   vertical
                                                 format, carriage control
                                                 tape,  the   number   of
                                                 plotter  steps per inch,


                                   2-245
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


                                                 etc.) to  use  with  the
                                                 job

        /GENERIC                         Output  allows the output to  be
                                                 produced      on     any
                                                 available  device.   Use
                                                 along    with   argument
                                                 PRINT  to   cancel   the
                                                 /LOWERCASE or /UPPERCASE
                                                 switch,  or  with  PLOT,
                                                 PRINT,     CARDS,     or
                                                 PAPER-TAPE to cancel the
                                                 /UNIT switch.

        /HEADER                          Output  causes a header  section
                                                 containing  the  jobname
                                                 to be plotted,  printed,
                                                 or  punched  before  the
                                                 file itself is produced.

        /JOBNAME:jobname                    All  does  not   change   the
                                                 jobname,  but  specifies
                                                 which  job  to   modify.
                                                 Same   as   jobname   in
                                                 "identifier" argument.

        /LIMIT:n                         Output  places a new limit of  n
                                                 cards, feet, or pages on
                                                 the output of the job.

        /LOWERCASE                PRINT          specifies that the  file
                                                 is  to  be produced on a
                                                 line printer capable  of
                                                 printing       lowercase
                                                 characters.

              ASCII
              BCD
        /MODE:BINARY              CARDS          designates the mode  for
              IMAGE                              punching the  file  onto
                                                 cards.   See  the  /MODE
                                                 switch  in   the   PUNCH
                                                 command  description for
                                                 details.

              ASCII
              BINARY
        /MODE:IMAGE               PAPER-TAPE     designates the mode  for
              IMAGE-BINARY                       punching the  file  onto
                                                 paper   tape.   See  the
                                                 /MODE  switch   in   the


                                   2-246
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


                                                 PUNCH            command
                                                 description for details.

              ASCII
        /MODE:BINARY              PLOT           designates the mode  for
              IMAGE                              plotting the file.   See
                                                 the  /MODE switch in the
                                                 PLOT command description
                                                 for details.

              ARROW
              ASCII
        /MODE:OCTAL               PRINT          designates the mode  for
              SUPPRESS                           printing the file.   See
                                                 the  /MODE switch in the
                                                 PRINT            command
                                                 description for details.

        /NOHEADER                        Output  prevents    a     header
                                                 section  containing  the
                                                 jobname    from    being
                                                 produced before the file
                                                 is produced.

        /NOTE:message                    Output  labels    the     header
                                                 section  of  output (the
                                                 section  displaying  the
                                                 jobname)  with a message
                                                 or notation of up to  12
                                                 characters.  The message
                                                 must  be   enclosed   in
                                                 double  quotation  marks
                                                 if it contains spaces or
                                                 punctuation characters.

                ALWAYS
        /OUTPUT:ERRORS            BATCH          says  whether  you  want
                NOLOG                            the  log  file   to   be
                                                 printed  always, or only
                                                 in the case of unhandled
                                                 errors  occurring within
                                                 the job, or  never.   No
                                                 matter  which option you
                                                 choose, the log file  is
                                                 always created.

        /PAGES:n                  BATCH          specifies  the   decimal
                                                 number  of  spooled line
                                                 printer pages the job is
                                                 allowed to print.



                                   2-247
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


        /PRESERVE                           All  saves the file after  it
                                                 is  processed.  Opposite
                                                 of /DELETE.

        /PRIORITY:n                         All  assigns a new  number  n
                                                 reflecting  the  urgency
                                                 of the request.  This  n
                                                 must  be  from  1 to 63,
                                                 with   larger    numbers
                                                 receiving        earlier
                                                 treatment.

        /PROCESSING-NODE:node name::
                                  BATCH          specifies the  IBM  host
                                                 system  on whose CPU the
                                                 JCL batch job is  to  be
                                                 run.  The node name must
                                                 be  of  six   or   fewer
                                                 characters  and  must be
                                                 followed by  two  colons
                                                 (::).

|       /REMOTE-PRINTER:  n       PRINT          specifies the name of  a
|                                                remote  print  queue  to
|                                                print the file.

        /REPORT:title             PRINT          scans  your  files   and
                                                 processes   only   those
                                                 lines    whose     first
                                                 characters are the title
                                                 you  give.   This  title
                                                 can  contain  up  to  12
                                                 characters    (including
                                                 the quotation marks that
                                                 must enclose  the  title
                                                 if  it contains spaces).
                                                 The switch is used along
                                                 with  the  COBOL  report
                                                 writer.

                     NO
        /RESTARTABLE:YES          BATCH          specifies  whether   the
                                                 job  should  be  started
                                                 again  if   the   system
                                                 crashes and restarts.

        /SEQUENCE:n                         All  does  not   change   the
                                                 sequence  number  of the
                                                 job but rather specifies
                                                 which   job  to  modify.
                                                 Giving this switch is an


                                   2-248
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


                                                 alternative to supplying
                                                 a  request  ID  as   the
                                                 request  identifier when
                                                 you  have  several  jobs
                                                 with  the  same  jobname
                                                 (if you supply only  the
                                                 jobname  to identify the
                                                 job, the MODIFY  command
                                                 affects all of them).

                 DOUBLE
        /SPACING:SINGLE           PRINT          determines  the  spacing
                 TRIPLE                          between printed lines.

        /TIME:hh:mm:ss            BATCH          revises  the  limit  for
                                                 the  maximum  amount  of
                                                 CPU  time  available  to
                                                 the job; given in hours,
                                                 minutes, and seconds.

        /TPLOT:n                  BATCH          limits to n the  maximum
                                                 number   of  minutes  of
                                                 spooled   plotter   time
                                                 allowed for the job.

                NO or 0
        /UNIQUE:YES or 1          BATCH          changes             your
                                                 declaration,  if  two or
                                                 more jobs are  submitted
                                                 from  the same connected
                                                 directory, whether  they
                                                 must   run  at  separate
                                                 times.

        /UNIT:octal number               Output  directs your request  to
                                                 the  line printer of the
                                                 specified   octal   unit
                                                 number.

        /UPPERCASE                PRINT          specifies that the  file
                                                 is  to  be produced on a
                                                 line printer  that  uses
                                                 uppercase     characters
                                                 only.

        /USER:user name           PRINT, BATCH   specifies the user whose
                                                 request    is    to   be
                                                 modified; for privileged
|                                                users only.  This switch
|                                                is required to modify  a
|                                                request   from   a  user


                                   2-249
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


|                                                other than yourself.


   Characteristics

        MODIFY Effective Only Before Processing

             The MODIFY command affects a batch or  output  request  only
             before  processing  has  begun.  After processing has begun,
             you can only cancel the request with the CANCEL command, and
             then make a new request.


   Hints

        Using the /DEPENDENCY-COUNT Switch

             You can use the  /DEPENDENCY-COUNT  switch  to  specify  the
             order  in  which  your  batch  jobs  are processed.  Set the
             dependency count of all but the first job to  some  positive
             value  when  you submit them, and include MODIFY commands in
             each job's control file to bring the next  job's  dependency
             count to 0 at the appropriate time.  See Example 4.


   Special Cases

        /JOBNAME Switch

             In the singular case when you want to modify  several  queue
             requests  of  the  same  jobname using only one command, and
             that jobname is purely numerical (for  example,  5045),  you
             must  use  the /JOBNAME:jobname switch as second argument to
             the MODIFY command.  Do not also  give  the  request  ID  or
             jobname   as   a   command   argument   if   you   give  the
             /JOBNAME:jobname switch.


   Related Commands

        CANCEL                          for  removing  batch  and  output
                                        requests

        INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS      for  examining  entries  in   the
                                        batch queue

        INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS     for  examining  entries  in   the
                                        output queues

        PLOT                            for placing requests in a plotter
                                        output queue


                                   2-250
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


        PRINT                           for placing requests  in  a  line
                                        printer output queue

        PUNCH                           for placing requests  in  a  card
                                        punch  or paper tape punch output
                                        queue

        SUBMIT                          for placing requests in the batch
                                        input queue


   Examples

        1.  Modify a batch request (of jobname ARTIFI) to make  it  start
            more quickly.

            @MODIFY BATCH ARTIFI /PRIORITY:63
            [1 Job modified]

        2.  Modify a print request (of jobname PHIAL) to include  a  note
            on the header page.

            @MODIFY PRINT PHIAL /NOTE:"DUE: 11/4"
            [1 Job modified]

        3.  Modify one job of several having the same jobname.

            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /USER

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit            User
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------
              PRTSK    226   27    LATTA /After: 8-Nov-84 17:00
              PRTSK    236   27    LATTA /After: 8-Nov-84 17:00
              PRTSK    237   27    LATTA /After: 8-Nov-84 17:00
              PRTSK    238   27    LATTA /After: 8-Nov-84 17:00
              TESTF1   219   54    LATTA /Forms:NARROW
                        /After:8-Nov-84 17:00
            There are 5 jobs in the queue (none in progress)

            @MODIFY PRINT 237 /AFTER:18:00
            [1 Job modified]
            /new

        4.  Use the TYPE command to examine some of your  control  files.
            (Notice  the  use of the MODIFY command within these files to
            ensure that they  are  processed  in  a  certain  order  when
            submitted  together.)   Submit  these three control files and
            verify their placement in the batch input queue.

            @TYPE ARVM%.CTL


                                   2-251
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MODIFY)


             ARVM1.CTL.2

            @RUN TESTF1
            @PRINT TESTF1.RSM
            @MODIFY BATCH ARVM2 /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:0

             ARVM2.CTL.2

            @RUN TESTF2
            @PRINT TESTF2.RSM
            @MODIFY BATCH ARVM3 /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:0

             ARVM3.CTL.2

            @RUN TESTF3
            @PRINT TESTF3.RSM
            @PRINT SUMJOB.RSM
            @SUBMIT /AFTER:17:00 ARVM1
            [Batch job ARVM1 queued, request-ID 240, limit 0:05:00]
            @SUBMIT /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:1 ARVM2
            [Batch job ARVM2 queued, request-ID 241, limit 0:05:00]
            @SUBMIT /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:1 ARVM3
            [Batch job ARVM3 queued, request-ID 242, limit 0:05:00]
            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS /ALL/USER

            Batch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Run Time            User
            --------  ----  --------  ------------------------
              ARVM1    240  00:05:00  LATTA /After: 8-Nov-84 17:00
                      /Uniq:Yes  /Restart:No   /Assist:Yes  /Seq:1804
              ARVM2    241  00:05:00  LATTA /Dep:1  /Uniq:Yes  /Restart:No
                      /Assist:Yes  /Seq:1805
              ARVM3    242  00:30:00  LATTA /Dep:1  /Uniq:Yes  /Restart:No
                      /Assist:Yes  /Seq:1806
            There are 3 jobs in the queue (none in progress)


















                                   2-252
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


   2.52  MOUNT

   Requests that a specified file structure or magnetic tape set be  made
   available for your job's use.


   Format

        @MOUNT medium (NAME) dev:  /switch(es)

        where:

        medium         is one of the following:

                           STRUCTURE - for mounting file structures (disk
                                       packs)

                                TAPE - for mounting magnetic tapes

        dev:           is either the structure identification (or alias),
                       or  the  tape setname.  The colon after the device
                       name is optional.

        /switches      are  keywords,  chosen  from   the   list   below,
                       indicating your choice of MOUNT command options.


          Summary of MOUNT Command Switches (defaults in boldface)


   /CHECK-SETNAME

            200
            556
            800
   /DENSITY:1600 
            6250
            SYSTEM-DEFAULT

               7-TRACK
   /DRIVE-TAPE:9-TRACK

               ANSI
               BYPASS
   /LABEL-TYPE:EBCDIC
               TOPS-20
               UNLABELED

   /NEW
   /NOUNLOAD
   /NOWAIT


                                   2-253
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


   /OPERATOR
   /PROTECTION:octal protection code       Default code - 770000
   /READ-ONLY                              Default - unless /NEW or 
                                                     /SCRATCH specified
   /REMARK:119-character remark
   /SCRATCH
          NUMBER number
   /START:VOLID volid                      Default number - 1

   /STRUCTURE-ID:structure identification
   /VOLIDS:list of volids
   /WRITE-ENABLED                          Default - if /NEW or /SCRATCH 
                                                     specified


        The switches /NOWAIT and  /REMARK  are  useful  with  either  the
        STRUCTURE  or  TAPE  medium, while /STRUCTURE-ID is for STRUCTURE
        only; the other switches are for TAPE only.


                             MOUNT Command Switches


   /CHECK-SETNAME                     ensures that  the  setname  of  the
                                      mounted  tapes  matches the setname
                                      you specify as the "dev:"  argument
                                      to  the MOUNT command; otherwise an
                                      error  will  be   generated.    For
                                      labeled tapes only.

            200
            556
            800                       specifies the density, in  bits per
   /DENSITY:1600                      inch,  at which the tape set is  to
            6250                      be read or  written.  Densities 200
            SYSTEM-DEFAULT            and 556  are  for  unlabeled  tapes
                                      only.   SYSTEM-DEFAULT,  one of the
                                      values  shown  (usually  1600),  is
                                      established   at   system  start-up
                                      time.

               7-TRACK
   /DRIVE-TYPE:9-TRACK                specifies  the  type  of  drive  on
                                      which   the   tape  set  is  to  be
                                      mounted.   Labeled  tapes  must  be
                                      mounted on 9-track drives.

               ANSI
               BYPASS
   /LABEL-TYPE:EBCDIC                 tells the system to read and  write
               TOPS-20                the   tape  set  according  to  the


                                   2-254
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


               UNLABELED              specified  label  standard:   ANSI;
                                      EBCDIC  -  IBM  TYPES (IN READ-ONLY
                                      MODE); TOPS-20 - a superset of ANSI
                                      used  in TOPS-20 systems; UNLABELED
                                      - for unlabeled tapes only.  BYPASS
                                      (for  privileged  users  only) lets
                                      you  read  and  write   any   tape,
                                      labeled  or  unlabeled, without any
                                      label processing.

   /NEW                               tells  the  system  that  you   are
                                      creating  a  new  file  set  on  an
                                      existing tape set, whose setname is
                                      then  changed  to  be  the name you
                                      specify as the  dev:   argument  to
                                      the  MOUNT  command.   (If the tape
                                      set  has  more  than  one   volume,
                                      remember  to  specify  their volids
                                      using  the  /VOLIDS  or   /OPERATOR
                                      switch.)   The  /CHECK-SETNAME  and
                                      /READ-ONLY switches are ignored  if
                                      present,   and   /WRITE-ENABLED  is
                                      assumed.  Do not  give  the  /START
                                      switch if you give /NEW.

   /NOUNLOAD                          asks the system  not  to  unload  a
                                      volume (reel) of tape from its tape
                                      drive when the drive is released by
                                      a  volume switch (change of volumes
                                      required  by  a   read   or   write
                                      operation)   or  DISMOUNT  command.
                                      Use  this  switch   to   facilitate
                                      processing  when  sufficient drives
                                      are available.

   /NOWAIT                            tells the  system  to  return  your
                                      terminal  to  TOPS-20 command level
                                      as  soon  as  you  give  the  MOUNT
                                      command,  and  to send a message to
                                      your terminal when the request  has
                                      been  processed.   Otherwise,  your
                                      terminal waits for the message.

   /OPERATOR                          asks the operator to specify to the
                                      system  the  volids of the tape set
                                      you wish to mount.  Do not  use  if
                                      you have given the /VOLIDS switch.






                                   2-255
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


   /PROTECTION:code                   specifies    a    6-digit     octal
                                      protection  code for new volumes of
                                      tape  written  during  the  current
                                      mount  request.   The  owner always
                                      has full access to  his  tapes,  so
                                      the  first  two  digits  are always
                                      interpreted  as  "77";  also,  user
                                      groups and directory groups have no
                                      effect  on  tape  access,  so   the
                                      middle   two   digits   are  always
                                      interpreted  as  "00".   Therefore,
                                      although    six   digits   can   be
                                      specified, only the last two digits
                                      affect the tape's protection code.

                                      (If you specify  only  two  digits,
                                      these  will be used as the last two
                                      digits  of  the  protection  code.)
                                      These  two digits should be the sum
                                      of the values corresponding to  the
                                      modes  of access you want to allow,
                                      chosen from the following list:
                                         40 - read files in the file set
                                         10 - overwrite or  modify  files
                                              in the file set
                                         04 - append files to the end  of
                                              the file set
                                      For  tapes  of  label-type  TOPS-20
                                      only.
                                           Default code - 770000

   /READ-ONLY                         ensures that  all  volumes  in  the
                                      tape  set  will  be mounted without
                                      write rings, to prevent  accidental
                                      erasures.
                                            Default except when  /NEW  or
                                                    /SCRATCH is specified

   /REMARK:"remark"                   sends the specified remark  to  the
                                      operator  when  he  is  notified of
                                      your mount request.   The  text  of
                                      the  remark  must  be  enclosed  in
                                      quotation marks (" ") and can be up
                                      to  three,  80-character lines long
                                      (including the MOUNT command line).
                                      Note  that  while the entire remark
                                      is  displayed  on  the   operator's
                                      terminal,   only   the  first  line
                                      appears    in    the    INFORMATION
                                      MOUNT-REQUESTS display.



                                   2-256
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


                                      For structures, the remark will  be
                                      sent  only if the structure must be
                                      put on line or  physically  mounted
                                      to satisfy your mount request.

   /SCRATCH                           same  as  /NEW,  except  that   the
                                      volumes  in the file set you create
                                      will be  drawn  from  the  pool  of
                                      scratch  tapes (tapes not presently
                                      owned by a particular user), rather
                                      than from volumes you specify.  Use
                                      this switch to create  a  new  file
                                      set  when you are not supplying the
                                      volumes of tape to be used.

          NUMBER number
   /START:VOLID volid                 tells  the  system   which   volume
                                      (reel)  of tape to mount first when
                                      satisfying your request.  (You must
                                      also   give   the  /VOLIDS  switch,
                                      specifying the group of volumes you
                                      will  be  using.)  Use  the  NUMBER
                                      argument to give the order of  this
                                      volume  within  the  group (e.g., 1
                                      for first, 2 for second),  or  give
                                      the  VOLID  argument  to repeat the
                                      volid explicitly.  You can use this
                                      switch  to  save  time  and expense
                                      when you know which volume you will
                                      be using first.
                                           Default - NUMBER 1

   /STRUCTURE-ID:structure
                 identification       gives the name of the structure  as
                                      recorded  in the disk(s); used when
                                      you gave an  alias  different  from
                                      the   structure  identification  as
                                      argument   "dev:",   above.     See
                                      Hints - Using   the   /STRUCTURE-ID
                                      Switch,  below.    For   privileged
                                      users only.

   /VOLIDS:volid, volid,...           specifies   the   volids    (volume
                                      identifiers) of the volumes (reels)
                                      of tape you want to access.   These
                                      must    be   consecutive   volumes,
                                      usually of the tape  set  specified
                                      as the "dev:" argument to the MOUNT
                                      command.   Although  you  need  not
                                      specify  every  volume  in the set,
                                      any volume not specified  will  not


                                   2-257
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


                                      be  accessible.   Do  not  use this
                                      switch  if  you  have   given   the
                                      /OPERATOR    switch.     See   also
                                      Characteristics - Using the /VOLIDS
                                      Switch, below.

   /WRITE-ENABLED                     ensures that  all  volumes  in  the
                                      tape set will be mounted with write
                                      rings.
                                           Default when /NEW or /SCRATCH
                                                   is specified


   Characteristics

        Action of MOUNT STRUCTURE Command

             If the Structure Has Already Been Mounted

                  If the structure for which you give the  MOUNT  command
                  is  currently mounted, the system simply increases by 1
                  the mount count (the number of users who have given the
                  MOUNT  but not the DISMOUNT command for the structure),
                  and returns your terminal to TOPS-20 command level.   A
                  structure  is not ordinarily dismounted until its mount
                  count is 0.

             If the Structure Has Not Yet Been Mounted

                  If the structure for which you give the  MOUNT  command
                  is  not  currently  mounted,  your request stays in the
                  mount request queue until  it  is  acted  upon  by  the
                  operator or until you cancel the request.

        Setnames (File Set Identifiers)

             The setname, or file set identifier of a set  of  tapes,  is
             part  of  the  label information written into each volume of
             the set.  It is rewritten every time the  /NEW  or  /SCRATCH
             switch  is included in a MOUNT command.  The "dev:" argument
             of the MOUNT command becomes the setname in this  case.   If
             you add volumes to an existing tape set, the system uses the
             setname of the old volumes as the setname of the new ones.

             Using the /CHECK-SETNAME Switch

                  If you give the MOUNT command to use an  existing  file
                  set  (you  do not specify the /NEW or /SCRATCH switch),
                  you can give the /CHECK-SETNAME switch to be sure  that
                  the  setname  written  on the tapes matches the setname
                  you  specify  as  the  "dev:"  argument  to  the  MOUNT


                                   2-258
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


                  command.   However,  because more than one set of tapes
                  can have the same setname,  the  /CHECK-SETNAME  switch
                  does  not  ensure  that  the  correct  tape set will be
                  mounted.   For  information  about  ensuring  that  the
                  correct  tapes are mounted, see Characteristics - Using
                  the /VOLIDS Switch, below.

        Volids (Volume Identifiers)

             The volid, or  volume  identifier  of  a  volume  (reel)  of
             labeled  tape, is part of the label information written into
             each volume of tape.   It  is  written  only  once,  by  the
             operator  during the tape's initialization procedure, and is
             not changed during the life of the tape.  (You  should  also
             affix  a  paper label displaying the volid onto each reel of
             tape.) You can get a list of volids for previously specified
             or  newly  written volumes in any mounted tape set by giving
             the INFORMATION VOLUMES command for that set.

             Using the /VOLIDS Switch

                  If you give  the  MOUNT  command  to  use  an  existing
                  multi-volume  tape set (you do not specify the /SCRATCH
                  switch), you can give the volid of each volume you want
                  to  use  as  an  argument  to  the /VOLIDS switch.  The
                  system ensures that the correct volumes  of  a  labeled
                  tape  will  be  mounted for your job as long as you use
                  the /VOLIDS switch to specify them.  (If the  tape  set
                  does  not consist of labeled tapes, the system does not
                  ensure that the correct tapes are mounted.)

                  The volids must represent consecutive volumes and  must
                  be specified in the order written (oldest first).  Note
                  that  in  general  you  cannot  rely  on  any  apparent
                  alphanumerical  order  when  specifying  the volids but
                  must maintain your own list of the volids in each  tape
                  set.  (See Hints - Keeping Track of Volids, below.) You
                  need not specify every volid in the tape set,  but any
                  volume not specified will not be accessible through the
                  current  MOUNT  command.   See  also  Characteristics -
                  Using   the   /OPERATOR  Switch,  and  Special  Cases -
                  Single-volume Tape Sets, below.

             Using the /OPERATOR Switch

                  You can use the /OPERATOR switch instead of the /VOLIDS
                  switch  when  asking the system to mount a multi-volume
                  set of tapes.  The /OPERATOR switch sends a message  to
                  the  operator  asking  him to specify the volid of each
                  volume  himself.   You  must  be  sure  to  supply  the
                  operator  with  a  list  of  the volids you want him to


                                   2-259
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


                  specify before giving a MOUNT command that contains the
                  /OPERATOR switch.


   Hints

        Checking Whether Operator is Present

             You can give the INFORMATION SYSTEM-STATUS command  to  find
             out  whether  the  operator is in attendance and can process
             your  mount  request.   Even  if  the  operator  is  not  in
             attendance,  your request remains valid until he returns and
             deals with it in some way.

        Using the /STRUCTURE-ID Switch

             The /STRUCTURE-ID  switch  (available  only  to  users  with
             enabled  WHEEL  or  OPERATOR capabilities) gives the name of
             the structure as recorded in the disk(s)  of  the  structure
             itself,  where  it is used by the system for identification.
             Be sure that the structure identification  is  also  written
             with  a  felt-tip  marker  on the upper surface of each disk
             pack, and on a gummed label on the pack cover.

             Unless you give this switch, the system mounts the structure
             with  its  structure identification as alias.  (The alias is
             the name you use  when  specifying  the  structure  in  file
             specifications  and  commands; the INFORMATION STRUCTURE and
             INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES commands  list  structures  by
             alias  only.)  The  /STRUCTURE-ID  switch  allows an enabled
             WHEEL  or  OPERATOR  to  mount  a  structure  under  a  name
             different from the one recorded in the structure.

             Use this switch for mounting  a  structure  whose  structure
             identification  is  the  same  as  the  alias of a currently
             mounted structure.  In such cases give the  MOUNT  STRUCTURE
             command  with  any  unique alias as the "dev:" argument, and
             specify the structure identification with the  /STRUCTURE-ID
             switch.   In  subsequent  file  specifications  and commands
             referring to the structure, use the alias only.

        Dummy "dev:" Arguments for Mounting Tapes

             If you  want  to  use  different  tape  sets  on  successive
             runnings  of  a  single program, you can refer to those tape
             sets as a logical name in the program, and use this  logical
             name  as  the  "dev:"  argument  of  your MOUNT command when
             mounting tapes.  As long as you also specify  the  volid  of
             each  volume  of  tape  with  the /VOLIDS switch (or use the
             /OPERATOR switch to ask the operator to do so), you need not
             give  the  actual  setname  of  the  tape  set as the "dev:"


                                   2-260
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


             argument to the MOUNT command.   The  system  considers  the
             "dev:"  argument  you supply to be a logical name defined as
             the mounted tape set.  Therefore, your  program  can  access
             the tape set using this logical name.

        Keeping Track of Volids

             Unless your site has a tape cataloging  facility,  you  must
             keep  your  own  record  of  the volids in each of your tape
             sets.  After creating a file set on a new tape set, i.e, one
             not previously owned by you (by giving the MOUNT command and
             including  the  /SCRATCH  switch),  you  should   give   the
             INFORMATION  VOLUMES  command  for the set before giving the
             DISMOUNT command.  The system will  respond  by  printing  a
             list  at  your  terminal of the volids of all volumes in the
             tape set.  Similarly, if you mount an old tape set and  then
             perform   write  operations,  you  should  give  INFORMATION
             VOLUMES before giving DISMOUNT to learn the  volids  of  any
             volumes  added  to  the  set.  Keep an ordered list of these
             volids in  a  disk  file  in  your  directory,  for  use  in
             subsequent MOUNT commands when you give the /VOLIDS switch.


   Special Cases

        Single-volume Tape Sets

             If the tape set you want  to  mount  consists  of  a  single
             volume  of  tape, you need not give the /VOLIDS or /OPERATOR
             switch to specify its volid.  You can give the volid as  the
             "dev:" argument to the MOUNT command.

        Structures Unavailable for Mounting

             If the operator has  given  the  OPR  program  command,  SET
             STRUCTURE  UNAVAILABLE for a specified structure, the system
             sends an error  message  including  the  phrase,  "Structure
             unavailable  for  mounting"  in response to subsequent MOUNT
             commands for the structure.


   Restrictions

        Using SET TAPE Commands

             The TOPS-20 SET TAPE DENSITY and SET  TAPE  PARITY  commands
             are  applicable  to  unlabeled  tapes  only  (but  see  also
             Warnings - /DENSITY Switch Has Limited Effect for  Unlabeled
             Tapes,   below).    The   SET   TAPE  FORMAT  and  SET  TAPE
             RECORD-LENGTH commands are applicable to  both  labeled  and
             unlabeled  tapes,  but  to  labeled  tapes  only if they are


                                   2-261
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


             mounted using the  /LABEL-TYPE:ANSI  or  /LABEL-TYPE:TOPS-20
             switch.   In addition, the files that you read from or write
             to such a labeled tape must be in 36-bit  format,  and  they
             must  not  have  the  ;FORMAT  attribute  as  part  of their
             specification.


   Warnings

        POP Command Cancels Unsatisfied Mount Requests

             If you have given a PUSH command to obtain a  new  level  of
             TOPS-20 and then give a MOUNT command within that new level,
             a subsequent POP command will  cancel  your  mount  request.
             However,  if the specified structure or tape set has already
             been mounted,  it  will  remain  mounted  despite  your  POP
             command.

        /DENSITY Switch Has Limited Effect for Unlabeled Tapes

             The /DENSITY switch, when given in a MOUNT  command  for  an
             unlabeled  tape,  ensures  only  that  your tape set will be
             mounted on a drive that supports the specified density.   It
             does not ensure that the tape set will be read or written at
             this density.  To specify the  density  at  which  unlabeled
             tapes  are to be read and written, give the SET TAPE DENSITY
             command.


   Effect on Terminal

        The MOUNT command with the /NOWAIT switch, leaves  your  terminal
        at  TOPS-20  command  level.   If  you have not given the /NOWAIT
        switch, your terminal waits until the system has  processed  your
        request, or to return to TOPS-20 command level.  This CTRL/C does
        not cancel your request.


   Related Commands

        CANCEL                             for withdrawing mount requests
                                           before they are processed

        DISMOUNT                           for  giving  up  access  to  a
                                           particular  tape drive or disk
                                           drive

        INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES      for finding out just the names
                                           of  structures  available  for
                                           mounting  (these  are   listed
                                           after  DSK  and PS, and before


                                   2-262
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


                                           the line printers (LPT,  LPT0,
                                           etc.))

        INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS         for  finding  out  information
                                           about  pending  mount requests
                                           for structures and tape  sets,
                                           and  about  currently  mounted
                                           tape sets

        INFORMATION STRUCTURE              for  finding  out  information
                                           about     currently    mounted
                                           structures

        INFORMATION VOLUMES                for finding out the volids  of
                                           all mounted volumes (including
                                           newly created  volumes)  of  a
                                           tape set

        SET TAPE commands                  for   establishing    job-wide
                                           defaults   for  tape  density,
                                           format,  parity,  and   record
                                           length


   Examples

        1.  Mount a structure (it is already physically mounted).

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted

        2.  Mount a structure that is not yet physically mounted.   After
            completing  the  command,  give  CTRL/Cs to return to TOPS-20
            command level.

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE PYBL:
            [Mount Request PYBL Queued, Request-ID 205]
            [MOUNT request remaining in queue]
            ^C

        3.  Mount a structure, then give CTRL/Cs  to  return  to  TOPS-20
            command level and cancel the mount request.

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE PYBL:
            [Mount Request PYBL Queued, Request-ID 136]
            [MOUNT request remaining in queue]
            ^C
            @CANCEL MOUNT 136
            [1 mount request canceled]




                                   2-263
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


        4.  Find out what structures are available  for  mounting  (these
            are  listed  after  DSK and PS and before the line printers),
            and mount one of these.

            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, LANG, TYM, MISC, SNARK, REL4, LPT, LPT0
             LPT1, CDR, CDP, PCDP0, FE0, FE4-15, PTY7-10
             PTY23-61, NUL, PLT, PLT0, DCN, SRV 
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: TTY220
            @MOUNT STRUCTURE REL4: /NOWAIT
            Structure REL4: mounted

        5.  Ask that a new tape set  be  created  for  you  from  scratch
            tapes,  and  copy  some  files to it.  Before dismounting the
            tape set, find out the volids of the tape  volumes  you  were
            assigned.

            @MOUNT TAPE LAT: /SCRATCH/LABEL-TYPE:TOPS-20
            [Mount Request LAT Queued, Request-ID 104
            [Tape set LAT, volume LAT mounted]
            [LAT: defined as MT3:]
            @COPY DN20A-11.SYS LAT:
             DN20A-11A.SYS.1 => MT3:DN20A-11A.SYS.131071 [OK]
             DN20A-11B.SYS.1 => MT3:DN20A-11B.SYS.131071 [OK]
             DN20A-11C.SYS.1 => MT3:DN20A-11C.SYS.131071 [OK]
            @INFORMATION VOLUMES LAT:
            Volumes of tape set LAT: 01P02,00L16
            @DISMOUNT TAPE LAT:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name LAT: deleted]

        6.  Find out if any tape drives can be used  without  giving  the
            MOUNT  command  (any  such  drives will be of the form MTAn).
            Assign one of these and use the PLEASE  program  to  ask  the
            operator  to  mount your (unlabeled) tape on this drive.  Set
            the necessary tape parameters, position the tape, and copy  a
            file  from  tape  to  the  line  printer.   Then  give up the
            resources you have been using.

            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, LANG, TYM, MISC, SNARK, REL4, MTA5, LPT, LPT0, LPT1
             CDR, CDP, PCDP0, FE0, FE4-15, PTY23-61, NUL, PLT
             PLT0, DCN, SRV
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: TTY220
            @ASSIGN MTA5:
            @PLEASE
            Enter text, terminate with CTRL/Z to wait for response, 
            or ESCape to send message and exit 
            PLEASE MOUNT MY TAPE NAMED UNLBLD IN READ-ONLY MODE ON MTA5:,
            WHICH I HAVE ASSIGNED TO MY JOB.  MTA5: IS A 7-TRACK 


                                   2-264
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


            DRIVE THAT SUPPORTS TAPE DENSITIES OF 800 BPI, CORRECT?
            [PLSOPN Operator at GIDNEY has been notified at 14:34:26]
            @SET TAPE DENSITY 800
            @SET TAPE RECORD-LENGTH 128
            @REWIND MTA5:
            @SKIP MTA5: 4 FILES
            @COPY MTA5: LPT:
             MTA5: => LPT: [OK]
            @UNLOAD MTA5:
            @DEASSIGN MTA5:

        7.  Perform the same task using the same volume of tape as in the
            previous  example  by using the MOUNT command.  Note that you
            still cannot specify a particular tape file by name when  the
            tape is an unlabeled tape.

            @MOUNT TAPE UNLBLD: /LABEL-TYPE:UNLABELED/DENSITY:800/DR -
            I'VE-TYPE:7-TRACK
            [Mount Request UNLBLD Queued, Request-ID 128]
            [Tape set UNLBLD, volume UNLBLD mounted]
            [UNLBLD: defined as MT3:]
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS/USER

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status  Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User          
            -------  -------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            UNLBLD     MTA4  Tape   Locked   UNLBLD    128    55   LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue
            @REWIND UNLBLD:
            @SKIP UNLBLD: 4 FILES
            @COPY UNLBLD: LPT:
             MT3:..4 => LPT: [OK]
            @DISMOUNT TAPE UNLBLD:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name UNLBLD: deleted]

        8.  Mount a labeled tape containing the  same  files  as  in  the
            previous  two examples, and perform the same task.  Note that
            you need not specify tape parameters in this  MOUNT  command,
            as this information is present in the tape labels and is read
            automatically.  Also, the system  ensures  that  the  correct
            volume  of  tape  is used.  Finally, you can specify the tape
            file by name when using labeled tapes.

            @MOUNT TAPE LBLD: /LABEL-TYPE:ANSI/VOLIDS:00115
            [Mount Request LBLD Queued, Request-ID 133]
            [Tape set LBLD, volume 00115 mounted]
            [LBLD: defined as MT3:]
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS/USER





                                   2-265
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status  Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User         
            -------  -------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            00115     MTA0    Tape   Locked  LBLD       133    55  LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue
            @REWIND LBLD:
            @COPY LBLD:COMPR.BRN LPT:
             MT3:COMPR.BRN.13107 => LPT:COMPR [OK]
            @DISMOUNT TAPE LBLD:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name LBLD: deleted]

        9.  Mount a two-volume tape set (using  the  NOUNLOAD  switch  to
            simplify  volume  changes)  and  overwrite any existing files
            with new files.  Then rewind  the  tape  set.   Give  various
            INFORMATION  commands  as you proceed, to verify logical name
            and device assignments and to determine whether  new  volumes
            have been written.

            @MOUNT TAPE LAT: /WRITE-ENABLED/NOUNLOAD/NOWAIT/VOL-
            IDS:DBL01, DBL02
            [Mount Request LAT Queued, Request-ID 19]
            [Tape set LAT, volume DBL01 mounted]
            [LAT: defined as MT0:]
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS /USER

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status   Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  --------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            DBL01    MTA1      Tape  Enabled  LAT         19     7  LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue
            @INFORMATION AVAILABLE DEVICES
            Devices available to this job:
             DSK, PS, LANG, SNARK, NTWORK, REL4, MISC, PACKAG, MTA5
             MT0, LPT, LPT0, LPT1, CDP, PCDP0, FE0, FE2-15, PTY13-61
             NUL, PLT, PLT0, DCN, SRV
            Devices assigned to/opened by this job: MT0, TTY217
            @INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES JOB
            LAT: => MT0:
            SYS: => DSK:,SYS:
            @REWIND LAT: /ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET
            @COPY HLP:.HLP LAT:
             PS:<HELP>ACCT20.HLP.1 => MT0:ACCT20.HLP.131071 [OK]
             PS:<HELP>ACCTPR.HLP.1 => MT0:ACCTPR.HLP.131071 [OK]
                 .
                 .
                 .
             PS:<HELP>WAIT.HLP.2 => MT0:WAIT.HLP.131071 [OK]
             PS:<HELP>WATCH.HLP.6 => MT0:WATCH.HLP.131071 [OK]
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS /USER




                                   2-266
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status   Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  --------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            DBL02    MTA3      Tape  Enabled  LAT         19     7  LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue

            @INFORMATION VOLUMES LAT:
            Volumes of tape set LAT: DBL01,DBL02
            @REWIND LAT: /ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS /USER

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status   Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  --------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            DBL01    MTA1      Tape  Enabled  LAT         19     7  LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue

       10.  (For privileged users only.)  Enable  your  capabilities  and
            call  the  OPR  program,  then  give the PUSH command to OPR.
            (This action puts you at TOPS-20 command  level,  but  allows
            you  also  to  see  the  OPR  messages caused by your TOPS-20
            commands.)  Repeat  the  write  operations  of  the  previous
            example,  then  dismount  the  tape set and exit from the OPR
            program.  Notice that, because of  the  /NOUNLOAD  switch  in
            your  original  MOUNT  command, both volumes of your tape set
            remain mounted on their drives.  Therefore, you can mount the
            tapes again without operator assistance.

            @ENABLE
            $OPR
            OPR>PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(7)
            @REWIND LAT: /ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET
            @COPY HLP:. LAT:
             PS:<HELP>ACCT20.HLP.1 => MT0:ACCT20.HLP.131071 [OK]
             PS:<HELP>ACCTPR.HLP.1 => MT0:ACCTPR.HLP.131071 [OK]
                 .
                 .
                 .
             PS:<HELP>CHKPNT.HLP.1 => MT0:CHKPNT.HLP.131071 
            15:11:55          --Tape Drive Released By User--
                            MTA1: Volume DBL01 Remaining mounted on drive

            15:11:57          --MTA3: Given to Request 19--
                             Volume DBL02 now in use by
                             User LATTA, Job 7, Terminal 217
             [OK]
             PS:<HELP>COBDDT.HLP.6 => MT0:COBDDT.HLP.131071 [OK]
                 .
                 .


                                   2-267
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (MOUNT)


                 .
             PS:<HELP>WAIT.HLP.2 => MT0:WAIT.HLP.131071 [OK]
             PS:<HELP>WATCH.HLP.6 => MT0:WATCH.HLP.131071 [OK]
            @INFORMATION VOLUMES LAT:
            Volumes of tape set LAT: DBL01,DBL02
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS /USER

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status   Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  --------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            DBL02    MTA3      Tape  Enabled  LAT         19     7  LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue

            @REWIND LAT: /ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET

            15:14:51          --Tape Drive Released By User--
                            MTA3: Volume DBL02 Remaining mounted on drive

            15:14:51          --MTA1: Given To Request 19--
                             Volume DBL01 now in use by
                             User LATTA, Job 7, Terminal 217

            @DISMOUNT TAPE LAT:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name LAT: deleted]
            15:15:21          --Tape Drive Released By User--
                            MTA1: Volume DBL01 Remaining mounted on drive
            @POP
            OPR>EXIT
            $DISABLE

       11.  Mount the same tape set as in the previous examples, but  ask
            the  operator  to specify the volids.  Use the PLEASE program
            to help you.

            @MOUNT TAPE LAT: /WRITE-ENABLED/NOUNLOAD/NOWAIT/OPERATOR
            [Mount Request LAT Queued, Request-ID 197]
            @PLEASE
            Enter text, terminate with CTRL/Z to wait for response,
            or ESCape to send message and exit
            PLEASE ENTER THE VOLIDS OF MY TAPE SET LAT: FOR
            REQUEST 197.  THEY ARE RECORDED IN YOUR TAPE
            LIBRARY CATALOG.  THANKS.
            [PLSOPN Operator at GIDNEY has been notified at 14:34:26]
            @INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS /USER

            Tape/Disk Mount Queue:
            Volume    Status   Type   Write   Req Name  Req#  Job#  User
            -------  --------  ----  -------  --------  ----  ----  -----
            DBL01    Waiting   Tape  Enabled  LAT        197    65  LATTA
            There is 1 Request in the Queue



                                   2-268
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PERUSE)


   2.53  PERUSE

   Allows you to read a file using read-only editor commands.


   Format

        @PERUSE (FILE) /switch(es) filespec

        where:

        /switch(es)    are keywords that apply to the EDIT  editor.   For
                       descriptions of these switches, see the /CREATE or
                       EDIT commands.

        filespec       is the name of the file you want to read.
                            Default - the  last  file  specification  and
                                      associated  switches  you gave in a
                                      CREATE,  EDIT,  or  PERUSE  command
                                      during the current terminal session


   Characteristics

        The PERUSE command runs the  EDIT  system  program  in  read-only
        mode.   (However,  see Special Cases - Using an Editor Other than
        EDIT, below.) PERUSE is actually the same as the  EDIT  /READONLY
        command.   In  EDIT  /READONLY mode you can use only EDIT program
        switches and commands that do not modify the file.


   Hints

        Avoid Accidental File Modification

             Use PERUSE when  it  is  important  to  avoid  the  risk  of
             accidentally modifying a file.

        PERUSE Line in SWITCH.INI

             Add a line to your SWITCH.INI file for use with  the  PERUSE
             command.  (See Example 3.)


   Special Cases

        Using an Editor Other than EDIT

             The CREATE, EDIT and PERUSE commands in this  manual  assume
             that  these  commands call on the program EDIT.  If your job
             uses another editing program, for example, EDT, the switches


                                   2-269
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PERUSE)


             and examples shown here will not be applicable.

             The Editor used by the CREATE, EDIT and PERUSE  commands  is
             specified by the logical name EDITOR:.  You can find out the
             name of this program  by  giving  the  command,  INFORMATION
             LOGICAL-NAMES  EDITOR:.   The  job-wide  definition (if any)
             will be given first, followed by the system-wide definition;
             the  job-wide  definition  prevails  if  both exist.  If the
             definition of EDITOR:  is SYS:EDIT.EXE, the CREATE, EDIT and
             PERUSE  commands  will function as described in this manual.
             Otherwise, you must  consult  the  appropriate  manual  (for
             example, the EDT-20 Reference Manual) for information.


   Restrictions

        Listing Available EDIT Read-Only Switches and Commands

             Many of the EDIT switches and commands that are displayed in
             response  to  a  ?  modify the file and do not function with
             PERUSE.  If you give a file-modifying switch, the switch  is
             ignored  but  no  error message is displayed.  If you give a
             file-modifying  EDIT  command,  you  receive   the   message
             %ILLEGAL COMMAND.

             For further information on these switches and  commands  see
             the EDIT Reference Manual.


   Effect on Memory

        The PERUSE command clears any  unkept  forks  from  memory,  then
        loads your edit program.


   Related Commands

        CREATE                        for creating new files

        DIRECTORY-class commands      for getting lists of existing files

        EDIT                          for modifying files

        TYPE                          for printing files on your terminal









                                   2-270
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PERUSE)


   Examples

        1.  PERUSE a file

            @PERUSE FILEX.FOR
            Read: FILEX.FOR.1
            *P
            00100  !THIS IS FILEX.FOR

        2.  PERUSE a file, ten lines at a time, and begin at line 100.

            @PERUSE /PLINES:10 FIND.BAS
            Read: FIND.BAS
            *P 100
            00100   !       ADD ROUTINE
            00200   FOR X = 0 TO 400
            00300   IF X$(X) = "XXX" THEN GOTO 2050
            00400   NEXT X
            00500   PRINT STRING$(10,10);"FILE FULL"\SLEEP 4\GOTO 199
            00600   PRINT E$ \LINPUT"ENTER THE NAME ";M$
            00700   IF M$ <> "" THEN LET X$(X) = M$ ELSE GOTO 199
            00800   PRINT E$ \LINPUT"ENTER THE NUMBER ";O$
            00900   IF O$ <> "" THEN LET Y$(X) = O$ ELSE GOTO 199
            01000   PRINT E$\INPUT"MORE NAMES TO ENTER ";D$
            *E




























                                   2-271
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


   2.54  PLOT

   Places requests in a plotter output queue.


   Format

        @PLOT (FILES) /switch(es) filespec/switch(es),...

        where:

        switches       are  keywords,  chosen  from   the   list   below,
                       indicating  your  choice  of PLOT command options.
                       These switches are of two kinds:  job switches and
                       file switches.

                       Job switches apply to all files specified  in  the
                       command, no matter where you give the switches.

                       File switches have different effects depending  on
                       their  positions  in  the  command  line:   placed
                       before all files  in  the  command,  they  act  as
                       defaults  for  all; otherwise they affect only the
                       nearest preceding file.
                            Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        filespec       is the specification of a file you wish  to  plot.
                       You  can  use  wildcard  characters  (%  and *) to
                       specify more than one file.

         Summary of PLOT Command Switches (defaults in boldface)


                                          Job Switches
                                 (affecting the entire command)


        /ACCOUNT:account              Default account - your current
                                                        account
        /AFTER:date and/or time       
        /DESTINATION-NODE:node name   
        /FORMS:forms name             Default forms name - NORMAL
        /GENERIC                      
        /JOBNAME:6-character name     Default name - first six
                                                     characters of first
                                                     filename in request

        /LIMIT:n                      Default n - calculated from length
                                                  of files
        /NOTE:12-character message
                YES


                                   2-272
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


        /NOTIFY:NO
        /PRIORITY:n                   Default n - 10
        /SEQUENCE:n
        /UNIT:octal number
        /USER:user name


                               File Switches
                (affecting only the nearest preceding file,
                    unless placed before all filespecs)


        /COPIES:n                     Default n - 1
        /DELETE                       Default for files of type .LST
        /HEADER
              ASCII
        /MODE:BINARY
              IMAGE
        /NOHEADER
        /PRESERVE                     Default for all files except those
                                              of type .LST



                              PLOT Command Switches


                                  Job Switches
                         (affecting the entire command)


        /ACCOUNT:account              specifies  the  account  of  39  or
                                      fewer characters to charge for your
                                      plotting  request.   This   account
                                      must be valid for your user name.
                                           Default account - your current
                                                             account.
                                                             Check with
                                                             INFORMATION
                                                             JOB-STATUS.

        /AFTER:date and/or time, or   ensures  that  the job  will not be
                                      plotted   until  after   the   date
               day of week (or TODAY) and/or  time  specified.  NOV-12-79
               and/or time            and  18:00 illustrate two arguments
                                      to  this  switch.  If you give both
                                      date and time, separate them with a
                                      space.   When given alone, the time
                                      may be preceded by a plus sign (+),
                                      which  will delay processing by the
                                      indicated length of time  from  the


                                   2-273
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


                                      present.

                                      Alternatively, you can give  a  day
                                      of  the  week  (such  as MONDAY) or
                                      TODAY as  argument;  then  the  job
                                      will   not  be  plotted  until  the
                                      beginning of the following day.  If
                                      you  follow  this  argument  with a
                                      plus sign and a time, the job  will
                                      be further delayed by this amount.

        /DESTINATION-NODE:node-name   specifies the remote node on  whose
                                      plotter   your  request  is  to  be
                                      satisfied.    Two    colons    (::)
                                      following   the   node   name   are
                                      optional.

        /FORMS:forms name             specifies,   in   six   or    fewer
                                      characters,  the forms (determining
                                      the size  of  banner,  header,  and
                                      trailer  sections; the paper color,
                                      width, and weight;  the  number  of
                                      plotter steps per inch, location of
                                      the origin for plotted data, and so
                                      on.)  to  use for the plotting job.
                                      Using   this   switch   may   delay
                                      processing  until  the operator can
                                      mount the proper forms.  Note  that
                                      your  installation  may  provide  a
                                      different default argument to  this
                                      switch.
                                           Default forms name - NORMAL

        /GENERIC                      allows any plotter to be  used  for
                                      filling   the   request;  use  this
                                      switch to override a previous /UNIT
                                      switch.
                                           Default

        /JOBNAME:name                 assigns a name  (of  six  or  fewer
                                      characters) to the plotting job.
                                           Default name - first      six
                                                          characters  of
                                                          first filename
                                                          in the request

        /LIMIT:n                      places a  limit  of  n  minutes  of
                                      plotter  time  on the output of the
                                      plotting job.
                                           Default limits,        usually
                                                   adequate, are computed


                                   2-274
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


                                                   from  the  size of the
                                                   files you want plotted

        /NOTE:message                 labels the header section of output
                                      (the    section    displaying   the
                                      jobname) with a message or notation
                                      of   up   to  12  characters.   The
                                      message Must be enclosed in  double
                                      quotation   marks  if  it  contains
                                      spaces     or      non-alphanumeric
                                      characters.

                YES
        /NOTIFY:NO                    tells the system whether to send  a
                                      message  to  your terminal when the
                                      request has been satisfied.
                                           Default argument - NO
                                           Default argument (if switch is
                                                   given) - YES

        /PRIORITY:n                   assigns a number n, reflecting  the
                                      urgency  of the plot request.  This
                                      n must be from 1 to 63, with larger
                                      numbers      receiving      earlier
                                      treatment.     Note    that     for
                                      non-privileged  users  the  maximum
                                      priority that can be  specified  is
                                      lower  (usually  20), and that your
                                      installation    may    provide    a
                                      different   value   both  for  this
                                      maximum   and   for   the   default
                                      priority.
                                           Default n - 10

        /SEQUENCE:n                   specifies sequence number n for the
                                      printing request, which you can use
                                      when  modifying  or  canceling  the
                                      request.

        /UNIT:octal number            directs your request to the plotter
                                      of the specified octal unit number.

        /USER:user name               specifies the user who is to be the
                                      owner  of  the  plot  request.  For
                                      privileged users only.








                                   2-275
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


                               File Switches
                (affecting only the nearest preceding file,
               unless placed before all file specifications)


        /BEGIN:n                      starts the plotting at  page  n  of
                                      the file.
                                           Default n - 0

        /COPIES:n                     requests that n copies of the  file
                                      be  plotted; n must be less than or
                                      equal to 62.
                                           Default n - 1

        /DELETE                       deletes the file after plotting.
                                           Default for files of type .LST

        /HEADER                       causes a header section  containing
                                      the  jobname  to be produced before
                                      the file itself is plotted.
                                           Default

              ASCII
        /MODE:BINARY                  designates the  mode  for  plotting
              IMAGE                   the file.  ASCII treats  each  word
                                      of  a  disk  file as five seven-bit
                                      bytes, and truncates each  byte  to
                                      six   bits   before   plotting  it.
                                      BINARY  treats  each  word  as  six
                                      six-bit  bytes,  each  of  which is
                                      plotted    without    modification.
                                      IMAGE is the same as BINARY.

        /NOHEADER                     prevents the production of a header
                                      section before the file.

        /PRESERVE                     saves the file after plotting.
                                           Default for all  files  except
                                                   those of type .LST


   Output

        Jobname, Request ID, Limit, Number of Input Files

             As soon as you complete a valid  PLOT  command,  the  system
             responds by printing, on your terminal, the jobname, request
             ID number, the limit in minutes of plotter time assigned  to
             the request, and the number of input files in the request.




                                   2-276
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


   Characteristics

        Ordinary Operation - No Switches

             For most purposes you can use the PLOT command with  just  a
             series of filespecs for arguments.

        Switch Defaults Set by System Manager

             The defaults shown in the list of switches are  correct  for
             most  user  sites.   However, your system manager can change
             some of those default settings.  The switches most  commonly
             affected  are:   /FORMS,  /HEADER and /NOHEADER, /LIMIT, and
             /PRIORITY.


   Hints

        Using SET DEFAULT PLOT

             If there are switches that you always or usually supply when
             using  PLOT,  give the SET DEFAULT PLOT command to establish
             them as defaults (at the current TOPS-20 command level)  for
             the  remainder  of your terminal session.  The switches will
             then behave as if you had  typed  them  directly  after  the
             command  name.   You  can  supersede  any  of  these default
             switches by actually  supplying  the  switch,  with  another
             value, when you give the PLOT command.  Put SET DEFAULT PLOT
             into a file  of  specification  COMAND.CMD  in  your  log-in
             directory if you want these default switches to be in effect
             for all levels of future terminal sessions as well.


   Special Cases

        /SPOOLED-OUTPUT Switch

             You can give the special switch,  /SPOOLED-OUTPUT,  as  sole
             argument  to  the  PLOT  command.   This  causes any spooled
             output accumulated so far during your terminal session to be
             placed  in  a  plotter  queue  immediately,  rather  than at
             log-out time.  The/SPOOLED-OUTPUT switch is useful  only  if
             the  SET  SPOOLED-OUTPUT  DEFERRED  command  is  in  effect.
             Programs that you  run  (especially  FORTRAN  programs)  may
             create  spooled output for the plotter, or you can create it
             directly by giving the command, COPY filespec PLT:.


   Related Commands

        CANCEL                             for withdrawing PLOT requests


                                   2-277
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PLOT)


        INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS        for examining requests in  the
                                           output queues

        MODIFY                             for  changing  PLOT   requests
                                           before processing has begun

        SET DEFAULT PLOT                   for    establishing    default
                                           switches  for  subsequent PLOT
                                           commands.


   Examples

        1.  Plot a file.

            @PLOT CNTR.MED
            [Plotter job CNTR queued, request-ID 91, limit 2]

        2.  Send all files having a four-character file  type  ending  in
            "CTH"  to  the plotter.  Assign a jobname to the request, and
            ensure they are not plotted until tomorrow.   Check  for  the
            request in the output queues, and then cancel it.

            @PLOT *.CTH /JOBNAME:HATCH/AFTER:TODAY
            [Job HATCH Queued, Request-ID 94, Limit 3, 3 Files]
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS

            Plotter Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit  User
            --------  ----  -----  -----------
              CNTR      91      2  LAUDERDALE                    
              HATCH     94      3  ASHLEY /After:21-Jul-79 00:00
            There are 2 jobs in the queue (none in progress)

            @CANCEL PLOT 94
            [1 Job canceled]

















                                   2-278
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (POP)


   2.55  POP

   Terminates the current  level  of  TOPS-20  and  returns  you  to  its
   superior process.


   Format

        @POP (COMMAND LEVEL)


   Characteristics

        POP the Opposite of PUSH

             You can do one and only one POP command for  every  previous
             PUSH  command.   Giving  too many POP commands will cause an
             error message to be printed on your terminal.

        Job Parameters Affected by POP

             As soon as you complete a valid POP command at some level of
             TOPS-20,  you  give  up the copy of memory for that level of
             TOPS-20 and any program  you  were  running.   Any  defaults
             established  at  that  level  (such as default filespecs for
             LOAD-class and EDIT-class commands,  defaults  specified  by
             SET DEFAULT commands) are cancelled as well.  If POP returns
             you to a higher  level  of  TOPS-20,  all  these  parameters
             revert to any values established at that higher level.


   Special Cases

        Returning to Other Programs With POP

             The POP command usually returns you to the level of  TOPS-20
             from  which  you  gave  a  previous PUSH command.  But a few
             system programs such as PTYCON and OPR, also  allow  you  to
             give  PUSH  to  get  a new level of TOPS-20.  Giving the POP
             command to  this  level  of  TOPS-20  returns  you  to  that
             program.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The POP command clears memory, terminates the  current  level  of
        TOPS-20,  and  returns  your  terminal  to  the  previous TOPS-20
        command level (but see Special Cases,  above).   Memory  for  the
        previous TOPS-20 command level is not affected by this action.




                                   2-279
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (POP)


   Related Commands

        CONTINUE              for resuming  execution  of  a  program  in
                              memory

        INFORMATION SUPERIORS for information on the number of forks that
                              are superior to the current EXEC level

        PUSH                  for obtaining a new level of TOPS-20


   Examples

        1.  Give the POP command to return  to  a  higher  level  of  the
            TOPS-20 command processor (EXEC).

            @POP

        2.  Run a program and halt it with CTRL/Cs.  Give a CONTINUE STAY
            command  to  resume  its execution, and then the PUSH command
            for a new level of TOPS-20.   Run  another  program  at  this
            lower  level, then use the POP command to return to the first
            level; in this case you return  before  receiving  the  final
            message of the first program.

            @RUN DMN

            ^C
            @CONTINUE /STAY
            @PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(7)
            @RUN TESTF1

            THIS IS A TEST.

            CPU time: 0.03  Elapsed time: 0:72
            EXIT
            @POP
            EXIT













                                   2-280
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


   2.56  PRINT

   Places requests in a line printer output queue.


   Format

        @PRINT (FILES) /switch(es) filespec/switch(es),...

        where:

        switches     are keywords, chosen from the list below, indicating
                     your   choice   of  PRINT  command  options.   These
                     switches are of two kinds:  job  switches  and  file
                     switches.

                     Job switches apply to all  files  specified  in  the
                     command, no matter where you give the switches.

                     File switches have different  effects  depending  on
                     their  positions in the command file:  placed before
                     all files in the command, they act as  defaults  for
                     all;   otherwise   they   affect  only  the  nearest
                     preceding file.
                          Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        filespec     is the specification of a file you  wish  to  print.
                     You can use wildcard characters (% and *) to specify
                     more than one file.


          Summary of PRINT Command Switches (defaults in boldface)


                                Job Switches
                       (affecting the entire command)


        /ACCOUNT:account               Default account - your    current
                                                         account
        /AFTER:date and/or time
        /CHARACTERISTIC:characteristic value
        /DESTINATION-NODE:node name
        /FORMS:forms name              Default forms name - NORMAL
        /GENERIC
        /JOBNAME:6-character name      Default name - first           six
                                                      characters of first
                                                      filename in request

        /LIMIT:n                       Default n - calculated from length
                                                   of files


                                   2-281
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


        /LOWERCASE
        /NOTE:12-character message
                YES
        /NOTIFY:NO
        /PRIORITY:n                    Default n - 10
        /REMOTE-PRINTER:type
        /SEQUENCE:n
        /UNIT:octal number
        /UPPERCASE
        /USER:user name



                               File Switches
                (affecting only the nearest preceding file,
                    unless placed before all filespecs)


        /BEGIN:n                       Default n - 0
        /COPIES:n                      Default n - 1
        /DELETE                        Default for files of type .LST

              ASCII
              COBOL
        /FILE:ELEVEN
              FORTRAN                  Default for  files  of  type  .DAT
                                                only

        /HEADER

              ARROW
              ASCII
        /MODE:OCTAL
              SUPPRESS

        /NOHEADER
        /PRESERVE                      Default for all files except those
                                               of type .LST

        /REPORT:12-character title

                 SINGLE
        /SPACING:DOUBLE
                 TRIPLE


                           PRINT Command Switches

                                Job Switches
                       (affecting the entire command)



                                   2-282
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


        /ACCOUNT:account            specifies the account of 39 or  fewer
                                    characters   to   charge   for   your
                                    printing request.  This account  must
                                    be valid for your user name.
                                         Default account - your   current
                                                           account (check
                                                           with
                                                           INFORMATION
                                                           JOB-STATUS)

        /AFTER:date and/or time, or

               day  of  week (or TODAY)
               and/or time          ensures that  the  job  will  not  be
                                    printed  until  after the date and/or
                                    time specified.  NOV-12-79 and  18:00
                                    illustrate   two  arguments  to  this
                                    switch.  If you give  both  date  and
                                    time,  separate  them  with  a space.
                                    When given alone,  the  time  may  be
                                    preceded  by  a  plus sign (+), which
                                    will   delay   processing   by    the
                                    indicated  length  of  time  from the
                                    present.

                                    Alternatively, you can give a day  of
                                    the week (such as MONDAY) or TODAY as
                                    argument; then the job  will  not  be
                                    printed  until  the  beginning of the
                                    following day.  If  you  follow  this
                                    argument with a plus sign and a time,
                                    the job will be  further  delayed  by
                                    this amount.

        /CHARACTERISTIC:characteristic value
                                    specifies an alphanumeric string that
                                    communicates  print features, such as
                                    layout  or  lettering  type,  to  the
                                    remote  system  for  DQS remote print
                                    requests.  The user can  specify  one
                                    or   more   characteristic  keywords;
                                    multiple  values  are  separated   by
                                    commas.  You can also specify numeric
                                    bit values, which must  be  separated
                                    by    commas    and    enclosed    in
                                    parentheses.   The  keywords  to  the
                                    /CHARACTERISTIC switch are defined by
                                    the        SET        REMOTE-PRINTING
                                    CHARACTERISTICS command.  The maximum
                                    length of each characteristic keyword
                                    is  14  characters, and the name must


                                   2-283
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                    begin with an alphabetic character.

                                    You  must  use  the   /CHARACTERISTIC
                                    switch   in   conjunction   with  the
                                    /REMOTE-PRINTER switch not  with  the
                                    /UNIT  switch,  which applies only to
                                    local and cluster printers.

        /DESTINATION-NODE:node-name
                                    specifies the remote  node  on  whose
                                    line  printer  your  request is to be
                                    printed.   The  remote  node  can  be
                                    either  an IBM remote station, a node
                                    in a TOPS-20 cluster,  a  DQS  server
                                    node,  or LATserver.  Two colons (::)
                                    following the node name are optional.
                                    You  can  use  this  switch either to
                                    send output to a remote  node  or  to
                                    redirect it from a remote node.

        /FORMS:forms name           specifies,   in    six    or    fewer
                                    characters,  the  forms  (determining
                                    the number  of  banner,  header,  and
                                    trailer   pages;   the  paper  color,
                                    width, and weight;  vertical  format,
                                    carriage  control tape, and so on) to
                                    use for the printing job.  Using this
                                    switch may delay processing until the
                                    operator can mount the proper  forms.
                                    Note   that   your  installation  may
                                    provide a different default  argument
                                    to this switch.
                                         Default forms name - NORMAL

        /GENERIC                    allows any printer, either  upper  or
                                    lowercase, and of any unit number, to
                                    be used for satisfying  the  request.
                                    Use   this   switch   to  override  a
                                    previous /UPPERCASE,  /LOWERCASE,  or
                                    /UNIT switch.
                                         Default

        /JOBNAME:name               assigns  a  name  (of  six  or  fewer
                                    characters) to the printing job.
                                         Default name - first         six
                                                        characters     of
                                                        first filename in
                                                        the request

        /LIMIT:n                    places a limit  of  n  pages  on  the
                                    output of the printing job.


                                   2-284
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                         Default limits,          usually
                                                 adequate,  are  computed
                                                 from  the  size  of  the
                                                 files you want printed

        /LOWERCASE                  directs the job  to  a  line  printer
                                    that  can  print  both  uppercase and
                                    lowercase characters.

        /NOTE:message               labels the header page of output (the
                                    page  displaying  the jobname) with a
                                    message  or  notation  of  up  to  12
                                    characters.    The  message  must  be
                                    enclosed in double quotation marks if
                                    it       contains      spaces      or
                                    non-alphanumeric characters.

                YES
        /NOTIFY:NO                  tells the system whether  to  send  a
                                    message  to  your  terminal  when the
                                    request has been satisfied.
                                         Default argument - NO

                                         Default argument (if  switch  is
                                                 given) - YES

        /PRIORITY:n                 assigns a number  n,  reflecting  the
                                    urgency of the print request.  This n
                                    must be from 1  to  63,  with  larger
                                    numbers  receiving earlier treatment.
                                    Note that  for  non-privileged  users
                                    the  maximum  priority  that  can  be
                                    specified is lower (usually 20),  and
                                    that  your installation may provide a
                                    different value both for this maximum
                                    and for the default priority.

                                    The system acknowledges  this  switch
                                    by  displaying  the message [Priority
                                    has been modified].
                                         Default n - 10

        /REMOTE-PRINTER:type        directs a print request to  a  remote
                                    destination.    The   destination  is
                                    either a remote printer queue for DQS
                                    printers   or  a  LATserver  PORT  or
                                    SERVICE for LAT printers.   The  type
                                    refers to an actual remote queue name
                                    or an alias of a remote printer queue
                                    name  for  DQS  printers,  or  to  an
                                    application terminal on  a  reachable


                                   2-285
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                    LATserver.   Aliases  are set up with
                                    the SET REMOTE-PRINTER command.

                                    You  can  use   the   /REMOTE-PRINTER
                                    switch   with  the  /DESTINATION-NODE
                                    switch,  but  not  with   the   /UNIT
                                    switch.

        /SEQUENCE:n                 specifies sequence number n  for  the
                                    printing  request,  which you can use
                                    when  modifying  or   canceling   the
                                    request.

        /UNIT:octal number          directs  your  request  to  the  line
                                    printer with the specified octal unit
                                    number.  This switch only applies  to
                                    local   or   TOPS-20   cluster  print
                                    requests.

        /UPPERCASE                  directs the job  to  a  line  printer
                                    that uses only uppercase characters.

        /USER:user name             specifies the user who is to  be  the
                                    owner  of  the  print  request.   For
                                    privileged users only.


                              File Switches  
                (affecting only the nearest preceding file,
               unless placed before all file specifications)


        /BEGIN:n                    starts the printing at page n of  the
                                    file.
                                         Default n - 0

        /COPIES:n                   requests that n copies of the file be
                                    printed; n must be less than or equal
                                    to 62.
                                         Default n - 1

        /DELETE                     deletes the file after printing.
                                         Default for files of type .LST

              ASCII                 specifies  that the file consists  of
              COBOL                 ASCII text, or COBOL SIXBIT  text; or
        /FILE:ELEVEN                (ELEVEN)   contains  four   eight-bit
              FORTRAN               bytes  in  each   36-bit   word - for
                                    emulating  paper  tape punch only; or
                                    is FORTRAN ASCII text, where column 1
                                    of  each  line  is  interpreted  as a


                                   2-286
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                    carriage control character.
                                         Default - ASCII   (except    for
                                                   files  of  type  .DAT,
                                                   for which the  default
                                                   is FORTRAN)

        /HEADER                     causes header  pages  containing  the
                                    jobname to be printed before the file
                                    itself.
                                         Default

              ARROW                 designates the mode  for printing the
              ASCII                 file.   ARROW    prints   the    file
        /MODE:OCTAL                 literally;  but denotes  each control
              SUPPRESS              character by an up-arrow (^) and  the
                                    character,  except for the following,
                                    which are reproduced literally  (that
                                    is,  the  control  characters perform
                                    their  normal   actions):    carriage
                                    return,  line  feed,  horizontal tab,
                                    vertical tab, form feed, ^P, ^Q,  ^R,
                                    ^S,  and  ^T.   ASCII prints the file
                                    literally,   without   omissions   or
                                    substitutions,  except for the escape
                                    character (^[) which  is  represented
                                    as a dollar sign.

                                    OCTAL prints each word in the file as
                                    unsigned  octal integers; 3 groups of
                                    128 words (8 rows of 16 columns each)
                                    appear  on  a  standard  line printer
                                    page.   SUPPRESS  prints   the   file
                                    without  any blank lines, causing all
                                    vertical format  characters  (CTRL/K,
                                    CTRL/L,  CTRL/Q,  CTRL/R, CTRL/S, and
                                    CTRL/T)  to  be  converted  to  CRLFs
                                    (carriage return/linefeeds), and then
                                    interpreting multiple occurrences  of
                                    CRLFs as a single CRLF.
                                         Default - ARROW

        /NOHEADER                   prevents the printing of header pages
                                    before the file.

        /PRESERVE                   saves the file after printing.
                                         Default for  all  files   except
                                                 those of type .LST

        /REPORT:title               scans  your  files  and  prints  only
                                    those  lines  whose  first characters
                                    are the title you give.   This  title


                                   2-287
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                    may   contain  up  to  12  characters
                                    (including the quotation  marks  that
                                    must enclose the title if it contains
                                    spaces).  The switch  is  used  along
                                    with the COBOL report writer.

                 SINGLE
        /SPACING:DOUBLE             determines the spacing  between lines
                 TRIPLE             in the printout.
                                         Default - SINGLE


   Output

        Jobname, Request ID, Limit, Number of Files

             As soon as you complete a valid PRINT  command,  the  system
             responds  by  printing,  on  your terminal, the jobname, the
             node name (if printed on remote node),  request  ID  number,
             the  limit  in  pages of output assigned to the request, and
             the number of files in the request.


   Characteristics

        Ordinary Operation - No Switches

             For most purposes you can use the PRINT command with just  a
             series of filespecs for arguments.

        Switch Defaults Set by System Manager

             The defaults shown in the list of switches are  correct  for
             most  user  sites.   However, your system manager can change
             some of those default settings.  The switches most  commonly
             affected  are:   /FORMS,  /HEADER and /NOHEADER, /LIMIT, and
             /PRIORITY.


   Restrictions

        Using /UNIT, /REMOTE-PRINTER, and /CHARACTERISTICS

             You must use the /CHARACTERISTICS switch in conjunction with
             the  /REMOTE-PRINTER  switch  and not with the /UNIT switch,
             which applies only to local and cluster  printers.   If  you
             use the /UNIT switch in conjunction with the /REMOTE-PRINTER
             switch, it  is  ignored.   The  /CHARACTERISTICS  switch  is
             ignored if used in a local or cluster print job.




                                   2-288
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                         NOTE

                 The  /CHARACTERISTICS  switch  does  not  apply   to
                 LATprinters.


   Hints

        Using SET DEFAULT PRINT

             If there are switches that you always or usually supply when
             using PRINT, give the SET DEFAULT PRINT command to establish
             them as defaults (at the current TOPS-20 command level)  for
             the  remainder  of your terminal session.  The switches will
             then behave as if you had  typed  them  directly  after  the
             command  name.   You  can  supersede  any  of  these default
             switches by actually  supplying  the  switch,  with  another
             value,  when  you  give  the PRINT command.  Put SET DEFAULT
             PRINT into a file of specification COMAND.CMD in your log-in
             directory if you want these default switches to be in effect
             for all levels of future terminal sessions as well.


   Special Cases

        /SPOOLED-OUTPUT Switch

             You can give the special switch,  /SPOOLED-OUTPUT,  as  sole
             argument  to  the  PRINT  command.   This causes any spooled
             output accumulated so far during your terminal session to be
             placed  in  a line printer queue immediately, rather than at
             log-out time.  The /SPOOLED-OUTPUT switch is useful only  if
             the  SET  SPOOLED-OUTPUT  DEFERRED  command  is  in  effect.
             Programs that you  run  (especially  FORTRAN  programs)  may
             create  spooled output for the printer, or you can create it
             directly by writing to device LPT:  (by giving the  command,
             COPY filespec LPT:), or giving a CREF command.


   Related Commands

      CANCEL                                  for    withdrawing    PRINT
                                              requests

      INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS             for examining  requests  in
                                              the output queues

      MODIFY                                  for changing PRINT requests
                                              before processing has begun

      SET DEFAULT PRINT                       for  establishing   default


                                   2-289
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


                                              switches   for   subsequent
                                              PRINT commands

      SET REMOTE-PRINTING CHARACTERISTICS     for setting up a string  to
                                              be  used  as  input  to the
                                              /CHARACTERISTICS switch

      SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER             for setting up a string  to
                                              be  used  as  input  to the
                                              /REMOTE-PRINTER switch

      SET REMOTE-PRINTING SYSTEM-DEFINITIONS  for   setting   up   remote
                                              printing  information for a
                                              job  based  on   input   in
                                              SYSTEM:REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD


   Examples

        1.  Print two of your files.

            @PRINT 4-UPED.TXT, CMPTN.TXT
            [Printer job 4-UPED queued, request  302, limit 200, 2 files]

        2.  Print three files, assigning a jobname and  a  note  for  the
            header  page; postpone the printing.  Make 4 copies of one of
            the files, and double-space another one.

            @PRINT /JOBNAME:COMFIL/NOTE:CONFIDENTIAL/AFTER:12-DEC-85 -
            FOO.CTL, HOLMAX.CTL/COPIES:4, INSIDE.RNO/SPACING:DOUBLE
            [Printer job COMFIL queued, request #306, limit 27, 3 files]
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /USER/ALL

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit             User          
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------------
              COMFIL   306     27  LATTA  /After:12-Dec-85  0:00
                      /Note:CONFIDENTIAL   /Seq:1865
            There is 1 job in the queue (none in progress)

        3.  Print a job in a hurry, by  assigning  a  high  priority  and
            skipping the header and first five pages.  Print 10 copies of
            the first file, and 18 of the second.

            @PRINT /JOBNAME:RUSH /PRIORITY:60/NOHEADER/BEGIN:5/COPIES:1 -
            0 RFM.CTL, HOLMAX.CTL/COPIES:18
            [Printer job RUSH queued, request #312, limit 27, 2 files]
            [Priority has been modified]
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /USER/ALL

            Printer Queue:


                                   2-290
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PRINT)


            Job Name  Req#  Limit             User         
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------------
            * RUSH    312      27  LATTA    On Unit:0  /Prio:20
                     /Seq:1870
               Started at 15:00:11, printed 10 of 27 pages
             COMFIL   306      27  LATTA   /After:12-Dec-79  0:00
                     /Note:CONFIDENTIAL  /Seq:1865
            There are 2 jobs in the queue (1 in progress)

        4.  Print a job with a P90 characteristic on a XEROX 8700 printer
            on a VMS system.

            @PRINT FILE4.MEM/REMOTE-PRINTER:XEROX/CHARACTERISTIC:P90
            [Printer job FILE4 queued, request #33, limit 1 files

        5.  Print a job on LATserver printer in one of  four  ways.   The
            TOPS-20  host  has  access  to a printer service named LASER,
            which is attached to port LC14 on a LATserver named LAT97.

            o SERVICE name only

            @PRINT FILE.DAT/REMOTE-PRINTER:LASER
            [Printer job FILE queued, request #43, limit 1 files]

            o SERVICE name and SERVER name

            @PRINT FILE.DAT/REMOTE-PRINTER:LASER/DESTINATION-NODE:LAT97
            [Printer job FILE queued, request #45, limit 1 files]

            o PORT name and SERVER name

            @PRINT FILE.DAT/REMOTE-PRINTER:LC14/DESTINATION-NODE:LAT97
            [Printer job FILE queued, request #53, limit 1 files]

            o SERVER name

            @PRINT FILE.DAT/DESTINATION-NODE:LAT97
            [Printer job FILE queued, request #58, limit 1 files]















                                   2-291
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


   2.57  PUNCH

   Places requests in a card punch or paper tape punch output queue.


   Format

        @PUNCH (ONTO) medium (FILES) /switch(es) filespec/switch(es),...

        where:

        medium         is the name of the medium on  which  you  want  to
                       punch your file(s).  It can be either

                               CARDS
                            or
                               PAPER-TAPE

        switches       are  keywords,  chosen  from   the   list   below,
                       indicating  your  choice of PUNCH command options.
                       These switches are of two kinds:  job switches and
                       file switches.

                       Job switches apply to all files specified  in  the
                       command, no matter where you give the switches.

                       File switches have different effects depending  on
                       their  positions  in  the  command  line:   placed
                       before all files  in  the  command,  they  act  as
                       defaults  for  all; otherwise they affect only the
                       nearest preceding file.

                            Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        filespec       is the specification of a file you wish to  punch.
                       You  can  use  wildcard  characters  (%  and *) to
                       specify more than one file.


          Summary of PUNCH Command Switches (defaults in boldface)


                                Job Switches
                       (affecting the entire command)


      /ACCOUNT:account                     Default account - your current
                                                             account
      /AFTER:date and/or time
      /DESTINATION-NODE:node-name
      /FORMS:forms name                    Default forms name - NORMAL


                                   2-292
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


      /GENERIC
      /JOBNAME:6-character name            Default - first six characters
                                                     of first filename in
                                                     request
      /LIMIT:n                             Default  n - calculated   from
                                                        length of files
      /METERS:n (PAPER-TAPE only)          Default  n - calculated   from
                                                        length of files
      /NOTE:12-character message
              YES
      /NOTIFY:NO
      /PRIORITY:n                          Default n - 10
      /SEQUENCE:n
      /UNIT:octal number
      /USER:user name


                               File Switches
                (affecting only the nearest preceding file,
                    unless placed before all filespecs)


      /COPIES:n                            Default n - 1
      /DELETE                              Default for files of type .LST
      /HEADER
            ASCII
            BCD
      /MODE:BINARY   (CARDS only)
            IMAGE

            ASCII
            BINARY
      /MODE:IMAGE   (PAPER-TAPE only)
            IMAGE-BINARY
      /NOHEADER
      /PRESERVE                            Default for all  files  except
                                                       those of type .LST


                           PUNCH Command Switches

                                Job Switches
                         (affecting the entire job)


        /ACCOUNT:account         specifies the account  of  39  or  fewer
                                 characters  to  charge for your punching
                                 request.  This account must be valid for
                                 your user name.
                                       Default account - your     current
                                                         account   (check


                                   2-293
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


                                                         with INFORMATION
                                                         JOB-STATUS)

        /AFTER:date and/or time or

               day  of  week (or TODAY)
               and/or time       ensures that the job will not be punched
                                 until   after   the   date  and/or  time
                                 specified.     NOV-12-79    and    18:00
                                 illustrate two arguments to this switch.
                                 If you give both date and time, separate
                                 them  with  a  space.  When given alone,
                                 the time may be preceded by a plus  sign
                                 (+),  which will delay processing by the
                                 indicated  length  of  time   from   the
                                 present.

                                 Alternatively, you can give a day of the
                                 week   (such  as  MONDAY)  or  TODAY  as
                                 argument;  then  the  job  will  not  be
                                 punched   until  the  beginning  of  the
                                 following  day.   If  you  follow   this
                                 argument  with  a  plus sign and a time,
                                 the job will be further delayed by  this
                                 amount.

        /DESTINATION-NODE:node-name
                                 specifies the IBM remote node  on  whose
                                 card  punch  or  paper  tape  punch your
                                 request is to be satisfied.  Two  colons
                                 (::)   following   the   node  name  are
                                 optional.

        /FORMS:forms name        specifies, in six or  fewer  characters,
                                 the  forms  (determining  the weight and
                                 color of card or paper stock,  the  size
                                 of banner, header, and trailer sections,
                                 etc.)  to  use  for  the  punching  job.
                                 Using  this  switch may delay processing
                                 until the operator can mount the  proper
                                 forms.   Note that your installation may
                                 provide a different default argument  to
                                 this switch.
                                      Default forms name - NORMAL

        /GENERIC                 allows any  card  punch  or  paper  tape
                                 punch  to  be  used  for  satisfying the
                                 request; use this switch to  override  a
                                 previous /UNIT switch.
                                      Default



                                   2-294
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


        /JOBNAME:name            assigns  a  name  (of   six   or   fewer
                                 characters) to the punching job.
                                      Default name - first six characters
                                                      of  first  filename
                                                      in the request

        /LIMIT:n                 places a limit of n cards (or n feet  of
                                 paper   tape)   on  the  output  of  the
                                 punching job.
                                      Default limits,  usually  adequate,
                                              are   calculated  from  the
                                              size of the files you  want
                                              punched

        /METERS:n                places a limit of n meters on the output
                                 of the punching job (PAPER-TAPE only).

        /NOTE:message            labels the header section of output (the
                                 section  displaying  the jobname) with a
                                 message  or  notation  of   up   to   12
                                 characters.    The   message   must   be
                                 enclosed in double quotation marks if it
                                 contains   spaces   or  non-alphanumeric
                                 characters.

                YES
        /NOTIFY:NO               tells  the  system  whether  to  send  a
                                 message   to   your  terminal  when  the
                                 request has been satisfied.
                                      Default argument - NO

                                      Default argument  (if  switch   is
                                              given)   - YES

        /PRIORITY:n              assigns  a  number  n,  reflecting   the
                                 urgency  of  the  punch request.  This n
                                 must from 1 to 63, with  larger  numbers
                                 receiving  earlier treatment.  Note that
                                 for  non-privileged  users  the  maximum
                                 priority  that can be specified is lower
                                 (usually 20), and that your installation
                                 may  provide  a different value both for
                                 this  maximum  and   for   the   default
                                 priority.
                                      Default n - 10

        /SEQUENCE:n              specifies  sequence  number  n  for  the
                                 punch  request,  which  you can use when
                                 modifying or canceling the request.

        /UNIT:octal number       directs your request to the  card  punch


                                   2-295
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


                                 or  paper  tape  punch  of the specified
                                 octal unit number.

        /USER:user name          specifies the user  who  is  to  be  the
                                 owner   of   the   punch  request.   For
                                 privileged users only.


                              File Switches  
                (affecting only the nearest preceding file,
               unless placed before all file specifications)


        /COPIES:n                requests that n copies of  the  file  be
                                 punched; n must be less than or equal to
                                 62.
                                      Default n - 1

        /DELETE                  deletes   the   file   after   punching.
                                 Opposite of /PRESERVE.
                                      Default for files of type .LST

        /HEADER                  causes a header section  containing  the
                                 jobname  to  be  punched before the file
                                 itself is produced.
                                      Default

              ASCII
              BCD
        /MODE:BINARY (CARDS only)
              IMAGE              designates the  mode  for  punching  the
                                 file onto cards.  One of the following:

                                  o  ASCII treats each  word  of  a  disk
                                     file  as  five  seven-bit  bytes and
                                     punches each byte into one column of
                                     the    card,    using    the   ASCII
                                     translation  table  for   conversion
                                     into Hollerith code.

                                  o  BCD is the  same  as  ASCII,  except
                                     that  it  uses  the  026 translation
                                     table.

                                  o  BINARY treats each group of 26 words
                                     as  78 12-bit bytes and punches each
                                     byte into one column  of  the  card,
                                     from  column  3  through  column 80;
                                     column 1  contains  the  octal  word
                                     count  in rows 12 through 3 and rows
                                     7 and  9  punched,  while  column  2


                                   2-296
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


                                     contains a 12-bit folded checksum.

                                  o  IMAGE treats each group of 27  words
                                     as  81 12-bit bytes and punches each
                                     byte into one column  of  the  card,
                                     ignoring the eighty-first byte.


              ASCII
              BINARY
        /MODE:IMAGE   (PAPER-TAPE only)
              IMAGE-BINARY       designates the  mode  for  punching  the
                                 file   onto  paper  tape.   One  of  the
                                 following:

                                  o  ASCII treats each  word  of  a  disk
                                     file as five seven-bit bytes plus an
                                     even parity bit for each  byte,  and
                                     punches  each byte into one frame of
                                     paper  tape;  if   a   vertical   or
                                     horizontal  tab  is  punched,  it is
                                     followed by a rubout character,  and
                                     if  a  formfeed  is  punched,  it is
                                     followed by 16 null characters.

                                  o  BINARY treats each group of 33 words
                                     as  1  control  word  followed by 32
                                     words of data, where each word (both
                                     control  and  data)  consists of six
                                     6-bit bytes, and punches  each  byte
                                     into  one  frame of paper tape after
                                     adding 200 (octal) to the byte;  the
                                     control  word  consists  of a folded
                                     checksum in the left  half  and  the
                                     data word count in the right half.

                                  o  IMAGE treats each  word  of  a  disk
                                     file  as  one 8-bit byte followed by
                                     28 zeroes,  and  punches  each  byte
                                     into one frame of paper tape.

                                  o  IMAGE BINARY treats each word as six
                                     6-bit  bytes,  and punches each byte
                                     into one frame of paper  tape  after
                                     adding 200 (octal) to each byte.

        /NOHEADER                prevents  the  punching  of   a   header
                                 section before the file

        /PRESERVE                saves the file after punching.  Opposite
                                 of /DELETE.


                                   2-297
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


                                      Default for all files


   Output

        Jobname, Request ID, Limit, Number of Input Files

             As soon as you complete a valid PUNCH  command,  the  system
             responds by printing, on your terminal, the jobname, request
             ID number, the output limit in number of cards  or  feet  of
             paper  tape assigned to the request, and the number of input
             files in the request.


   Characteristics

        Ordinary Operation - No Switches

             For most purposes you can use the PUNCH  command  with  just
             the medium and a series of filespecs for arguments.

        Switch Defaults Set by System Managers

             The defaults shown in the list of switches are  correct  for
             most  user  sites.   However, your system manager can change
             some of those default settings.  The switches most  commonly
             affected  are:   /FORMS,  /HEADER and /NOHEADER, /LIMIT, and
             /PRIORITY.


   Hints

        Using the SET DEFAULT Commands

             If there are switches that you always or usually supply when
             using  PUNCH,  give  the  SET  DEFAULT  CARDS or SET DEFAULT
             PAPER-TAPE command to establish them  as  defaults  (at  the
             current  TOPS-20  command  level)  for the remainder of your
             terminal session.  The switches will then behave as  if  you
             had  typed  them  directly  after the command name.  You can
             supersede  any  of  these  default  switches   by   actually
             supplying  the switch, with another value, when you give the
             PUNCH command.  Put SET DEFAULT  commands  into  a  file  of
             specification  COMAND.CMD  in  your  log-in directory if you
             want these default switches to be in effect for  all  levels
             of future terminal sessions as well.


   Special Cases

        /SPOOLED-OUTPUT Switch


                                   2-298
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


             You can give the special switch,  /SPOOLED-OUTPUT,  as  sole
             argument  to  the  PUNCH  CARDS or PUNCH PAPER-TAPE command.
             This causes any spooled output  accumulated  so  far  during
             your  terminal session to be placed in a card punch or paper
             tape punch queue immediately, rather than at  log-out  time.
             The  /SPOOLED-OUTPUT  switch  is  useful  only  if  the  SET
             SPOOLED-OUTPUT DEFERRED command is in effect.  Programs that
             you  run  (especially  FORTRAN  programs) may create spooled
             paper tape punch or card punch output.  Or you can create it
             directly  by giving the command, COPY filespec PTP:, or COPY
             filespec CDP:, respectively, or by giving a CREF command.


   Related Commands

                CARDS
        CANCEL  PAPER-TAPE      for withdrawing PUNCH requests

        INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS
                                for  examining  requests  in  the  output
                                queues

                CARDS
        MODIFY  PAPER-TAPE      for  changing   PUNCH   requests   before
                                processing has begun

                     CARDS
        SET DEFAULT  PAPER-TAPE for  establishing  default  switches  for
                                subsequent PUNCH commands


   Examples

        1.  Punch a file onto cards.

            @PUNCH CARDS ESTMT.DAT
            [Card-Punch job ESTMT queued, request-ID 146, limit 30]

        2.  Punch a file onto paper tape.

            @PUNCH PAPER-TAPE REAUMUR.LNS
            [Papertape job REAUMU queued, request-ID 12, limit 55]

        3.  Punch three files onto paper tape,  specifying  a  particular
            paper tape punch for two of them and allowing the third to be
            punched on any available device.

            @PUNCH PAPER-TAPE /UNIT:2 INDX.LTG, PON.LG4/GENERIC, -
            BENNETT.TXT
            [Papertape job INDX queued, request-ID 149, limit 110, 3 files]



                                   2-299
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (PUNCH)


        4.  Punch a file onto paper tape, specifying  that  the  job  not
            begin  for  an  hour.   Check for your requests in the output
            queues, then cancel both of your paper tape requests.

            @PUNCH PAPER-TAPE FORUM.APR /AFTER:+1:00
            [Papertape job FORUM queued, request-ID 150, limit 10]
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS/USER

            Papertape Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit             User          
            --------  ----  -----  -------------------------------
                INDX   149    110  SCARNY                    
               FORUM   150     10  SCARNY /After:20-Jul-79 16:20
            There are 2 jobs in the queue (none in progress)

            Card-Punch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit             User
            --------  ----  -----  -------------------------------
              ESTMT    146     30  SCARNY                    
            There is 1 job in the queue (none in progress)

            @CANCEL PAPER-TAPE *
            [2 Jobs canceled]






























                                   2-300
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PUSH)


   2.58  PUSH

   Creates a new level of TOPS-20 inferior to the one from which you give
   the PUSH command.


   Format

        @PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL)


   Characteristics

        A New Level of TOPS-20

             The PUSH command creates an inferior level  of  the  TOPS-20
             command  processor  (EXEC).   The system's SYSTEM:COMAND.CMD
             file and your login directory's COMAND.CMD file are executed
             again,  you have a fresh copy of memory and can begin giving
             commands as if you had just logged  in.   However,  job-wide
             parameters (for example, connected and accessed directories,
             logical name definitions, most  parameters  altered  by  SET
             commands)  are  unaffected  by  the  PUSH command and retain
             their values.


   Hints

        Creating a Different Copy of an EXEC

             You can use the PUSH command to create an inferior level  of
             an  EXEC  of  your  choice.  Normally, PUSH creates the EXEC
             defined by the system logical name, DEFAULT-EXEC:.  Use  the
             DEFINE  command to define a job logical name, DEFAULT-EXEC:,
             with the name of the EXEC you want to create each  time  you
             PUSH.

             Note  that  many  TOPS-20  programs  have  their  own   PUSH
             commands.   However,  only  the  EXEC  and OPR PUSH commands
             refer to the job's definition of DEFAULT-EXEC:.

        Using CONTINUE STAY With PUSH

             You can use the PUSH command to run two programs at once  or
             to do other work that requires more than one copy of memory.
             Simply  use  the  CONTINUE  /STAY  or  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND
             command to continue execution of your current program before
             using PUSH.  After PUSH  you  can  run  another  program  or
             otherwise  alter  memory  without  affecting  memory for the
             first program.  See Example 2.  But see also Warning, below.



                                   2-301
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PUSH)


        Use of Multiforking Instead of PUSH

             The PUSH command allows you to run several programs at  once
             by  running  the  programs  at  different  EXEC levels.  The
             EXEC's multiforking  feature  allows  you  to  run  multiple
             programs at the same EXEC level.  Working from a single EXEC
             makes multiprogramming easier to monitor  and  manage.   For
             information  on  multiforking  see  the  KEEP command or the
             TOPS-20 User's Guide.


   Restrictions

        Number of Successive PUSH commands

             You can give as many pairs  of  PUSH  and  POP  commands  as
             necessary  to complete your task.  Although there is a limit
             to the number of times you  can  give  PUSH  without  giving
             intervening   POP  commands,  this  limit  is  large  enough
             (approximately 24, although smaller  for  a  heavily  loaded
             system) not to interfere with most applications.  There is a
             smaller limit (usually 5) on the number of  EXECs  that  can
             give Queue-class commands.

             Use the INFORMATION SUPERIORS  command  to  learn  how  many
             superior EXEC levels you have created.

        Invalid Definition of DEFAULT-EXEC:

             If you define DEFAULT-EXEC:  with the name of a  nonexistent
             EXEC,  (if,  for  example, you make a spelling error in your
             DEFINE  command),  the  PUSH  command  ignores   the   job's
             definition of DEFAULT-EXEC:  and creates the EXEC defined by
             the system definition.

        Withheld Log-out Capability

             You can usually log out from a lower level of  TOPS-20  than
             the   one  to  which  you  logged  in.   By  doing  so,  you
             simultaneously conclude all processes of your job.  However,
             if  a program  (such as, PTYCON)  has initialized a level of
             the TOPS-20  command  processor  but  has  withheld  log-out
             capability  from it, you must use the POP command, followed,
             if necessary, by a program command to exit from the  program
             and  return to a higher level of TOPS-20, before you can log
             out.


   Warning

        Competition Between Processes


                                   2-302
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PUSH)


             If you  have  two  programs  running  at  once  after  using
             CONTINUE  /STAY  or  CONTINUE  /BACKGROUND and PUSH commands
             (see Hints, above) they may try to access the same files  at
             the  same  time.   Or,  TOPS-20  commands given at the lower
             level may be intercepted by a program running at the  higher
             level.   For  a  discussion  of these possibilities, see the
             Restrictions section of the CONTINUE command description.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The PUSH command preserves your present memory, gives you a fresh
        copy of memory, and leaves your terminal at a new TOPS-20 command
        level.


   Related Commands

        CONTINUE /STAY           for beginning  execution  of  a  program
                                 before giving the PUSH command

        INFORMATION SUPERIORS    for displaying the  number  of  superior
                                 EXEC levels.

        POP                      for returning to  a  previous  level  of
                                 TOPS-20


   Examples

        1.  Give the PUSH command.

            @PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(28)

        2.  Run a program, and give a CTRL/C to return to TOPS-20 command
            level.    Give  a  CONTINUE  /STAY  command  to  resume  this
            program's execution, and then a PUSH command for a  new  copy
            of  the TOPS-20 command language.  Repeat this process twice;
            now you have three programs running at once.  In  the  lowest
            (fourth)  level  of  your  job, begin editing a file.  (Note:
            when running more than one program in this way, be sure  that
            they  do  not  use  the  same compiler or the same data base;
            otherwise, competition among them could  cause  unpredictable
            situations to develop.)

            @RUN TESTF1
            ^C
            @CONTINUE /STAY
            @PUSH


                                   2-303
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (PUSH)


             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(28)
            @RUN DMN
            ^C
            @CONTINUE /STAY
            @PUSH
             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(28)
            @RUN PRODUK
            ^C
            @CONTINUE /STAY
            @PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(28)
            @EDIT ARTIFI.CTL

        3.  Define  logical  name  DEFAULT-EXEC:   with  the  name  of  a
            specialized EXEC.  Then, run that EXEC with the PUSH command.

            @DEFINE DEFAULT-EXEC: SYSTEM:EXTENDED-EXEC.EXE.7
            @PUSH

             TOPS-20 Command processor 7(6530)
































                                   2-304
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                    (R)


   2.59  R

   Places an executable system program in memory and starts it.


   Format

        @R (PROGRAM) filespec /switch

        where:

        filespec       is  the  file  specification  of  any   executable
                       program.
                            Default dev:<directory> - SYS:

                            Default .typ - .EXE

        /switch        is   /USE-SECTION:n
                            specifies the memory section (from  0  to  37
                            octal)  in which your program is to run.  You
                            can use this switch only if your program  can
                            be contained in one section.


   Characteristics

        Need for R Command

             Although in most cases you can run system programs by simply
             typing  the  program name in place of an EXEC command, the R
             command is necessary for running a program whose name is the
             same  as  an  EXEC  command  or  an abbreviation for an EXEC
             command.  For example, if your site  has  a  system  program
             named CONNECT, it must be run with the R command in order to
             distinguish it from the EXEC's CONNECT command.  If you have
             a system program named GE, it must be run with the R command
             to distinguish it from  the  GE  abbreviation  for  the  GET
             command.

        Cancels the Ephemeral Attribute

             If a system program has been set  ephemeral  by  the  system
             manager  or, you have given a SET PROGRAM EPHEMERAL command,
             you can  cancel  the  ephemeral  attribute  by  running  the
             program  with  the  R  command instead of typing the program
             name as an EXEC command.

             For more information on the  ephemeral  attribute,  see  the
             ERUN command.




                                   2-305
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                    (R)


   Hints

        Defining SYS:

             If you redefine logical name SYS:  to be different from  the
             system-wide  definition,  you  should  include  SYS:  in the
             search list if you want to use the R command to  run  system
             programs.    For   further   information,  see  the  section
             entitled, Redefining System Logical  Names,  in  the  DEFINE
             command description.


   Effect on Memory

        The R command clears any  unkept  forks,  places  in  memory  and
        starts the specified program.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES     for  examining  the  definition  of
                                      SYS:

        RUN                           for   running    executable    user
                                      programs


   Examples

        1.  Run the FILCOM system program.

            @R FILCOM
            *

        2.  Find out what APL programs  are  available  in  logical  name
            SYS:.  Run one of them.

            @DIRECTORY SYS:*APL*.EXE

               PS:<FIELD-IMAGE>
             APL.EXE.1
             APLSF.EXE.1
             MAPLFL.EXE.1

             Total of 3 files
            @R APL.EXE







                                   2-306
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RECEIVE)


   2.60  RECEIVE

   Notifies the system that  you  are  willing  to  accept  communication
   links, advice, user messages, and system messages.


   Format

        @RECEIVE argument

        where:

        argument            is a keyword, chosen  from  the  list  below,
                            naming  the  kind  of  communication  you are
                            willing to accept.


                         RECEIVE Command Arguments


        ADVICE              allows  both  assistance  and   communication
                            links  initiated  by another user's ADVISE or
                            TALK command.

        LINK                allows  communication  links  established  by
                            another user's TALK command.

        SYSTEM-MESSAGES     allows notices of new mail  and  messages  of
                            interest to all users sent by the operator or
                            other privileged users.

        USER-MESSAGES       allows messages sent by another  user's  SEND
                            command.
                                 Default - LINKS, SYSTEM-MESSAGES, and
                                           USER-MESSAGES


   Hint

        Typing RECEIVE During Attempted TALK

             If your terminal has been set to refuse  links  and  another
             user  tries  to  talk to you by using the TALK command, both
             terminals will give a  series  of  CTRL/G  signals  (ringing
             bells or beeps) indicating the refused attempt.  If you give
             the RECEIVE LINKS command before these signals are finished,
             the TALK command will succeed.






                                   2-307
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RECEIVE)


   Related Commands

        ADVISE                        for  sending  commands  to  another
                                      user's job

        INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE     for examining your current terminal
                                      settings

        REFUSE                        for refusing  communication  links,
                                      advice,   and   system   and   user
                                      messages

        SEND                          for sending a  message  to  another
                                      user's terminal

        TALK                          for  linking   your   terminal   to
                                      another user's terminal

        TERMINAL INHIBIT              for refusing all types of  terminal
                                      communication    including   links,
                                      advice,   system   messages,   user
                                      messages, and notices of new mail.


   Examples

        1.  Give the RECEIVE command to accept communication  links  from
            other users.

            @RECEIVE LINKS

        2.  Set your terminal to receive links, at the request (sent  via
            the  MAIL  program, not shown here) of another user.  Begin a
            communication session with this user, during which  you  give
            the  RECEIVE ADVICE command also, to allow a demonstration of
            the UDP program.  Afterwards,  set  your  terminal  again  to
            refuse advice.

            @RECEIVE
            @
            LINK FROM RENQUIST, TTY 127
            @;THANKS, BUT IF YOU LET ME DO AN "ADVISE" I CAN SHOW YOU
            @;HOW TO RUN THE PROGRAM BY ACTUALLY DOING IT.  OKAY?
            @;SURE, I'LL FIX MY SETTING.
            @RECEIVE ADVICE
            @ADVISE LATTA
             Escape character is <CTRL>E, type <CTRL>^? for help
             LATTA, MISC:<LATTA> Job 33 EXEC
             [Advising]
            UDP
            UDP>LIST/DOCUMENTATION:/CREATED-SINCE:1-1-78 0:0


                                   2-308
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RECEIVE)


            UDP>EXIT
            @;YOU'LL GET A PRINTED LISTING TOMORROW.
            @;DO YOU SEE HOW I DID IT?
            @;YES, THANKS.  GOODBYE.
            @
             [Advice terminated]

            @REFUSE ADVICE













































                                   2-309
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (REENTER)


   2.61  REENTER

   Starts the current fork at its alternate entry point.


   Format

        @REENTER (PROGRAM)


   Characteristics

        Using REENTER

             The REENTER command  starts  your  program  at  the  address
             specified  by the second word in the program's entry vector.
             For most programs this address is contained in location 124.
             Usually  the REENTER and START commands start the program at
             the same point, but another re-entry point can  be  provided
             to  avoid initialization procedures, perform error recovery,
             or to use the program in a different way.


   Hints

        Further Information

             For more information about entry vectors,  see  the  TOPS-20
             Monitor Calls Reference Manual.


   Related Commands

        GET       for placing an executable program in memory

        LOAD      for loading a source or object program into memory

        START     for entering a program at its normal entry point


   Examples

        1.  Give the REENTER command for your current program.

            @REENTER

        2.  Begin running a program, then give a CTRL/C to leave  it  and
            obtain  a  file.   Resume  execution  of  the  program at the
            alternate entry point.




                                   2-310
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (REENTER)


            @R DUMPER
            DUMPER>^C
            @ACCESS PS:<P.SPECCINI>
            Password:___
            @COPY PS:<P.SPECCINI>USR.FIL
             PS:<P.SPECCINI>USR.FIL.1 => USR.FIL.1 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS PS:<P.SPECCINI>
            @REENTER
            DUMPER>












































                                   2-311
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REFUSE)


   2.62  REFUSE

   Notifies the system that you are not willing to  accept  communication
   links, advice, user messages, and system messages.


   Format

        @REFUSE argument

        where:

        argument            is a keyword, chosen  from  the  list  below,
                            naming  the kind of communication you are not
                            willing to accept.


                          REFUSE Command Arguments


        ADVICE              prevents  assistance  initiated  by   another
                            user's ADVISE command.

        LINKS               prevents both  assistance  and  communication
                            links   from  being  established  by  another
                            user's ADVICE or TALK command.

        SYSTEM-MESSAGES     prevents notices of new mail and messages  of
                            general  interest  sent  to  all users by the
                            monitor  or  by   the   operator   or   other
                            privileged users.

        USER-MESSAGES       prevents messages sent by another user's SEND
                            command.
                                 Default - ADVICE and LINKS


   Hints

        Refusing All Communication

             Users  with  Wheel  or  Operator  capabilities  enabled  can
             ADVISE,  SEND,  and  TALK  to  terminals  that  have refused
             advice, user-messages, and links.  To  refuse  messages  and
             links  from  privileged  users,  use  the  TERMINAL  INHIBIT
             command.

        Typing RECEIVE During Attempted TALK

             If your terminal has been set to refuse  links  and  another
             user  tries  to  talk to you by using the TALK command, both


                                   2-312
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REFUSE)


             terminals will give a  series  of  CTRL/G  signals  (ringing
             bells or beeps) indicating the refused attempt.  If you give
             the RECEIVE LINKS command before these signals are finished,
             the TALK command will succeed.

        Safeguarding Terminal Output

             If you want your terminal to  print  a  long  file,  without
             interference,  use  the  TERMINAL INHIBIT command to prevent
             all classes of message from being received.  Be sure to  use
             the  TERMINAL  NO  INHIBIT command afterwards to restore the
             previous condition of your terminal.


   Special Cases

        Implicit Refusal of Advice

             If you give the REFUSE LINKS command, your terminal will  be
             set   to  refuse  advice  also.   However,  the  INFORMATION
             TERMINAL-MODE command may not display  this  setting  unless
             you give an explicit REFUSE ADVICE command as well.

        Privileged Disregard of REFUSE

             A user with enabled Wheel or Operator capabilities can  give
             the TALK or ADVISE command for any job.


   Related Commands

        ADVISE                        for  sending  commands  to  another
                                      user's job

        INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE     for examining your current terminal
                                      settings

        RECEIVE                       for receiving communication  links,
                                      advice,   and   system   and   user
                                      messages

        SEND                          for sending a  message  to  another
                                      user's terminal

        TALK                          for  linking   your   terminal   to
                                      another user's terminal

        TERMINAL INHIBIT              for refusing all types of  terminal
                                      communication    including   links,
                                      advice,   system   messages,   user
                                      messages, and notices of new mail.


                                   2-313
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REFUSE)


   Examples

        1.  Use the REFUSE command to prevent other users  from  advising
            your job.

            @REFUSE ADVICE

        2.  Receive a communication link formed by  another  user's  TALK
            command.   Confer with him briefly, then set your terminal to
            refuse all classes of message over which you have control.

            LINK FROM RENQUIST, TTY 127
            @!HELLO DAVID. CAN YOU HELP ME WITH EDIT?
            @!SORRY, PLEASE BREAK.  I'M EXPECTING PRINTOUT AND THIS
            @!WILL INTERFERE.  WILL GET IN TOUCH LATER.
            @!OKAY
            @BREAK
            @REFUSE LINKS
            @REFUSE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
            @REFUSE USER-MESSAGES

        3.  As an alternative to giving three REFUSE commands as  in  the
            previous  example,  give  the TERMINAL INHIBIT command.  This
            command refuses all types of messages.

            @TERMINAL INHIBIT



























                                   2-314
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REMARK)


   2.63  REMARK

   Tells the system to regard the terminal input that follows as  comment
   only.


   Format

        @REMARK (MODE)
        Type remark.  End with CTRL/Z.


   Characteristics

        Ending Remarks

             Until you give a CTRL/Z, the system merely displays what you
             type, instead of trying to interpret it as commands.


   Hints

        Useful During TALK or ADVISE Session

             If you have already established contact with another user by
             a  TALK or ADVISE command before giving REMARK, his terminal
             will also display what you type.  Give  the  REMARK  command
             before  sending  lengthy  comments or demonstrating commands
             that you don't want to take effect.


   Related Commands

        ADVISE     for sending commands to another user's job

        TALK       for sending comments to another user


   Examples

        1.  Give the REMARK command.

            @REMARK
            Type remark.  End with CTRL/Z.

        2.  Receive a communication link from  another  user.   Give  the
            REMARK  command  to speak with him.  Give a CTRL/Z afterwards
            to end the remarks.

            LINK FROM P.SPECCINI, TTY 127
            @;WHERE ARE THE NOTES FROM THE LAB DEMO THIS A.M.?


                                   2-315
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REMARK)


            @REMARK
            Type remark. End with CTRL/Z.
            HI, PAUL.  THEY'RE IN THE LAB'S LIBRARY AREA.
            THAT'S CHEM:<P-CHEM.20.NOTES>.  I DON'T KNOW
            THE TITLE BUT LOOK AT THE DATES WITH A
            TDIRECTORY COMMAND.  OKAY?
            ;YES, THANKS.  BYE
            @BREAK
            ^Z












































                                   2-316
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (RENAME)


   2.64  RENAME

   Changes the name of a file.


   Format

        @RENAME (EXISTING FILE) old filespec(s) (TO BE) new filespec

        where:

        old filespec(s)     is a single file specification, or  a  series
                            of  them separated by commas and/or indicated
                            by wildcard characters (% and *).

        new filespec        is the new specification under which you want
                            to  store  the file(s); the new specification
                            must  be  on  the  same  structure;  you  may
                            include an asterisk (*) if you gave more than
                            one old filespec.
                                 Default new filespec - old filespec, but
                                         with  a generation number higher
                                         by 1 than the  highest  existing
                                         generation number


   Output

        Status of Files

             If you use recognition on the new  file  specification,  the
             system  prints  !Old  Generation!, !New Generation!, or !New
             File!, to describe its status.

        Confirmation of Action

             As each file is renamed, the system prints its old  and  new
             specification, and the word [Superseding] if it is replacing
             previous contents, and finally the  word  [OK].   The  delay
             before  you  see  this  [OK]  indicates  how long it took to
             rename the file.


   Hints

        Specifying a New Account and Protection Number

             You can specify the new file's  protection  number  and  the
             account  to  which its storage fees will be charged.  Follow
             the new filespec with a  semicolon  (;)  and  the  letter  P
             before  giving  a  new 6-digit protection number, and with a


                                   2-317
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (RENAME)


             semicolon and the letter A  before  giving  a  new  account.
             Ordinarily   these  values  are  set  to  the  default  file
             protection  and  current  account.    However,   non-default
             protection numbers will be maintained for higher generations
             of existing files,  unless  you  specify  otherwise  in  the
             RENAME command that creates that higher generation.

        RENAME Faster Than COPY for Transferring Files

             For moving a set of files from one directory to  another  on
             the  same structure, the RENAME command is a faster and more
             efficient means than COPY.   This  is  because  RENAME  only
             changes  the  file  specifications;  it  does  not  copy the
             contents of the files.   Also,  a  file  transfer  with  the
             RENAME  command  leaves  only  one  set  of  files,  while a
             transfer  with  the  COPY  command  leaves  two  sets:   the
             original  copies  and  the destination copies.  The original
             copies are often unnecessary and must be deleted.


   Restrictions

        Renaming Between Structures

             You cannot rename a file from one structure to another,  but
             must  use  the COPY command to reproduce its contents on the
             new structure, then the DELETE command to remove it from the
             old structure.

        Renaming Open or Mapped Files

             You cannot rename a file that is open or mapped into memory.
             First  give  the RESET command, or POP followed by RESET, if
             this is the case.

        Renaming Archived Files

             You can rename an archived file  by  specifying  it  as  the
             first  (or  old) argument of a RENAME command.  It will then
             have the second (or new) argument as its  specification  and
             will  remain an archived file.  However, you cannot give the
             specification of an archived file as the second argument  of
             a RENAME command, as this would replace the file's contents.
             If you attempt to do so, the file you specify as  the  first
             argument  will  be  renamed to a generation higher by 1 than
             the  highest  existing  generation  of  the  archived  file,
             leaving the archived file intact.






                                   2-318
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (RENAME)


   Warning

        Replacing Previous Contents of Files

             If  you  rename  a  file  into  a  specification  (including
             generation   number)   that  already  exists,  the  previous
             contents  of  the  new  file  are  replaced  and  cannot  be
             recovered.   But see Restrictions - Renaming Archived Files,
             above.


   Related Commands

        COPY     for making copies of files


   Examples

        1.  Rename a file.

            @RENAME ATM-50.SPC ATM-50.PRL
             ATM-50.SPC.1 => ATM-50.PRL.1 [OK]

        2.  Use a wildcard character to rename all files of a given name.

            @RENAME ATM-50.* 1-ATM-50.*
             ATM-50.BAK.1 => 1-ATM-50.BAK.1 [OK]
             ATM-50.PRL.1 => 1-ATM-50.PRL.1 [OK]

        3.  Access another user directory and transfer to  it  the  files
            renamed in Example 2.

            @ACCESS <ORBEN>
            Password:___
            @RENAME 1-ATM-50.* <ORBEN>
             1-ATM-50.BAK.1 => <ORBEN>1-ATM-50.BAK.1 [OK]
             1-ATM-50.PRL.1 => <ORBEN>1-ATM-50.PRL.1 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS <ORBEN>















                                   2-319
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (RESET)


   2.65  RESET

   Clears memory of the specified forks.


   Format

        @RESET (FORK) argument

        where:

        argument is one of the following:  Fork name
                                           Fork number
                                           * for all forks
                                           . (period)  for  the  current
                                             fork

                                           Default - all unkept forks


   Characteristics

        Action of RESET

             In addition to clearing memory for the specified forks,  the
             RESET  command closes all files, mapped and unmapped, opened
             by the specified forks and their inferior forks.  RESET also
             simultaneously  terminates  the  specified  fork's  inferior
             forks.


   Effect on Memory

        The RESET command clears the specified forks from memory.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION FILE-STATUS      for  determining  which  files   are
                                     currently open

        INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE     for determining contents of memory

        CONTINUE, FORK, FREEZE       other multiforking-class commands
        INFORMATION, FORK-STATUS,
        INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS,
        KEEP, RESET, SET NAME,
        SET PROGRAM, and UNKEEP





                                   2-320
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (RESET)


   Examples

        1.  Give the RESET command to clear all unkept forks from memory.

            @RESET

        2.  Clear all forks, including kept forks, from memory.

            @RESET *

        3.  Display the fork status with INFORMATION FORK-STATUS.   Then,
            clear the SORTER fork from memory.  Redisplay the fork status
            to check the result.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                EDT (1): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 413773, 0:00:00.0
             => PASCAL (2): Kept, Background, Running at 324004, 0:00:00.8
                SORTER (3): HALT at 400370, 0:00:00.6
            @RESET 3
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
                EDT (1): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 413773, 0:00:00.0
                PASCAL (2): Kept, Background, Running 453004, 0:00:01.3































                                   2-321
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RETRIEVE)


   2.66  RETRIEVE

   Returns an off-line file (magnetic tape copy of a file) to disk.


   Format

        @RETRIEVE (FILES) filespec,...

        where:

        filespec              is the specification of any  off-line  file
                              (archived  or not, visible or invisible) to
                              which you  have  access;  you  may  include
                              wildcard characters (% and *).


   Output

        Acknowledgment of Request

             As soon as you complete a valid RETRIEVE command, the system
             responds by printing, on your terminal, the specification of
             each  off-line  file  for  which  you  requested  retrieval,
             followed by [OK].

        Notice of Retrieval Sent to Requestor

             Depending on the procedures at your site, when the files for
             which  you  have  requested  retrieval have been restored to
             their directory on disk, you may receive a mail message that
             contains  the  names of each retrieved file.  Remember that,
             depending on how frequently your  site  processes  retrieval
             requests,  this  message  may  not be sent until one or more
             days after your request.


   Characteristics

        Invisibility of Retrieved Files

             If you retrieve invisible files, they will remain  invisible
             (whether  archived  or  not) when restored to disk.  Use the
             SET FILE VISIBLE command to make  invisible  files  visible.
             Until  you  do so, they will be inaccessible to most TOPS-20
             commands.







                                   2-322
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RETRIEVE)


   Hints

        Using Retrieved Archived Files

             As long as a retrieved archived file  is  visible,  you  can
             inspect  it  using  the  TYPE  or PRINT command, or list its
             specifications using DIRECTORY-class commands.  However, you
             cannot  add  to  it  or  change  it  (for  example, by using
             APPEND).  To make changes to a copy of a retrieved  archived
             file,  first  use  the  COPY  command  to  copy  it to a new
             specification.  If you wish, you can then  request  archival
             for this new file (using the ARCHIVE command) and delete the
             old  one  (using  the  DELETE  command  with  the   ARCHIVED
             subcommand).  You can return an (unchanged) on-line archived
             file to off-line status by using the DELETE command with the
             CONTENTS-ONLY  subcommand,  or  withdraw archive status from
             the file (make it  an  ordinary  disk  file)  by  using  the
             DISCARD command.

        Using Retrieved Non-archived Files

             As long as a retrieved non-archived file is visible, you can
             use  TOPS-20  commands  with it as with any other disk file.
             The only difference is  that  after  any  command  that  has
             changed  the  file,  the  tape copy of the file is no longer
             valid.  This means that you cannot give the  DELETE  command
             with  the  CONTENTS-ONLY  subcommand  to  return the file to
             off-line status.


   Special Cases

        Implied Retrieval Requests

             If your system has enabled  the  "automatic  retrieval-wait"
             feature  (give the INFORMATION SYSTEM-STATUS command to find
             out whether it has), and the SET RETRIEVAL-WAIT  command  is
             in  effect for your job, any command that attempts to use an
             off-line file will create an automatic retrieval request for
             that file.  Under these conditions, commands such as TYPE or
             COPY for which  you  specify  off-line  files  will  not  be
             executed until those files are retrieved.  Implied retrieval
             requests are most useful in batch jobs.


   Related Commands

        ARCHIVE                                 for  requesting  archival
                                                of specified files

        CANCEL RETRIEVE                         for  canceling  retrieval


                                   2-323
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RETRIEVE)


                                                requests  before they are
                                                filled

        DELETE (with CONTENTS-ONLY subcommand)
                                                for  deleting  the   disk
                                                contents      only     of
                                                retrieved (on-line) files

        DIRECTORY (with OFFLINE subcommand)     for      listing      the
                                                specifications of visible
                                                off-line files

        DIRECTORY (with OFFLINE and INVISIBLE subcommands)
                                                for      listing      the
                                                specifications         of
                                                invisible off-line files

        DIRECTORY (with TIMES TAPE-WRITE subcommand)
                                                for finding out the write
                                                date  of the tape copy of
                                                files

        DISCARD                                 for giving  up  the  tape
                                                copy of retrieved files

        INFORMATION RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS          for   finding   out   the
                                                status    of    retrieval
                                                requests


   Examples

        1.  Retrieve an off-line file.

            @RETRIEVE BRCHIVE.TXT
             BRCHIVE.TXT.1 [OK]

        2.  Attempt to use a file.  Upon discovering that it is off-line,
            retrieve  the  file.   When  it  has  been  restored  to your
            directory, discard the tape copy of the file, and  then  have
            it printed on your terminal.

            @TYPE FILBRK.HLP
            ?File is off-line: FILBRK.HLP.1
            @RETRIEVE FILBRK.HLP
             FILBRK.HLP.1 [OK]
                 .
                 .
                 .
            @DISCARD FILBRK.HLP
             FILBRK.HLP.1 [OK]


                                   2-324
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RETRIEVE)


            @TYPE FILBRK.HLP
            !THIS IS JUST A TEXT FILE TESTER.

        3.  Get a listing of your archived files.  Retrieve one  that  is
            off line, examine it, and return it to off-line status.

            @DIRECTORY,
            @@ARCHIVE
            _@@

               MISC:<GOLDEN>
             ARCHEK.FIL.1
             ARCHIVE.ALSO.1;OFFLINE
               .NOT.1;OFFLINE
               .TOO.1;OFFLINE
             MOOBE.TXT.1;OFFLINE
             TESTY.BBN.1,2

             Total of 6 files
            @RETRIEVE BRCHIVE.TXT
             BRCHIVE.TXT.1 [OK]
                 .
                 .
                 .
            @TYPE BRCHIVE.TXT
            !A TEXT FILE TESTER
            @DELETE BRCHIVE.TXT,
            @@CONTENTS-ONLY
            @@
            MISC:<GOLDEN>BRCHIVE.TXT.1 [OK]
            MISC:<GOLDEN> [1 page freed]

        4.  Get an inclusive listing of your  off-line  files,  including
            the  date the tape copy was written.  Retrieve three of them,
            and check the requests in the retrieval queue.  Cancel one of
            the requests.

            @DIRECTORY,
            @@OFFLINE

            @@TIMES TAPE-WRITE
            @@


               MISC:<GOLDEN>
                            Tape-write             

             ARCHIVE.ALSO.1;OFFLINE  8-Jun-85 07:59:08 
               .NOT.1;OFFLINE  8-Jun-85 07:59:09 
             DUMPER.MAC.1;OFFLINE  7-Mar-85 05:19:10 



                                   2-325
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (RETRIEVE)


             PRODUK.EXE.4;OFFLINE  7-Mar-85 05:19:13 
             SQUARE.EXE.1;OFFLINE  7-Mar-85 05:19:14 

             Total of 5 files
            @DIRECTORY,
            @@OFFLINE
            @@INVISIBLE
            @@TIMES TAPE-WRITE
            @@
               MISC:<GOLDEN>
                            Tape-write             

             ARCHIVE.TOO.1;OFFLINE  8-Jun-79 07:59:10 
             BRCHIVE.TXT.1;OFFLINE 27-Jun-79 04:04:58 
             ERCHIVE.TXT.1;OFFLINE  8-Jun-79 07:59:11 
             FRCHIVE.TXT.1;OFFLINE 12-Jul-79 03:23:03 
             MOOBE.TXT.1;OFFLINE  8-Jun-79 07:59:12 

             Total of 5 files
            @RETRIEVE PRODUK.EXE, FRCHIVE.TXT, MOOBE.TXT
             PRODUK.EXE.4 [OK]
             FRCHIVE.TXT.1 [OK]
             MOOBE.TXT.1 [OK]
            @INFORMATION RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS

            Retrieval Queue:
             Name   Req#    Tape 1  Tape 2  User
            ------  ----    ------  ------  -------
            MOOBE    507      5329    5520  GOLDEN
            PRODUK   505      5538    5583  GOLDEN
            FOOBAR   407      5845    5856  TOMCZAK
            EE155    442      6279    5883  WRIGHT
            BRCHIV   504      5543    7138  GOLDEN
            FRCHIV   506      7138    7559  GOLDEN
            There are 6 jobs in the queue (none in progress)

            @CANCEL RETRIEVE 507
            [1 Job canceled]















                                   2-326
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REWIND)


   2.67  REWIND

   Returns a magnetic tape to its  load  point  (logical  beginning,  the
   beginning of the first file).


   Format

        @REWIND (DEVICE) dev:  /switch

        where:

        dev:           is the name of the tape set or magnetic tape drive
                       that  you  want  to  rewind.   The colon after the
                       device name is optional.

        /switch        is one of the following:

                            /CURRENT-VOLUME-ONLY
                                           rewinds tape set to  beginning
                                           of currently mounted volume

                            /ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET
                                           rewinds tape set to  beginning
                                           of first volume
                                           Default - ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET

                              Note:   these switches can be used only for
                                      devices   of  the  form  MTn:,  not
                                      MTAn:.


   Restrictions

        REWIND with Open Files

             If you have given a CTRL/C to exit from a program  that  has
             opened  a  magnetic  tape  set  and you then give the REWIND
             command for that tape set, the system will first ask if  you
             want  to  close  the  associated  file.   You must do so for
             REWIND to succeed, but will probably be unable  to  continue
             the  program  from  that  point because the file will now be
             closed.


   Related Commands

        BACKSPACE     for moving a magnetic  tape  backward  a  specified
                      number of files or records

        DIRECTORY     (when  used  with  a  magnetic  tape  device)   for


                                   2-327
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (REWIND)


                      rewinding  a  tape set, printing a directory of its
                      files, and again rewinding the tape set

        SKIP          for moving a  magnetic  tape  forward  a  specified
                      number of files or records

        UNLOAD        for rewinding a magnetic tape completely  onto  the
                      source reel


   Examples

        1.  Rewind your magnetic tape.

            @REWIND DAY:

        2.  Mount a tape, and prepare to copy files onto  it.   (Use  the
            REWIND  command  to be sure you are at the beginning.)  After
            copying the files,  rewind  the  tape  and  (using  the  COPY
            command)  read  the first one.  Then give TOPS-20 commands to
            free the resources you have been using.

            @MOUNT TAPE DAY:
            [Mount Request DAY Queued, Request-ID 183]
            [Tape set DAY, volume DAY mounted]
            [DAY: defined as MT0:]
            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:
            @REWIND DAY:
            @COPY SNARK:FIL-1.TAP DAY:
             SNARK:FIL-1.TAP.1 => MT0:FIL-1 [OK]
            @COPY SNARK:FIL-2.TAP DAY:
             SNARK:FIL-2.TAP.1 => MT0:FIL-2 [OK]
            @COPY SNARK:FIL-3.TAP DAY:
             SNARK:FIL-3.TAP.1 => MT0:FIL-3 [OK]
            @REWIND DAY:
            @COPY DAY: TTY:
             MT0: => TTY:

            !THIS IS THE FIRST FILE.!
            @DISMOUNT TAPE DAY:
            [Tape dismounted, logical name DAY: deleted]
            @END-ACCESS SNARK:
            @DISMOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: dismounted
            @






                                   2-328
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (RUN)


   2.68  RUN

   Places an executable program in memory and starts it.


   Format

        @RUN (PROGRAM) filespec /switch

        where:

        filespec       is  the  file  specification  of  any   executable
                       program.
                            Default dev:<dir> - DSK:

                            Default .typ - .EXE

        /switch        is /USE-SECTION:n
                            specifies the memory section (from  0  to  37
                            octal)  in which your program is to run.  You
                            can use this switch only if your program  can
                            be contained in one section.


   Characteristics

        Efficiency of RUN

             The RUN command does the work of the pair  of  commands  GET
             and  START.   It  is  a  faster  and less expensive means of
             executing programs than EXECUTE, or  than  LOAD  and  START.
             Therefore  you  should store frequently-run programs in .EXE
             files and run them with this command.


   Hints

        Alternative to RUN command

             When you type only a program name, the system  looks  for  a
             matching  system program.  When you precede the program name
             with the RUN command, the system looks for  the  program  in
             your connected directory.  The RUN command can be eliminated
             by typing the directory name with the program  name.   These
             two  commands  for  example,  each run SORTER located in the
             connected directory:

                  @RUN SORTER.EXE

                  @<SMITH>SORTER.EXE



                                   2-329
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (RUN)


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The RUN command clears any unkept  forks,  places  the  specified
        program  in memory, starts it and leaves your terminal at command
        level in the program (if any), or at TOPS-20 command level.


   Related Commands

        ERUN        for running a system program without  disturbing  the
                    program already in memory

        EXECUTE     for running source or object programs

        GET         for placing an executable program in memory

        R           for running executable programs stored on SYS:

        SAVE        for saving a program in executable (.EXE) format

        START       for starting the program currently in memory


   Examples

        1.  Run one of your executable programs.

            @RUN TESTF1.EXE

        2.  Mount a structure  and  access  a  user's  directory  on  the
            structure.  Run one of his programs.

            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:<ELDRIDGE>
            Password:
            @RUN SNARK:<ELDRIDGE>FT.EXE
















                                   2-330
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SAVE)


   2.69  SAVE

   Stores a copy of memory in an executable file.


   Format

   @SAVE (ON FILE) filespec  (PAGES FROM) loc1 (TO) loc2, loc3 loc4, ...

        where:

        filespec     is the file specification under which  you  want  to
                     store the program.
                          Default filespec - program name.EXE

        loc1 loc2,   are pairs  of octal numbers  or symbolic expressions
        loc3 loc4,   that specify the span(s) of memory pages you want to
        ...          save.
                          Default  loc1  loc2 - all  assigned  pages   of
                                          memory  from  0  to the highest
                                          page  number  of  the   highest
                                          existing section


   Output

        Status of Files

             If you use recognition of the file specification, the system
             prints !Old Generation!, !New Generation!, or !New File!, to
             indicate its status on disk, or !OK!  if saved on a non-disk
             device.


   Hints

        Saving Programs Before Running Them

             When you load a source or  object  program  using  the  LOAD
             command, save it using SAVE before running it.  Then you can
             run it in the future using RUN,  without  first  loading  it
             using  a  LOAD-class command.  This is also true if you save
             the program after running it, but  it  will  then  be  in  a
             post-run state.

        More Information

             For more information about  saved  files,  see  the  TOPS-20
             Monitor Calls Reference Manual.




                                   2-331
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SAVE)


   Restriction

        Saving an Execute-only Compiler

             It is illegal to use the SAVE command after using  the  LOAD
             command  for an execute-only compiler.  An alternative is to
             use LINK with the LOAD command and the /SAVE switch.


   Related Commands

        GET       for putting a saved file into memory

        LOAD      for putting a source or object file into memory

        RUN       for running a saved program

        START     for starting the program in memory


   Examples

        1.  Save the program currently in memory.

            @SAVE
             TESTF1.EXE.6 Saved

        2.  Mount a magnetic tape in write-enabled  mode.   Use  the  GET
            command  to  put an executable program into memory, then save
            it (specifying a new filename) on tape and on disk.  Finally,
            start the program, which is still in memory.

            @MOUNT TAPE LAT:/WRITE-ENABLED
            [Mount request LAT: queued, request-ID 415]
            [Tape set LAT, volume LAT mounted]
            [LAT: defined as MT2:]
            @GET TESTF1
            @SAVE LAT:TAP.EXE
             MT2:TAP.EXE Saved
            @SAVE
             TAP.EXE.1 Saved
            @START

            THIS IS A TEST.

            CPU time: 0.04  Elapsed time: 0.17







                                   2-332
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SEND)


   2.70  SEND

   Sends a message immediately to another user's terminal.


   Format

        @SEND (TO) /switch argument message-text

        where:

        argument     is one of the following:  a user name
                                               a terminal line number
                                               an asterisk  (*) [for  all
                                               terminals]

                     (The asterisk argument requires  WHEEL  or  OPERATOR
                     privileges.)

        message      is a message of up to six lines of text followed  by
                     a carriage return.

        switch       is /NODE:node-name
                     which specifies a node in  the  TOPS-20  cluster  to
                     send the message to.

                     Note that the privileged  ^ESEND  command  can  also
                     send  a message to all terminals on all nodes of the
                     argument  (see  the   TOPS-20   Operator's   Command
                     Language Reference Manual).


   Characteristics

        Multiple-line Messages

             SEND allows you to send multiple-line messages  with  up  to
             six  80-character  lines of text.  Type the message past the
             end of the first line and onto the next line without  typing
             RETURN.  SEND will reorganize your message on the receiver's
             terminal so that words broken across two lines appear on the
             same line.

        Refused SEND

             You cannot contact a user with SEND if his terminal  is  set
             to  refuse messages with the REFUSE USER-MESSAGES command or
             the TERMINAL INHIBIT command.  Normally, if you  attempt  to
             SEND  to  a  user  who has refused user messages, the system
             prints the message ?User is refusing messages and/or links.



                                   2-333
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SEND)


             However, a user with Wheel or Operator capabilities enabled,
             can   SEND  messages  to  users  who  have  given  a  REFUSE
             USER-MESSAGES command, but not the TERMINAL INHIBIT command.


   Hints

        Finding the Receiver's Line Number

             To find the terminal line number for the receiver of a  SEND
             message,  give  the  SYSTAT command with the receiver's user
             name as an argument.

        Sending Terminal Bells

             To get the attention of the user at the receiving  terminal,
             type  a  few  CTRL/Gs  in  your message.  This will ring the
             terminal bell on the receiving terminal.

        SEND in a Batch Job

             You can place SEND commands in a batch control file to  send
             messages  to  your  terminal  on  the condition of a running
             batch job.  Since your  username  is  associated  with  your
             batch  job  and  your  timesharing  job, use the line number
             argument.

        SEND as an Alternative to Mail

             The SEND command can be used as an alternative to sending  a
             message  with one of the mail programs.  For short messages,
             SEND can be more convenient and faster to use  than  a  mail
             program.   For  urgent  messages,  a  SEND  message  is read
             immediately by the receiver, unlike a  mail  message,  which
             can be read at the user's leisure.


   Special Cases

        User Has More Than One Job

             If you attempt to SEND a message to a user who is  logged-in
             on  more  than one terminal, the system responds with a list
             of the user's terminal line numbers and the  programs  being
             run  at  each  terminal.   Type your choice of terminal line
             number (if available, one running the EXEC) after  the  TTY:
             prompt.


   Related Commands



                                   2-334
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SEND)


        ADVISE              for sending commands to another user's job

        RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES
                            for receiving another user's SEND message

        REFUSE USER-MESSAGES
                            for refusing another user's SEND message

        REMARK              for  telling  the  system  to   regard   your
                            terminal input as comment only

        TALK                for linking your terminal to  another  user's
                            terminal

        TERMINAL INHIBIT    for   refusing   all   types   of    terminal
                            communication including links, advice, system
                            messages, user  messages,  alerts,  and  mail
                            notices


   Examples

        1.  Send a message with the SEND command.

            @SEND 141 PAUL, DO YOU HAVE THE TCO TAPE?

        2.  Send a multiple-line message.  Type the message past the  end
            of  the line and onto the next.  Press RETURN only at the end
            of the message.

            @SEND ASMITH AL, I CAN'T MAKE THE NORTH PROJECT MEETING;
            HERMAN JUST CALLED A STAFF MEETING. I'LL WRITE MY ENGINE
            ERING STATUS AND SEND IT TO YOU BEFORE LUNCH. - BILL

        3.  Enable your Wheel or Operator privileges and send  a  message
            to all users.

            @ENABLE
            $SEND * THE LETTER QUALITY PRINTER IS UP
            From NELSON on line 127:
            [THE LETTER QUALITY PRINTER IS UP]
            $DISABLE
            @

        4.  Place SEND commands in your batch control file to monitor the
            progress of your batch job.

            @IF (ERROR) @SEND 122 Error in PROJEC batch run
                 .
                 .
                 .


                                   2-335
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SEND)


            14015 @SEND 122 PROJEC batch job almost done

        5.  Send a message to a user who has two jobs  on  two  different
            terminals.   Send the message to the terminal that is running
            the EXEC.

            @SEND JOHNSON Ready for lunch?
             TTY20, running EXEC
             TTY4, running PASCAL
            TTY: 20

         6.  Send a message to a user on remote node VENUS.

             @SEND /NODE:VENUS ANDERSON Don't forget the meeting!







































                                   2-336
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


   2.71  SET

   Sets or modifies various characteristics of your job, a  directory,  a
   file, a device, or some other entity.


   Format

        @SET argument(s) setting(s)

        where:

        argument     is a keyword, chosen from the list below, indicating
                     your choice of SET command options.

        setting      is a  word  or  number,  required  to  complete  the
                     meaning of most SET commands.


          Summary of SET Command Arguments (defaults in boldface)


        ACCOUNT account   remark
        ADDRESS-BREAK octal or symbolic memory address,
             @@AFTER n     Default n - 1
             @@ALL
             @@EXECUTE
             @@NONE
             @@READ
             @@WRITE
        ALERT date/time message
        AUTOMATIC

        CARD-READER-INPUT-SET name of input set   n
        CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY

                 ---
                 | CARDS  /switch(es)
                 | COMPILE-SWITCHES file type  /switch(es)
                 | PAPER-TAPE  /switch(es)
        DEFAULT  | PLOT  /switch(es)
                 | PRINT  /switch(es)
                 | SUBMIT  /switch(es)
                 |     ---
                 |     | ALLOW
                 |TAKE | DISALLOW
                 ---   |
                       | ECHO
                       | NO ECHO
                       ---



                                   2-337
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)



                     ---
                     | ACCOUNT-DEFAULT dev:<directory> account
                     | password
                     |
                     | ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
                     | FILE-PROTECTION-DEFAULT dev:<directory> octal code
                     | password
                     |      Default code - 777700
                     | GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT-DEFAULT 
                     | dev:<directory> n password
                     |      Default n - 1
        DIRECTORY    | NO ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
|                    | NO SECURE
                     | OFFLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT dev:<directory>date or +n
                     |      Default n - 90
                     | ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT dev:<directory>date or +n
                     |      Default n - 60
                     | PASSWORD dev:<directory>
                     | old password
                     | new password
                     | new password
                     |
                     | PROTECTION dev:<directory> octal protection code
                     | password
                     |      Default code - 777700
|                    | SECURE str:<directory>
                     ---


                       ---               ---
        ENTRY-VECTOR   | octal or symbolic | octal or symbolic length
                       | memory location   | between 1 and 777
                       ---               ---
                              Default length - 1

                  ---
                  | ACCOUNT  filespecs account
                  | EPHEMERAL filespecs
                  | EXPIRED filespecs
                  | GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT filespecs n  Default n - 1
                  | INVISIBLE
                  |    EPHEMERAL filespecs
|                 |    PERMANENT filespecs
                  | NO PROHIBIT filespecs
        FILE      |    RESIST filespecs
|                 |    SAVE-BY-BACKUP-SYSTEM filespecs
|                 |    SECURE filespecs
|                 |    PERMANENT filespecs
|                 |    TEMPORARY filespecs
|                 |    UNDELETABLE filespecs


                                   2-338
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                  | OFFLINE-EXPIRATION filespecs date or +n
                  | ONLINE-EXPIRATION filespecs  date or +n
|                 | PERMANENT
                  | PROHIBIT filespecs
                  | PROTECTION filespecs   octal protection code
                  |           Default code - 777700
                  | RESIST filespecs
|                 | SAVE-BY-BACKUP-SYSTEM
|                 | SECURE filespecs
|                 | TEMPORARY
|                 | UNDELETABLE 
                  | VISIBLE
                  ---

                          ---
        HOST node-name::  | /CTERM
                          | /NRT
                          ---
        LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD
        LOCATION node-name  Default node-name - your host node
        MAIL-WATCH user-name message-count
        NAME fork-name

             ---
             | ADDRESS-BREAK
             | ALERT
             | AUTOMATIC
             | CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY
             |          ---
             |          | CARDS
             |          | COMPILE-SWITCHES  file type or *
             |          | PAPER-TAPE
             | DEFAULT  | PLOT
|            |          | PROGRAM
             |          | PRINT
        NO   |          | SUBMIT
             |          ---
             |
             | LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD
             | MAIL-WATCH user-name
             | RETRIEVAL-WAIT
|            | STATUS-WATCH
             | TIME-LIMIT
             |      ---
             |      | <RET>
             | TRAP | FILE-OPENINGS
             |      |     ---
             |      |     | /ALL
             |      |     | /DEFINED
             |      | JSYS| /UNDEFINED
             |      ---   | name


                                   2-339
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


             |            | number
             |            ---
             | UUO-SIMULATION
             ---

                                              ---
                                              | COPY-ON-WRITE
                                              | EXECUTE
                                              |
                                              |    ---
                                              |    | COPY-ON-WRITE
        PAGE-ACCESS  octal page numbers       | NO | WRITE
                                              |    ---
                                              |
                                              | NONEXISTENT
                                              | READ
                                              | WRITE
                                              ---

|       PASSWORD dev:<directory>
|       old password
|       new password
|       new password
|  
                           ---
                           | EPHEMERAL
                           |      ---
                           |      | CONTINUE
        PROGRAM fork-name  | KEEP | REENTER
                           |      | START
                           |      ---
                           | NO-EPHEMERAL
                           | NONE
                           ---

                           CHARACTERISTICS name value
                                        ---              --- ---
        REMOTE-PRINTING    PRINTER name | remote queue     | | DQS node 
                                        | LATserver port   | | LAT server
                                        | LATserver service| ---
                                        | alias            |
                                        ---              ---
                           SYSTEM-DEFINITIONS

        RETRIEVAL-WAIT

        SESSION-REMARK remark of up to 39 characters

                        ---
                        | IMMEDIATE
        SPOOLED-OUTPUT  | DEFERRED


                                   2-340
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                        ---

        STATUS-WATCH,
             @@INTERRUPT
             @@NO
             @@PAGES
             @@TOPS-10-PAGES

             ---
             |            ---
             |            |  200
             |            |  556
             | DENSITY    |  800
             |            | 1600
             |            | 6250
             |            | SYSTEM-DEFAULT
             |            ---
             |           ---
             |           | ANSI-ASCII
             |           | CORE-DUMP
             |           | HIGH-DENSITY
        TAPE | FORMAT    | INDUSTRY-COMPATIBLE
             |           | SIXBIT
             |           | SYSTEM-DEFAULT
             |           ---
             |           ---
             |           | EVEN
             | PARITY    | ODD
             |           ---
             |
             | RECORD-LENGTH n bytes     Default n  - 512
             ---

        TERMINAL feature or type

        TIME-LIMIT n

              ---
              | FILE-OPENINGS
              |      ---
              |      | /ALL
              |      | /DEFINED
              | JSYS | /UNDEFINED
              |      | name
              |      | number
              |      ---
              |   ---
              |   | <RET>
        TRAP  | NO| FILE-OPENINGS
              |   |      ---
              |   |      | /ALL


                                   2-341
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


              |   |      | /DEFINED
              |   | JSYS | /UNDEFINED
              |   |      | name
              |   |      | number
              |   |      ---
              |   | PROCEED
              |   ---
              | PROCEED
              ----

                       ---
        TYPEOUT MODE   | NUMERIC
                       | SYMBOLIC
                       ---
        UUO SIMULATION


                           SET Command Arguments

        ACCOUNT account   remark
                                 begins charging  the  specified  account
                                 for   the   remainder  of  your  current
                                 terminal session or until  you  use  the
                                 command   again.   You  must  supply  an
                                 alphanumeric account name of 39 or fewer
                                 characters  valid  for  your  user name.
                                 Then you can type  an  optional  session
                                 remark,  also of 39 or fewer characters,
                                 to be inserted in system accounting data
                                 for   your   current  terminal  session.
                                 Check your current account  and  session
                                 remark with INFORMATION JOB-STATUS.

        ADDRESS-BREAK octal or symbolic memory location,
                                 causes  the  program  in  memory  to  be
                                 suspended and a message to be printed on
        @@AFTER n                your terminal  when the memory  location
        @@ALL                    you   specify  is  referenced  for   the
        @@EXECUTE                indicated   operation - execute,   read,
        @@NONE                   write, or any of these (ALL).  With  the
        @@READ                   AFTER subcommand you determine how  many
        @@WRITE                  times it must be referenced  before  the
                                 address  break  occurs;  with  NONE  you
                                 cancel address breaks for the  specified
                                 location,   just  as  with  the  SET  NO
                                 ADDRESS-BREAK   command.     Each    SET
                                 ADDRESS-BREAK    command   cancels   any
                                 previous  address  break.   Check   your
                                 current  address  break with INFORMATION
                                 ADDRESS-BREAK.
                                      Default   subcommands - ALL,    and


                                   2-342
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                                              AFTER 1

          ---                    ---
          | date and hh:mm         |
          | hh:mm                  |
   ALERT  | +hh:mm                 |             message
          | day-of-week and +hh:mm |
          | TODAY and +hh:mm       |
          ---                    ---

                                 causes the system to ring your  terminal
                                 bell  andtype  a  line  at the specified
                                 date and time.  This line  contains  the
                                 time  of day and your message.  The sign
                                 (+), used with the day-of-week and TODAY
                                 arguments,  adds the time you specify to
                                 the beginning of the  day  (00:00:00  or
                                 midnight).  For example, the command SET
                                 ALERT THURSDAY +10:00 sets an alert  for
                                 Thursday  at 10:00 A.M.  If you omit the
                                 plus sign after a day-of-week  or  TODAY
                                 argument,  the  time  is  interpreted as
                                 part  of  the  message.   When  a   time
                                 argument  is  used without a day-of-week
                                 or TODAY argument, the  plus  sign  adds
                                 the  specified time to the current time.
                                 For example, the command SET ALERT +1:00
                                 sets an alert for one hour from the time
                                 the command is given.

                                 If  the  SET  AUTOMATIC  command  is  in
                                 effect,  this  message is sent no matter
                                 what you are  doing  at  your  terminal.
                                 Otherwise,  you  are  alerted  only when
                                 your terminal is about to type a TOPS-20
                                 prompt  ($  or  @).   Alert settings are
                                 erased when you log out.  Therefore, you
                                 should   enter   this  command  in  your
                                 COMAND.CMD  file  if  you  want  to   be
                                 alerted  in  the  distant future or on a
                                 regular basis. Check the setting of this
                                 command with  INFORMATION  ALERTS.   See
                                 Example 8.

   AUTOMATIC                     allows you to be notified by the  system
                                 (as  a  result  of  a  SET  ALERT or SET
                                 MAIL-WATCH command) whether or not  your
                                 job  is at TOPS-20 command level.  Every
                                 five minutes, the system checks  to  see
                                 if   you  should  be  notified.   It  is
                                 recommended that you enter this  command


                                   2-343
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 in the LOGIN.CMD file to ensure coverage
                                 from the time you log  in.   Check  with
                                 INFORMATION    ALERTS   or   INFORMATION
                                 COMMAND-LEVEL.

   CARD-READER-INPUT-SET name of input set  n
                                 is used by the batch system to associate
                                 the   indicated   set  of  punch  cards,
                                 beginning  with  deck  n,  with   system
                                 device CDR:

   CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY          allows  any  program  executed  at   the
                                 current  command  level to handle CTRL/C
                                 interrupts itself.  You cannot use  this
                                 command  in  a  batch  job.   Check  the
                                 current   setting    with    INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.
                                      Default

            ---
            | CARDS /switch(es)
            | COMPILE-SWITCHES file-type /switch(es)
            | PAPER-TAPE /switch(es)
            | PLOT /switch(es)
            | PRINT /switch(es)
            |        ---
            |        | EPHEMERAL
   DEFAULT  |PROGRAM | KEEP argument
            |        | NO-EPHEMERAL
            |        |NONE
            |        ---
            | SUBMIT /switch(es)
            |      ---
            |      | ALLOW
            |      | DISALLOW
            | TAKE | ECHO
            |      | NO ECHO     sets up,  as default global arguments to
            ---    ---           the command selected, the arguments  you
                                 specify.   CARDS  refers  to  the  PUNCH
                                 CARDS  command, COMPILE- SWITCHES to all
                                 the LOAD-class commands, and  PAPER-TAPE
                                 to  the PUNCH PAPER TAPE command.  These
                                 arguments  are  any  switch  or  keyword
                                 valid for the given command.

                                 For COMPILE-SWITCHES, you  must  specify
                                 the  type  of file you want the switches
                                 applied to  by  preceding  the  switches
                                 with  one of the following:  a file type
                                 (excluding the  period),  a  period  for
                                 file    specifications   with   a   null


                                   2-344
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 extension, or an asterisk  (*)  for  all
                                 file types.  Check current settings with
                                 INFORMATION DEFAULTS.

   DIRECTORY ACCOUNT-DEFAULT dev:<directory> default account
   PASSWORD:password
                                 sets  the  account  of   39   or   fewer
                                 characters  to  charge for your terminal
                                 session whenever  you  log  in  to  this
                                 directory without specifying an account.
                                 Check with INFORMATION DIRECTORY.

   DIRECTORY ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES dev:<directory>
                                 causes on-line files that  have  expired
                                 to  be  automatically  archived.   Check
                                 with INFORMATION DIRECTORY.

   DIRECTORY FILE-PROTECTION-DEFAULT dev:<directory> octal code
   PASSWORD:password
                                 sets a default protection code governing
                                 access  to files subsequently created in
                                 the directory.  See description of  FILE
                                 PROTECTION  argument for a list of valid
                                 protection    codes.      Check     with
                                 INFORMATION DIRECTORY.
                                      Default code - 777700

   DIRECTORY GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT-DEFAULT dev:<directory> n
   PASSWORD:password
                                 prescribes for the directory  a  default
                                 value  for  the number of generations of
                                 subsequently-created  files   to   save.
                                 Check with INFORMATION DIRECTORY.
                                      Default n - 1

   DIRECTORY NO ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES
                                 prevents on-line files that have expired
                                 from being automatically archived
                                      Default

|  DIRECTORY NO SECURE str:<directory>
|                                Specifies  that  files  created  in  the
|                                directory  are  not  secure.  The Access
|                                Control Job is not used to  verify  user
|                                access to new files in this directory.
|                                     Default

   DIRECTORY OFFLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT dev:<directory> date or +n
                                 sets the tape expiration date for  files
                                 that  are  to  go  off  line  because of
                                 archiving or migration.  If you  specify


                                   2-345
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 "+n", the expiration date is n days from
                                 the date the files were moved off line.
                                      Default n - 90

   DIRECTORY ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT dev:<directory> date or +n
                                 sets the disk expiration date for  files
                                 that are to be created in the directory.
                                 If you specify "+n", the expiration date
                                 is n days from the creation date.
                                      Default n - 60

   DIRECTORY PASSWORD dev:<directory>
   Old password:old password
   New password:new password
   Retype new password:new password
                                 allows you to change the password of the
                                 directory   named.    The  password  can
                                 consist  of  up   to   39   alphanumeric
                                 characters, including hyphens.

   DIRECTORY PROTECTION dev:<directory> octal protection code
   Password:password
                                 establishes   for   the   directory    a
                                 protection    code    constructed    (by
                                 addition) from the values  shown  below.
                                 Check with INFORMATION DIRECTORY.

     77      full access to the directory
     40      access  to  files  in  the  directory  (including  expunging
             individual  files),  consistent  with the file protection of
             the files
     10      connect to the directory without giving a password, undelete
             files, expunge the entire directory, and change times, dates
             and accounting information for files.  All other  access  is
             governed by the file protection of each file.
     04      create files in the directory
     00      no access to the directory
                                      Default code - 777700

                                 See the TOPS-20 User's  Guide  for  more
                                 information about protection codes.

|  DIRECTORY SECURE str:<directory>
|                                indicates that any new files created  in
|                                the  specified  directory be made secure
|                                by default.  When a file is secure,  the
|                                Access  Control Job checks to see if the
|                                user has access to that file before  the
|                                user  can  read,  write, append, rename,
|                                delete, set secure, or set unsecure that
|                                file.


                                   2-346
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                  ---               ---
   ENTRY-VECTOR   | octal or symbolic |  octal or symbolic length
                  | memory location   |  from 1 to 777
                  ---               ---
                                 lets you change the entry vector of  the
                                 program  in  memory.   Check the current
                                 setting with INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE.
                                      Default length - 1

   FILE ACCOUNT filespecs account
                                 specifies  the  account  to  charge  for
                                 storage  of the files named.  Check with
                                 the DIRECTORY command  and  the  ACCOUNT
                                 subcommand.

   FILE EPHEMERAL filespec       assigns  an  ephemeral  attribute  to  a
                                 system  program.   The program is placed
                                 in an ephemeral fork only when  you  run
                                 it by typing just the program name as an
                                 EXEC  command.   Running  an   ephemeral
                                 system   program   with  the  R  command
                                 cancels the ephemeral attribute.  For  a
                                 description  of  an  ephemeral fork, see
                                 the ERUN command, Characteristics of  an
                                 Ephemeral Fork.

                                 Wheel   or   Operator   privileges   are
                                 required   to   set   a  system  program
                                 ephemeral.  See Example 11 for setting a
                                 system  program  ephemeral.  See Example
                                 12 for  running  your  own  programs  by
                                 typing only the program name.

   FILE EXPIRED filespecs        establishes today as the expiration date
                                 for  the specified on-line files.  Check
                                 with the DIRECTORY command and the DATES
                                 ONLINE-EXPIRATION subcommand.

   FILE GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT filespecs n
                                 tells the system how many generations of
                                 the specified files to save.  Check with
                                 the   DIRECTORY    command    and    the
                                 GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT subcommand.
                                      Default n - 1

   FILE INVISIBLE filespecs      makes the specified file inaccessible to
                                 most   programs  and  TOPS-20  commands.
                                 Check with the DIRECTORY command and the
                                 INVISIBLE subcommand.

   FILE NO EPHEMERAL filespec    removes the ephemeral attribute  from  a


                                   2-347
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 system   program.    Wheel  or  Operator
                                 privileges  are  required  to  alter   a
                                 system program.

                                 You can cancel the  ephemeral  attribute
                                 for  your  copy of a system program with
                                 the SET PROGRAM NO-EPHEMERAL command or,
                                 by   running  the  program  with  the  R
                                 command instead  of  simply  typing  the
                                 system program name as a command.

|  FILE NO PERMANENT filespecs   specifies that the file does  not  exist
|                                after it is deleted and expunged.
|                                     Default

   FILE NO PROHIBIT filespecs    allows  the  system   to   migrate   the
                                 specified  file  to  off-line storage if
                                 disk space becomes low.  For  privileged
                                 users  only.   Check  with the DIRECTORY
                                 command   and   the   PROHIBIT-MIGRATION
                                 subcommand.
                                      Default

   FILE NO RESIST filespecs      cancels  the  effect  of  the  SET  FILE
                                 RESIST  command.  This switch allows the
                                 system to move the  specified  files  to
                                 off-line   storage  without  hesitating.
                                 Check with the DIRECTORY command and the
                                 RESIST-MIGRATION subcommand.
                                      Default

|  FILE NO SAVE-BY-BACKUP SYSTEM filespecs
|                                indicates not to save the specified file
|                                as  indicated  by a DUMPER save command.
|                                For example, a SYSTEM:DUMP.EXE file.
|  
|  FILE NO SECURE filespecs      indicates that specified files  are  not
|                                secure.   The  Access Control Job is not
|                                used  to  verify  user  access  to  this
|                                file(s).
|  
|  FILE NO TEMPORARY filespecs   indicates the specified file  is  not  a
|                                temporary file.
|                                     Default
|  
|  FILE NO UNDELETABLE filespecs
|                                specifies that the file can be deleted.
|                                     Default

   FILE OFFLINE-EXPIRATION filespecs date or +n
                                 specifies  when  the  contents   of   an


                                   2-348
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 off-line   file  can  be  expunged  from
                                 off-line storage.  If you specify  "+n",
                                 the  expiration  date is n days from the
                                 date it was moved off line.  Check  with
                                 the  DIRECTORY  command  and  the  DATES
                                 OFFLINE-EXPIRATION subcommand.

   FILE ONLINE-EXPIRATION filespecs date or +n
                                 establishes the date on which  the  disk
                                 contents  of  the  specified  files will
                                 expire.   If  you  specify   "+n",   the
                                 expiration  date  is  n  days  from  the
                                 current date.  Check with the  DIRECTORY
                                 command   the   DATES  ONLINE-EXPIRATION
                                 subcommand.

|  FILE PERMANENT filespecs      specifies that after a file  is  deleted
|                                and   expunged,   the  file  name  still
|                                exists.  For example, a MAIL.TXT file.

   FILE PROHIBIT filespecs       tells the system never  to  migrate  the
                                 specified file to off-line storage.  For
                                 privileged users  only.   (Nonprivileged
                                 users should refer to the description of
                                 the SET FILE RESIST command.   See  also
                                 Hints - Alternative to SET FILE PROHIBIT
                                 for Non-privileged Users, below.)  Check
                                 with   the  DIRECTORY  command  and  the
                                 PROHIBIT-MIGRATION subcommand.

   FILE PROTECTION filespecs octal protection code
                                 sets,  for  the   specified   files,   a
                                 protection    code    constructed    (by
                                 addition) from the  octal  values  shown
                                 below.  Check with the DIRECTORY command
                                 and the PROTECTION subcommand.

     77      full access to the file
     40      read the file
     20      write and delete the file
     10      execute the program contained in the file
     04      append to the file
     02      access the file using wildcarded file specifications
     00      no access to the file
                                      Default code - 777700

   See the TOPS-20 User's Guide for  more  information  about  protection
   codes.

   FILE RESIST filespecs         offers   nonprivileged   users   limited
                                 protection   against   migration.    The


                                   2-349
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 specified files will be forced  off-line
                                 only  when  absolutely necessary.  Check
                                 with  the  DIRECTORY  command  and   the
                                 RESIST-MIGRATION subcommand.

|  FILE SAVE-BY-BACKUP-SYSTEM filespecs
|                                indicates that  the  specified  file  is
|                                saved  as  required  by a incremental or
|                                full DUMPER save command.
|                                     Default
|  
|  FILE SECURE filespecs         indicates that the specified  files  are
|                                secure.   When  a  file  is  secure, the
|                                Access Control Job checks to see if  the
|                                user  has access to that file before the
|                                user can read,  write,  append,  rename,
|                                delete, set secure, or set unsecure that
|                                file.
|  
|  FILE TEMPORARY filespecs      indicates   the   specified   file    is
|                                temporary.
|  
|  FILE UNDELETABLE filespecs    indicates the specified file  cannot  be
|                                deleted.

   FILE VISIBLE filespecs        makes the specified file  accessible  to
                                 all   programs   and  TOPS-20  commands.
                                 Check with the DIRECTORY command and the
                                 INVISIBLE subcommand.
                                      Default

   HOST                          Due to the number of options in the  SET
                                 HOST command, it is described separately
                                 from the SET command.  See the SET  HOST
                                 command  description  following  the SET
                                 command.

   LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD          instructs the system  to  disregard  all
                                 terminal  input  made  after a line that
                                 causes an  error  and  before  the  next
                                 prompt.   Check  the  setting  for  your
                                 current   level    of    TOPS-20    with
                                 INFORMATION COMMAND-LEVEL.

   LOCATION node-name::          causes all output device request  to  be
                                 sent   to   the   specified  IBM  remote
                                 station.  Two colons (::) following  the
                                 node name are optional.  Check available
                                 nodes with INFORMATION DECNET, and check
                                 your  current setting (if different from
                                 your  host  node  [log-in  node])   with


                                   2-350
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 INFORMATION JOB-STATUS.
                                       Default node-name - your host node

   MAIL-WATCH user-name message-count
                                 checks the MAIL file for  the  specified
                                 user  immediately and every five minutes
                                 thereafter  whenever  your  terminal  is
                                 about to type a TOPS-20 prompt (@ or $),
                                 and sends a message notifying  you  that
                                 the  user  has  new  mail  if  this file
                                 contains unread mail.   If  you  specify
                                 your  own  user-name,  you  receive  the
                                 message [You have mail from USER-NAME at
                                 00:00:00].   If  you specify a user-name
                                 other than your  own,  you  receive  the
                                 message   [RECEIVER-USER-NAME  has  mail
                                 from SENDER-USER-NAME at 00:00:00].  You
                                 must  have  read access to the specified
                                 user's mail file.

                                 The  message  count  argument  sets  the
                                 number  of  times  you  are  notified of
                                 unread  mail.   If  the  SET   AUTOMATIC
                                 command  is  in  effect, this message is
                                 sent no matter what  you  are  doing  at
                                 your  terminal.   The  maximum number of
                                 users that you can MAIL-WATCH  is  five.
                                 See Example 10.
                                      Default user-name - your user-name
                                      Default message-count - 1000

   NAME fork-name                renames  the  current  fork   with   the
                                 specified alphanumeric name.  Select the
                                 current  fork  with  the  FORK  command.
                                 Check with INFORMATION FORK-STATUS.

                                 If you give a fork the name of a program
                                 specified  in a SET PROGRAM command, the
                                 fork   will   receive   the   attributes
                                 assigned  in  the  SET  PROGRAM command.
                                 For  example,  suppose  you  have  given
                                 these two commands:

                                      SET PROGRAM COMPUTE KEEP CONTINUE
                                      SET PROGRAM SQUARE EPHEMERAL

                                 If only COMPUTE is  in  memory  and  you
                                 name it SQUARE, the fork will assume the
                                 attributes defined in  the  SET  PROGRAM
                                 SQUARE  command  and become an ephemeral
                                 fork.  The system  indicates  this  with


                                   2-351
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 the   message  [Assuming  attributes  of
                                 SQUARE].

                                 A fork must have a unique name.  If  you
                                 attempt  to  name  a  fork with the same
                                 name as another fork, the system appends
                                 a  digit  to the new name.  For example,
                                 if you attempted to name two forks EDIT,
                                 the second fork would be named EDIT0.

   NO ALERT date/time            removes settings that  were  established
                                 with  the  SET  ALERT  command.  You can
                                 specify  date  and  time  in  the   same
                                 formats     as     with    SET    ALERT.
                                 Additionally, you can  enter  BEFORE  or
                                 AFTER  the  date  and time to indicate a
                                 time period in which alerts  are  to  be
                                 suppressed.   If  you specify no date or
                                 time argument, all  alert  settings  are
                                 erased.   Alerts  are valid only for the
                                 current terminal session and are  erased
                                 automatically when you log out.
                                      Default

   NO AUTOMATIC                  causes you to be alerted by  the  system
                                 (as  a  result  of  a  SET  ALERT or SET
                                 MAIL-WATCH  command)  only   when   your
                                 terminal  is  about  to  type  a TOPS-20
                                 prompt (@ or $).  Check with INFORMATION
                                 ALERTS or INFORMATION COMMAND-LEVEL.
                                      Default

   NO CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY       removes the ability of programs  at  the
                                 current level of TOPS-20 to prevent your
                                 terminal from returning to  the  TOPS-20
                                 command  processor  whenever  you type a
                                 CTRL/C; ensures that CTRL/C will  return
                                 you  to  TOPS-20.  Check the setting for
                                 your  current  level  of  TOPS-20   with
                                 INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS.

                ---
                | CARDS
                | COMPILE-SWITCHES file-type
                | PAPER-TAPE
                | PLOT
   NO DEFAULT   | PRINT
                |          ---
                |          | EPHEMERAL
                | PROGRAM  | KEEP
                |          | NO-EPHEMERAL


                                   2-352
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                |          | NONE
                |          ---
                | SUBMIT
                ---              nullifies    all    default    arguments
                                 (established with a previous SET DEFAULT
                                 command) for the indicated command.  For
                                 COMPILE-SWITCHES  you  must  specify the
                                 type of file for which you want to clear
                                 the  switches with one of the following:
                                 a file type (excluding  the  period),  a
                                 period  for  file  specifications with a
                                 null extension, or an  *  to  clear  the
                                 switches for all file types.  Check with
                                 INFORMATION DEFAULTS.

   NO LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD       instructs the system to accept  terminal
                                 input  made  after  an  error message is
                                 sent to your  terminal  and  before  the
                                 next prompt.  Check the setting for your
                                 current   level    of    TOPS-20    with
                                 INFORMATION COMMAND-LEVEL.
                                      Default

   NO MAIL-WATCH user-name       disables periodic checking of  the  MAIL
                                 file associated with the specified user.
                                 The  notice  of  new   mail   is   still
                                 displayed  at  log-in  time and when you
                                 receive mail, unless you have given  the
                                 REFUSE  SYSTEM-MESSAGES  or REFUSE LINKS
                                 command.   You  can  always  check   the
                                 status  of your MAIL file at any time by
                                 giving the INFORMATION MAIL command.
                                      Default user-name - your user-name
                                      Default

   NO RETRIEVAL-WAIT             tells  the  system  to  send  an   error
                                 message  if  your  job  attempts  to use
                                 off-line files.
                                      Default

   NO STATUS-WATCH               cancels   the   effect   of   the    SET
                                 STATUS-WATCH   command,   disabling  the
                                 interrupt   character    or    character
                                 sequence that displays the status of all
                                 open, mapped pages.

   NO TIME-LIMIT                 removes any time limit set by a previous
                                 SET  TIME-LIMIT command.  You cannot use
                                 this command in a batch job.

   NO TRAP                       prevents any trapping  that  would  have
                                 occurred  as  the  result  of a SET TRAP

                                   2-353
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 command.
                                      Default

   NO TRAP FILE-OPENINGS         nullifies the effects of  the  SET  TRAP
                                 FILE-OPENINGS   command,  disabling  the
                                 TOPS-20 feature that causes  you  to  be
                                 notified  when a program tries to open a
                                 file.
                                      Default
                 ---
                 | /ALL
                 | /DEFINED
   NO TRAP JSYS  | /UNDEFINED
                 | name
                 | number
                 ---             nullifies the effects of  the  SET  TRAP
                                 JSYS   command,  disabling  the  TOPS-20
                                 feature that causes traps to occur  when
                                 a JSYS is executed.
                                      Default

   NO TRAP PROCEED               same as TRAP NO PROCEED.

   NO UUO-SIMULATION             disables  the  feature  of  the  TOPS-20
                                 monitor  that  makes  it possible to use
                                 programs  originally  written  for   the
                                 TOPS-10  operating  system.   Check  the
                                 current   setting    with    INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.

   PAGE-ACCESS range of octal page numbers   type of access
                                 Sets  the  type  of  access  allowed  to
                                 programs   for   the   specified   pages
                                 existing in memory.

                       COPY-ON-WRITE
                                 provides programs with private copies of
                                 the specified pages (13:17, 21 specifies
                                 pages 13 through 17 and page 21, 6 pages
                                 in  all) of current memory whenever they
                                 try to change (write to) them

                       EXECUTE   allows programs accessing these pages to
                                 execute   the   instructions   they  may
                                 contain

                           ---
                           | COPY-ON-WRITE
                       NO  | WRITE
                           ---
                                 prevents programs  from  performing  the
                                 indicated  operation  on  the  specified

                                   2-354
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 pages

                       NONEXISTENT
                                 removes the indicated pages from memory

                       READ      permits   programs   to   examine    the
                                 indicated pages of memory

                       WRITE     permits programs to change  as  well  as
                                 examine the indicated pages

                       Check  the status  of current  memory pages  with
                       INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE.

|  PASSWORD 
|  Old password:old password
|  New password:new password
|  Retype new password:new password
|                                allows you to change the password of the
|                                login   directory   PS:<username>.   The
|                                password  can  consist  of  up   to   39
|                                alphanumeric    characters,    including
|                                hyphens.  This command is  identical  to
|                                the   SET  DIRECTORY  PASSWORD  command,
|                                except that PS:<username> is the default
|                                directory for the SET PASSWORD command.

   PROGRAM fork-name EPHEMERAL   tells the system to make  the  specified
                                 fork   an  ephemeral  fork  when  it  is
                                 loaded.   For  a   description   of   an
                                 ephemeral  fork,  see  the ERUN command,
                                 Characteristics of an Ephemeral Fork.

                                 It is recommended that  you  enter  this
                                 command  in  your  COMAND.CMD  file  for
                                 programs  that  you  commonly  place  in
                                 ephemeral forks.  Check with INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.

                           ---
                           | CONTINUE
   PROGRAM fork-name KEEP  | REENTER
                           | START
                           ---
                                 tells the system to make  the  specified
                                 fork  a kept fork automatically when the
                                 fork is loaded, or  immediately  if  the
                                 fork  is already loaded.  A kept fork is
                                 not reset when another  fork  is  loaded
                                 and  is  not  reset by the RESET command
                                 unless the kept fork is explicitly named


                                   2-355
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 or  the  asterisk  (*),  or  period  (.)
                                 argument is specified.

                                 The required KEEP attribute  establishes
                                 where the program restarts when you type
                                 the  fork  name  as  an  EXEC   command.
                                 CONTINUE begins the program at the point
                                 where  it  was   interrupted.    REENTER
                                 begins   the   program  at  its  reentry
                                 address (for most programs  the  reentry
                                 address   is   the  same  as  the  start
                                 address).  START begins the  program  at
                                 its  start  address.  The system informs
                                 you when the fork  is  "kept"  with  the
                                 message  [Keeping  fork-name].  When you
                                 type the  kept  fork  name,  the  system
                                 responds        with       [CONTINUING],
                                 [REENTERING], or [STARTING].

                                 This command automatically  keeps  forks
                                 that  are  loaded  by  typing the system
                                 program name or  one  of  the  following
                                 commands:  CSAVE, GET, R, RUN, and SAVE.

                                 It is recommended that  you  enter  this
                                 command  in  your  COMAND.CMD  file  for
                                 programs that you commonly place in kept
                                 forks.      Check    with    INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.  See Example 9.   For  a
                                 restriction  on  the  CONTINUE argument,
                                 see  the  CONTINUE  command  description
                                 under  Restrictions:  Continued Programs
                                 Do Not Prompt for Input.

   PROGRAM fork-name NO-EPHEMERAL
                                 disables  the  ephemeral  attribute  for
                                 your  copy  of  a  system program.  Note
                                 that you can  also  cancel  a  program's
                                 ephemeral   attribute   by  running  the
                                 program with the R  command  instead  of
                                 typing  just  the  program  name.  It is
                                 recommended that you enter this  command
                                 in  your  COMAND.CMD  file.  See Example
                                 13.

   PROGRAM fork-name NONE        cancels the setting established for  the
                                 specified  fork  with  the  SET  PROGRAM
                                 command.  If the program is  in  a  kept
                                 fork,  the  address  used  when the fork
                                 name is given as a command is changed to
                                 the    start    address.    Check   with


                                   2-356
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS.
                    CHARACTERISTIC name value 
                                 ---              ---  ---
   REMOTE-PRINTING  PRINTER name | remote queue     |  | DQS node
                                 | LATserver port   |  | LAT server 
                                 | LATserver service|  ---
                                 | alias            |
                                 ---              ---
                    SYSTEM-DEFINITIONS
                                 Lets  you  create  a  way  to   directly
                                 specify  a  queue  and  a characteristic
                                 parameter when submitting a remote print
                                 request.   SET  REMOTE-PRINTING commands
                                 can  be  invoked  at  command  level  or
                                 within a command file.

                                 CHARACTERISTIC sets up a  string  to  be
                                 used  as  input  to  the  PRINT  command
                                 /CHARACTERISTIC switch.  The system file
                                 SYSTEM:REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD   uses   this
                                 command to establish the initial  system
                                 setting,      which      equate     each
                                 characteristic  string  to  an   integer
                                 value.   You  can  rename  a system-wide
                                 characteristic setting by re-issuing the
                                 command  with a new name and value.  You
                                 can undefine a characteristic by issuing
                                 the  SET  REMOTE-PRINTING CHARACTERISTIC
                                 command with  a  null  value.   Multiple
                                 characteristics are separated by commas.

                                 The name argument can be a maximum of 14
                                 characters  per  characteristic and must
                                 begin with an alphabetic character.  The
                                 name  can  consist of any combination of
                                 the following:

                                  o  the letters of the alphabet

                                  o  the digits 0 through 9

                                  o  the  symbols  _(underscore)  and   $
                                     (dollar sign)

                                 To  get  information  about  the  system
                                 characteristics    settings,   use   the
                                 INFORMATION REMOTE-PRINTING  command  or
                                 read    the   SYSTEM:REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD
                                 file.

                                 PRINTER sets up a string to be  used  as


                                   2-357
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 input     to     the    PRINT    command
                                 /REMOTE-PRINTER switch.  You can  create
                                 keywords  (aliases)  that  designate the
                                 names  of  remote  printers  and   print
                                 queues or LATprinter ports and services.
                                 This allows you to use simple names  for
                                 remote print designations when using the
                                 /REMOTE-PRINTER switch.  You can  define
                                 an alias for the following:

                                  o  an actual remote printer queue (such
                                     as XEROX defining SI$8700 on VAXNOD)

                                  o  a LATprinter port or  service  (such
                                     as LN03 defining LBBNA129 on LAT990)

                                  o  another alias (such as FAST defining
                                     XEROX).

                                 The form of the  command  that  includes
                                 the  node  or  server  name  is  used to
                                 define  the  actual  printer  or  queue.
                                 After  this  is  done,  you  can use the
                                 other forms  of  the  command  to  apply
                                 aliases to the defined printer name.

                                 SYSTEM-DEFINITIONS   sets   up    remote
                                 printing  information for a job based on
                                 the settings  in  the  system-wide  file
                                 SYSTEM:REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD.     Invoking
                                 this command provides the  complete  set
                                 of    printers    and    characteristics
                                 available for remote printing as defined
                                 by the system manager.

   RETRIEVAL-WAIT                tells  the  system  that  your  job   is
                                 willing   to   wait   for  retrieval  of
                                 off-line  files.   Retrieval   is   then
                                 requested  implicitly  whenever you or a
                                 program  you  run  attempts  to   access
                                 off-line    files.     Use   INFORMATION
                                 SYSTEM-STATUS to be sure that  automatic
                                 retrieval  waits  are  enabled  for  the
                                 system before giving this command.

   SESSION-REMARK remark         lets you insert a note or reminder of up
                                 to  39 characters into system accounting
                                 data.   Check   with   INFORMATION  JOB-
                                 STATUS.

                  ---


                                   2-358
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                  | IMMEDIATE
   SPOOLED-OUTPUT | DEFERRED     directs the system either to begin
                  ---            processing  your  spooled   output
                                 requests as soon as you make them, or to
                                 defer  them  until  log-out.   You  make
                                 spooled  output  requests  not  with the
                                 PLOT, PRINT, or  PUNCH  commands  (these
                                 are  always  processed immediately), but
                                 with a command or  program  that  writes
                                 files  to  a  spooled output device (for
                                 example,    a    line    printer - LPT:,
                                 plotter - PLT:,  or  card punch - CDP:).
                                 The COPY commands, the /LIST switch  for
                                 LOAD  class  commands, the CREF command,
                                 and the LPT and OUTPUT  subcommands  for
                                 DIRECTORY-class  and SYSTAT commands may
                                 make  spooled  output  requests.   Check
                                 with INFORMATION SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION.
                                      Default - IMMEDIATE

   STATUS-WATCH,                 sets   an   interrupt  character   that
   @@INTERRUPT                   displays  the   status   of   all  open,
   @@NO                          non-execute files mapped to the  current
   @@PAGES                       The display includes:
   @@TOPS-10-PAGES               fork.

                                  o  the  job  file  number.    The   JFN
                                     identifies  a  file to the job.  The
                                     user program uses  the  JFN  in  all
                                     references to the file.

                                  o  the file specification.

                                  o  file pages mapped to a process.

                                  o  file   position   and   byte    size
                                     displayed in the form "Byte nn(mm)""
                                     where nn is  the  byte  pointer  and
                                     (mm)   is   the   byte   size.   Not
                                     displayed if file position is zero.

                                  o  file  size  displayed  in  the  form
                                     "Page nn of mm" where nn is the page
                                     being  read  and  mm  is  the  total
                                     number  of  pages in the file.  If a
                                     single number is  displayed,  as  in
                                     "Page nn", nn is the total number of
                                     pages in  the  file.   For  example,
                                     "Page  5  of  9" represents a 9-page
                                     input file where page 5 is currently
                                     being read.  "Page 11" represents an


                                   2-359
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                     output file where 11 pages have been
                                     created.  Note that some programs do
                                     not    read    the    input     file
                                     sequentially.

                                  o  The mode of access (read, write  and
                                     append)  for which the file has been
                                     opened.

                                 Although much of the  above  information
                                 is  also  provided  by  the  INFORMATION
                                 FILE-STATUS   and   INFORMATION   MEMORY
                                 commands,   these   commands   can  only
                                 display information while your  terminal
                                 is   at   EXEC   command   level.    The
                                 STATUS-WATCH     interrupt     character
                                 functions  from  EXEC  or program level.
                                 In  addition,  the  interrupt  character
                                 displays the status of an executing EXEC
                                 command (for example, COPY).

                                 To check the status of pages mapped to a
                                 program,  you  must specify one of these
                                 subcommands:  PAGES,  or  TOPS-10-PAGES.
                                 The  interrupt character always displays
                                 the  pages  opened  by  the  EXEC,   for
                                 example  the  pages  opened  by  a  COPY
                                 command.   When  an  EXEC   command   is
                                 processing,  only  the  EXEC's pages are
                                 checked.  If no command is in  progress,
                                 the  current  fork's  address  space  is
                                 checked.  If there is no  current  fork,
                                 no checking takes place.

                                 For  efficiency  and   to   reduce   the
                                 overhead  of  this command, a maximum of
                                 512 pages (not including EXEC pages) are
                                 checked   by  the  interrupt  character.
                                 These pages do not have to be contiguous
                                 or in the same section.

                                 To    simplify    your    typing,    SET
                                 STATUS-WATCH   accepts   subcommands  as
                                 arguments on the command line.

                                 INTERRUPT "^x" is a required  subcommand
                                 that   sets   a   control  character  or
                                 character  sequence  that,  when   typed
                                 during    program    or   EXEC   command
                                 execution, displays the  status  of  all
                                 files  opened  by the current fork.  Use


                                   2-360
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 the FORK command to select  a  different
                                 current fork.

                                 The interrupt character can be a  single
                                 control  character  or  a  two-character
                                 sequence enclosed in double quotes.  For
                                 example,  "^B",  "DF",  "^QW"  are valid
                                 interrupt      characters.       Control
                                 characters  that are already used by the
                                 system,  such  as  CTRL/C  and   CTRL/T,
                                 cannot be redefined by SET STATUS-WATCH.
                                 See Appendix D for  a  list  of  defined
                                 system control characters.

                                 A two-character  interrupt  sequence  is
                                 job-wide and can be issued from any EXEC
                                 level.  If another program in  your  job
                                 defines    a   two-character   interrupt
                                 sequence  (for  example  the  SET   HOST
                                 command  with  the  CTERM-SERVER),  this
                                 sequence supersedes the SET STATUS-WATCH
                                 interrupt  sequence.  A single-character
                                 interrupt applies only  to  the  current
                                 EXEC   level.    Also,   the   interrupt
                                 character is not echoed on the terminal.

                                 NO  INTERRUPT  disables  the   interrupt
                                 characters.

                                 PAGES nn adds the specified octal  pages
                                 (nn)  or  range  of  pages  (n:m) to the
                                 pages   checked   by    the    interrupt
                                 character.  Multiple pages and ranges of
                                 pages can be specified by separating the
                                 pages  with  commas.   For example, PAGE
                                 100:40, 350 specifies pages 100  through
                                 140 and page 350.

                                 NO PAGES disables checking for all pages
                                 except pages used by the EXEC.

                                 The total number of mapped pages checked
                                 by    the   interrupt   character   (not
                                 including EXEC pages) cannot exceed 512.
                                 Generally, programs map pages within the
                                 range of 0:777.

                                 TOPS-10-PAGES adds  the  pages  used  by
                                 PA1050  (for  TOPS-10  compatibility) to
                                 the  address  space   checked   by   the
                                 interrupt character.


                                   2-361
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 It is recommended that you place the SET
                                 STATUS command in your COMAND.CMD file.

                                 See Example 14.


                     ---
                     |  200
                     |  556
        TAPE DENSITY |  800
                     | 1600
                     | 6250
                     | SYSTEM-DEFAULT
                     ---
                                 instructs the system to read  and  write
                                 magnetic  tapes  for  your  job  at  the
                                 indicated density (in  bits  per  inch).
                                 SYSTEM-DEFAULT,   one  of  these  values
                                 (usually 1600), is established  by  your
                                 system  manager.   The value set by this
                                 command can be  superseded  by  commands
                                 within    a    program.     Check   with
                                 INFORMATION TAPE-PARAMETERS.
                                      Default - SYSTEM-DEFAULT

                     ---
                     | ANSI-ASCII
                     | CORE-DUMP
                     | HIGH-DENSITY
        TAPE FORMAT  | INDUSTRY-COMPATIBLE
                     | SIXBIT
                     | SYSTEM-DEFAULT
                     ---
                                 advises the system that  the  format  to
                                 use   in   processing  tapes  is  either
                                 ANSI-ASCII, which stores  each  word  of
                                 data  as five 7-bit bytes in five frames
                                 of a 9-track type; or  CORE-DUMP,  which
                                 stores  each  word  of  data as a single
                                 36-bit byte in five frames of a  9-track
                                 tape,  partially  using the fifth frame;
                                 or HIGH-DENSITY, which stores  each  two
                                 words  of  data  as  nine 8-bit bytes in
                                 nine  frames  of  a  9-track  tape;   or
                                 INDUSTRY-COMPATIBLE,  which  stores each
                                 word of data as four 8-bit bytes in four
                                 frames  of  a  9-track  tape; or SIXBIT,
                                 which stores each word of  data  as  six
                                 6-bit  bytes  in six frames of a 7-track
                                 tape.   SYSTEM-DEFAULT,  one  of   these
                                 (usually  CORE-DUMP),  is chosen by your


                                   2-362
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 system manager.  See also Restrictions -
                                 Using  SET  TAPE  Commands, in the MOUNT
                                 command description in this manual.  See
                                 the   TOPS-20  Monitor  Calls  Reference
                                 Manual  for   more   information   about
                                 hardware  data modes for magnetic tapes.
                                 Check with INFORMATION TAPE-PARAMETERS.
                                      Default - SYSTEM-DEFAULT

               ---
               | EVEN
   TAPE PARITY | ODD             tells the system which parity to assume
               ---               when  verifying  the  accuracy  of  tape
                                 records.     Check    with   INFORMATION
                                 TAPE-PARAMETERS.
                                      Default - ODD

   TAPE RECORD-LENGTH n          sets  the  size,  in  bytes,  for   each
                                 physical  record  on a tape.  Check with
                                 INFORMATION    TAPE-PARAMETERS.      Not
                                 applicable with labeled tapes.
                                      Default n - 512

   TERMINAL feature or type      same as TERMINAL command.

   TIME-LIMIT n                  tells the system to stop any program  or
                                 terminal  printout when the given amount
                                 of additional CPU time (in seconds)  has
                                 been  used,  and  to  inform  you with a
                                 fatal error message.   This  command  is
                                 used  by  the  batch system to limit the
                                 runtime of batch jobs.  Display the time
                                 limit  set  for your job with the SYSTAT
                                 command  and   the   LIMIT   subcommand.
                                 Display  the  CPU  time used by your job
                                 with     CTRL/T      or      INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.

   TRAP FILE-OPENINGS            displays  a  message  when  any  program
                                 attempts  to  open  a  file.  Check with
                                 INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS.  See Example
                                 5.

             ---
             | /ALL
             | /DEFINED
   TRAP JSYS | /UNDEFINED
             | name
             | number            displays  a message  when  any   program
             ---                 calls a TOPS-20  JSYS.   You  can  cause
                                 trapping  to  occur  for  all JSYSs, for


                                   2-363
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 defined JSYSs only (JSYSs known  to  the
                                 Monitor),   for   undefined  JSYSs  only
                                 (JSYSs not known to the Monitor), or for
                                 the JSYS(s) specified by name or number.
                                 You can specify multiple JSYSs separated
                                 by   commas.    Check  with  INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.  See Example 6.
                                      Default - /DEFINED

                                                   NOTE

                                     The   SET   TRAP   command    is
                                     ineffective   for   execute-only
                                     programs    (those    with     a
                                     protection  code  that prohibits
                                     reading and writing  the  file).
                                     Attempts  to  run  such programs
                                     after a  SET  TRAP  command  has
                                     been  specified  will  result in
                                     error messages.

   TRAP NO                       same as SET NO TRAP.

   TRAP NO FILE-OPENINGS         same as SET NO TRAP FILE-OPENINGS.

                 ---
                 | /ALL
                 | /DEFINED
   TRAP NO JSYS  | /UNDEFINED
                 | name
                 | number        same as SET NO TRAP JSYS.
                 ---

   TRAP NO PROCEED               directs  the  system  to  terminate  the
                                 program  after  a trap has occurred as a
                                 result of a  SET  TRAP  command.   Check
                                 with  INFORMATION  PROGRAM-STATUS.   See
                                 Example 7.

   TRAP PROCEED                  directs the system to continue a program
                                 after a trap has occurred as a result of
                                 a  SET   TRAP   command.    Check   with
                                 INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS.
                                      Default

                 ---
   TYPEOUT MODE  | NUMERIC
                 | SYMBOLIC      establishes  the mode  in   which memory
                 ---             addresses  and  contents  are  to     be
                                 typed  on your terminal in response, for
                                 example, to a CTRL/T  or  the  commands:


                                   2-364
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


                                 INFORMATION  ADDRESS-BREAK,  INFORMATION
                                 FORK-STATUS, INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS,
                                 and  EXAMINE.   Note  that  only NUMERIC
                                 typeout is  displayed  for  execute-only
                                 programs.     Check   with   INFORMATION
                                 PROGRAM-STATUS.
                                      Default - NUMERIC

   UUO-SIMULATION                allows the system  to  execute  programs
                                 originally   written   for  the  TOPS-10
                                 operating system, by calling the TOPS-10
                                 compatibility    package,    PA1050.EXE.
                                 Check   the   current    setting    with
                                 INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS.
                                      Default


   Characteristics

        Affect Only Current Terminal Session

             The SET command, except for  SET  DIRECTORY  and  SET  FILE,
             applies  to  the  current terminal session only, and in most
             cases only to the current level of TOPS-20 in that  session.
             Therefore  put  SET  DEFAULT,  SET CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY, SET
             PROGRAM, and other SET commands into your COMAND.CMD file if
             you  want them to be in effect every time you log in or give
             the PUSH command.  Place commands that apply to any level of
             TOPS-20 in your LOGIN.CMD file.

        SYSTEM:REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD

             The  system-wide  file  REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD   contains   SET
             REMOTE-PRINTING  commands  to  establish printer aliases and
             characteristics    values.     The    SET    REMOTE-PRINTING
             SYSTEM-DEFINITIONS   command   sets   up   remote   printing
             information  for  a   job   based   on   the   settings   in
             REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD.  Internal tables are built that consist
             of the command arguments.  These tables are used to validate
             the   /CHARACTERISTIC   and  /REMOTE-PRINTER  switch  values
             specified by the user.

             You can invoke  the  SET  REMOTE-PRINTING  SYSTEM-DEFINITONS
             command at command level or within a command file.


   Hints

        Using SET PAGE-ACCESS

             A SET PAGE-ACCESS command can take several arguments on  the


                                   2-365
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


             same   line,  with  cumulative  effect;  contradictions  are
             resolved  in  favor  of  the  last  item  given.    So   SET
             PAGE-ACCESS  6  EXECUTE  NO  COPY-ON-WRITE NO WRITE allows a
             user to execute page 6 but not to change it; SET PAGE-ACCESS
             7 NO WRITE WRITE allows changes to page 7.

        To Make Modifiable Copies of Write-protected Programs

             Because the SAVE command preserves the write  protection  of
             files,  you  should  use  the  SET  PAGE ACCESS WRITE or SET
             PAGE-ACCESS COPY-ON-WRITE command before giving SAVE if  you
             want to save a modifiable copy of a program.

        Using SET TIME-LIMIT

             Although the SET TIME-LIMIT command is  ordinarily  used  by
             the  batch  system  to  limit  the  runtime of jobs, you can
             employ it as a timesharing user to give you  a  fatal  error
             message  when  the  specified  amount  of  CPU time has been
             spent.  To find out how much of this  time  you  have  left,
             give   the  SYSTAT . LIMIT  and  INFORMATION  PROGRAM-STATUS
             commands.  The difference between  the  SYSTAT . LIMIT  time
             and  the  "Used" time reported by INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS
             tells you the approximate time remaining.


        SET Commands Useful for Debugging Programs

             SET ADDRESS-BREAK

                  SET ADDRESS-BREAK shows you  how  often  and  for  what
                  purpose  a  memory  address  is  referenced.   When  an
                  address break occurs, a message will  show  the  memory
                  location  at  which  execution  of  your  program  will
                  resume.

             SET  NO  CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY,   SET   UUO-SIMULATION,   SET
                  PAGE-ACCESS

                  If  you  are  debugging  a  program,  use  the  SET  NO
                  CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY command to ensure that you can use
                  CTRL/C to leave the program.  Test a program that traps
                  CTRL/Cs  by having it trap, say, CTRL/As instead during
                  debugging.  Also, setting NO  CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY,  NO
                  UUO-SIMULATION,    or    PAGE-ACCESS    NO   WRITE   NO
                  COPY-ON-WRITE will show you what part  of  the  program
                  (if any) is attempting to use these features.


        Alternative to SET FILE PROHIBIT for Non-privileged Users



                                   2-366
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


             Even if you do not have sufficient privileges to use the SET
             FILE  PROHIBIT  command, you can still do something to delay
             the removal of important files to off-line storage.

             Create a file named MIGRATION.ORDER in  each  directory  for
             which  you  wish to control migration.  The contents of this
             file should be the specifications of files that you want  to
             be migrated first, when migration is performed.  You may use
             wildcard characters (* and %) to specify more than one file.
             To  protect  source programs, for example, you could specify
             that executable programs and binary files be migrated first,
             by  listing  "*.EXE,  *.REL" in MIGRATION.ORDER.  To protect
             edited files, you  could  list  "*.Q*"  (this  ensures  that
             unedited  back-up  files  produced  by  the  EDIT program be
             migrated before the edited versions).

             Any files not listed in MIGRATION.ORDER  will  be  protected
             from  migration  until  all listed files have been migrated.
             Remember that, even without being listed in MIGRATION.ORDER,
             files  are  not usually migrated to off-line storage if they
             have been used or changed within a period of time  specified
             by your system manager.

             The SET FILE RESIST command also offers  limited  protection
             against involuntary migration.

        Using SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER

             It is possible that two  remote  queue  names  on  different
             clusters  may be the same or that a remote queue name may be
             the same as a LAT port or service  name.   The  target  node
             name  or actual name form of the SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER
             command resolves this problem.  The node name or server name
             distinguishes  one  identically  named printer from another.
             For example, the following two  commands  would  help  avoid
             confusion in such an instance:

             SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER ODIE LASER LAT1
             SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER GARFIELD LASER VAXNOD


   Restrictions

        Using SET Commands in Batch Jobs

             Put SET commands  into  a  BATCH.CMD  file  in  your  log-in
             directory  if  you want them to apply to the first (highest)
             level of TOPS-20 in batch jobs you  submit;  put  them  into
             COMAND.CMD  in  your  log-in  directory  if you want them to
             apply to all levels of TOPS-20 in both batch and interactive
             jobs.    Remember,  though,  that  you  must  not  give  SET


                                   2-367
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


             CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY, SET NO TIME-LIMIT, or  SET  TIME-LIMIT
             (or the ATTACH command) within any batch job.

        Using SET DIRECTORY Commands

             You will be able to use the SET DIRECTORY commands  only  if
             your  system  is instructed at system start-up time to allow
             them.  Otherwise, the system will send you error messages in
             response to SET DIRECTORY commands.

        Using SET REMOTE-PRINTING Commands

             In supporting host  initiated  connections  to  LATprinters,
             TOPS-20 users are limited to six character server names.

             The remote printer functionality on TOPS-20 does not include
             features  to  allow  remote  systems  to  access  a  printer
             facility local to a TOPS-20 system.


   Examples

        1.  Set the LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD parameter for your job.

            @SET LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD

        2.  Find out the placement of your  program  in  memory;  set  an
            address  break to occur at location 2412 when the instruction
            it contains has been  executed  six  times.   Then  give  the
            INFORMATION  ADDRESS-BREAK  command  to  see the location and
            operation for which the current address break has been set.

            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

             5. pages, Entry vector loc 400010 len 254000

            0-3           Private   R, W, E
            400           Private   R, W, E

            @SET ADDRESS-BREAK 2412,
            @@AFTER 6
            @@EXECUTE
            @@
            @INFORMATION ADDRESS-BREAK
            Address break at 2412 on execute.

        3.  Set defaults for PRINT command switches, then  print  a  file
            immediately  by explicitly supplying an /AFTER switch with an
            early hour as argument.

            @SET DEFAULT PRINT /LOWERCASE/AFTER:17:00


                                   2-368
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


            @PRINT /AFTER:+0 4-UPED.TXT
            [Job 4-UPED Queued, Request-ID 346, Limit 200]
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /USER
            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit            User
            --------  ----  -----  ------------------------
            * 4-UPED   346    200  LATTA                       On Unit:0
              Started at 16:11:11, printed 0 of 200 pages

            There is 1 Job in the Queue (1 in Progress)

        4.  Put an executable program into memory and set the page access
            of its first page to NO COPY-ON-WRITE; try to deposit a value
            (32) in memory location 500 of the page (this  fails).   Then
            set  its  page  access  to  COPY-ON-WRITE  and try once more,
            succeeding this  time.   Give  the  INFORMATION  MEMORY-USAGE
            command again.  Notice that you now have your own copy of the
            page in  memory;  it  is  no  longer  mapped  from  the  file
            TESTF1.EXE in your connected directory.

            @GET TESTF1
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

             1. pages, Entry vector loc 145 len 254000

            0             TESTF1.EXE.3  1   R, CW, E

            @SET PAGE-ACCESS 0 NO COPY-ON-WRITE
            @DEPOSIT 500 32
            ?Can't write that page
            @SET PAGE-ACCESS 0 COPY-ON-WRITE
            @DEPOSIT 500 32
             [Shared]
            @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE

             1. pages, Entry vector loc 145 len 254000

            0             Private   R, W, E

        5.  Learn what files are opened when you edit a file.

            @SET TRAP FILE-OPENINGS 
            @EDIT LOGIN.CMD
            [Fork EDIT opening SWITCH.INI.3 for reading]
            [Fork EDIT opening LOGIN.CMD.33 for reading]
            Edit: LOGIN.CMD.33
            [Fork EDIT opening EDIT-BUFFER.OUT.100042 for writing]
            *EU
            [Fork EDIT opening EDIT-BUFFER.OUT.100042 for reading]
            [Fork EDIT opening LOGIN.CMD.34 for writing]



                                   2-369
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


            [LOGIN.CMD.34]

        6.  Cause a trap to occur whenever the GTFDB  JSYS  is  executed.
            Then  edit  a  file.  The EDIT command invokes the GTFDB JSYS
            and causes a line to type out in the following format:

            [fork "trap" <location>/<jsys name> "Ac's  1-4:" -
            <ac contents>]

            Note that  the  location  is  in  symbolic  form  if  you  so
            specified in the SET TYPEOUT MODE command.

            @SET TRAP JSYS GTFDB
            @EDIT LOGIN.CMD
            [EDIT trap 3515/ GTFDB Ac's 1-4: 11 1000004 20321 424153000000]
            [EDIT trap 3562/ GTFDB Ac's 1-4: 11 2000011 4 424153000000]
            Edit: LOGIN.CMD.42
            *EU

            [LOGIN.CMD.43]

        7.  Specify that program execution is to halt  whenever  a  GTFDB
            JSYS  causes  a  trap.   Then  edit a file.  The EDIT command
            invokes the GTFDB JSYS, causing a trap to occur, which causes
            the EDIT process to immediately halt.

            @SET TRAP NO PROCEED
            @SET TRAP JSYS GTFDB
            @EDIT LOGIN.CMD
            [EDIT trap 3515/ GTFDB Ac's 1-4: 10 1000004 20321 424153000000]

        8.  Arrange for the system to remind you of a future  obligation.
            Then verify that you will be reminded.

            @SET ALERT MONDAY +11:00:00 Turn in time card 
            @SET AUTOMATIC
            @INFORMATION ALERTS
             Next alert at 8-Jun-84 16:55:00 - Almost time to go home!!
             Other alerts set for:
               11-Jun-84 08:55:00 - Project meeting at 9:00
               14-Jun-84 11:00:00 - Turn in last week's time card by noon

              Alerts are automatic

        9.  Set the CHANGE and RADIUS programs to be automatically placed
            in  kept  forks when they are run.  Then give the INFORMATION
            PROGRAM-STATUS  command  to  display  all  the  SET   PROGRAM
            settings.   Finally,  run  the CHANGE program.  Note that the
            message [Keeping CHANGE] indicates that the program is  being
            loaded into a kept fork.



                                   2-370
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


   @SET PROGRAM RADIUS KEEP CONTINUE
   @SET PROGRAM CHANGE KEEP CONTINUE
   @INFORMATION (ABOUT) PROGRAM
    Used 0:00:35 in 0:24:09
    TOPS-20: 0:00:00.8
    SET UUO-SIMULATION (FOR PROGRAM)
    SET TYPEOUT MODE NUMERIC
|   SET PROGRAM RADIUS KEEP (AND) CONTINUE (WHEN INVOKED AS A COMMAND)
|   SET PROGRAM CHANGE KEEP (AND) CONTINUE (WHEN INVOKED AS A COMMAND)
    SET PROGRAM MS KEEP (AND) START (WHEN INVOKED AS A COMMAND)
    SET PROGRAM DSRPLUS KEEP (AND) START (WHEN INVOKED AS A COMMAND)
    => MS (1): Kept, C from IO wait at 104062, 0:00:01.6
   @RUN CAN
   [Keeping CAN]
   CAN>

       10.  Arrange for the system to check for new  mail  in  your  MAIL
            file  and  the  MAIL  file  of user AI.GROUP.  Notice the two
            messages indicating that you  and  AI.GROUP  have  new  mail.
            Then, cancel mail watching for user AI.GROUP.

            @SET MAIL-WATCH
            @SET MAIL-WATCH AI.GROUP
            [You have mail from SMITH at 10:12:11]
            [AI.GROUP has mail from NELSON at 10:12:14]
            @SET NO MAIL-WATCH AI.GROUP

       11.  Use the DIRECTORY command to learn the name of the  directory
            that  contains  a  system program.  Then enable your Wheel or
            Operator privileges and set the system file ephemeral.

            @DIRECTORY SYS:ISPELL

               RANDOM:<UNSUPPORTED>
             ISPELL.EXE.1
            @ENABLE
            $SET FILE EPHEMERAL RANDOM:<UNSUPPORTED>ISPELL.EXE
             RANDOM:<UNSUPPORTED>ISPELL.EXE.1 [OK]
            $DISABLE
            @

       12.  Add one of your own directories to the definition of SYS:  so
            that  you  can  run programs in that directory by typing just
            the program name.

            @DEFINE SYS: => SYS:, STUDENTS:<DBONIN.TOOLS>

            Next, set ephemeral  a  file  in  this  directory.   Run  the
            program  in  an  ephemeral  fork  by typing the program name.
            Then  CTRL/C  from  the  program.    Give   the   INFORMATION
            FORK-STATUS  command  and note that the ephemeral fork CHANGE


                                   2-371
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


            has been reset.

            @SET FILE EPHEMERAL CHANGE.EXE
            @CHANGE
            CHANGE>^C
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            => EDIT (1): HALT at 6253, 0:00:00.6

       13.  Run an ephemeral system program  and  disable  the  program's
            ephemeral attribute.

            @SET PROGRAM CHANGE NO-EPHEMERAL
            @CHANGE
            CHANGE>

            or

            @R CHANGE
            CHANGE>

       14.  Give  the  SET  STATUS-WATCH  command  with   the   INTERRUPT
            subcommand  to  specify  CTRL/B  as  the interrupt character.
            Then give the PAGES subcommand to specify the range of  pages
            to  be  checked  by  the  interrupt  character.  Display both
            settings with the LIST-PARAMETERS subcommand:

            @SET STATUS-WATCH,
            @@INTERRUPT "^B"
            @@PAGES 0:777
            @@LIST-PARAMETERS
            Enabled on "^B",  Checking pages: 1-512
            @

            Next run the DSRPLUS program and check its status  by  typing
            CTRL/B.   This  program  reads  the  input  file MEMO.RNO and
            creates the output file MEMO.MEM.  Note that the  ^B  is  not
            displayed on the terminal.

            @DSRPLUS
            DSRPLUS>MEMO.RNO

            ^B
            Connected to BLAZE:<ROBBERTS>
            6   PUBLIC:MEMO.RNO.1  [Page 1 of 9. Byte 128(36). Read]

            ^B
            Connected to BLAZE:<ROBBERTS>
            7   MEMO.MEM.1  [Page 3. Byte 512(36). Read Write]
            6   PUBLIC:MEMO.RNO.1  [Page 4 of 9. Byte 1280(36). Read]

            ^B


                                   2-372
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SET)


            Connected to BLAZE:<ROBBERTS>
            7   MEMO.MEM.1  [Page 8. Byte 3840(36). Read Write]
            6   PUBLIC:MEMO.RNO.1  [Page 8 of 9. Byte 3968(36). Read]

            DSRPLUS>

            Now look at the above display.   The  first  time  CTRL/B  is
            typed,  DSRPLUS  is  reading  the first page of the nine page
            input file MEMO.RNO.  The second CTRL/B shows that DSRPLUS is
            reading  page  four  of  the input file and has created three
            pages of the output file MEMO.MEM.  Nearing  its  completion,
            DSRPLUS  has  read  eight  of  the  nine  input pages and has
            created an eight page output file.

       15.  Define the name of the remote printer queue SI$8700  on  node
            OURVAX to XEROX.

            @SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER XEROX SI$8700 OURVAX
            @

            Now, assign the alias FAST for the name of  the  same  remote
            printer queue from XEROX.

            @SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER FAST XEROX
            @

       16.  Define  the  name  of  a   LATprinter   connected   to   port
            LBBNA1297Y10X on a server named LAT990 to the alias LN03.

            @SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER LN03 LBBNA1297Y10X LAT990
            @

            Now, direct a print request to the LATprinter:

            @PRINT MYFILE.MEM/REMOTE-PRINTER:LN03

       17.  Set some remote printer characteristics.

            @SET REMOTE-PRINTING CHARACTERISTIC P90 52 ;portrait 90 wide
            @SET REMOTE-PRINTING CHARACTERISTIC BOLD 61
            @












                                   2-373
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (SET HOST)


   2.72  SET HOST

   Function

        Connects your terminal to another system.


   Format 1

        @SET HOST node-name::  /switch


   Format 2

        (Omitting the node name on the command line allows you to  define
        an interrupt sequence)

        @SET HOST /switch
        Two character interrupt sequence (^\,<RET>): interrupt-sequence
        Node name: node-name::

        where:

        node-name::         is the name of the remote host that you  want
                            to connect your terminal to.  Two colons (::)
                            following the node name are optional.

        /switch             is  an  optional  keyword  that  selects  the
                            service  used  to  connect your terminal to a
                            remote node.
                                 Default - /CTERM

        interrupt-sequence  is the characters that switch control of  the
                            terminal  back  to  the  local host.  You are
                            prompted for an interrupt  sequence  only  if
                            you give the /CTERM switch.
                                 Default - CTRL\,<RET>

                                    NOTE

           This command description assumes you are connecting to
           another  TOPS-20 system.  For information on accessing
           other operating systems, see  the  DIGITAL  Networking
           Pocket  Guide.   This command description also assumes
           that you are establishing a connection with the  CTERM
           program.







                                   2-374
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (SET HOST)


                         SET HOST Command Switches


        /CTERM         connects your  terminal  to  the  remote  node  by
                       running  the  CTERM  communications program.  Both
                       processors must be running DECnet Phase 4 software
                       (available  under  a  separate  license).  The SET
                       HOST command runs the CTERM communications program
                       by  default.   If the remote node does not support
                       the  CTERM  protocol,  SET   HOST   attempts   the
                       connection  again.  In the second attempt however,
                       SET HOST runs the communications  program  defined
                       by   the   logical   name   NRT: (Network   Remote
                       Terminal).
                            Default

        /NRT           runs the communications service program defined by
                       the  logical name NRT:  (Network Remote Terminal).
                       NRT: can be a system or job  logical  name.   When
                       both exist, the job definition takes precedence.


   Characteristics

        Logging into the Remote Node

             Once your terminal is connected  to  the  remote  node,  the
             system  responds  by identifying itself and prompting you to
             log in.  You can then log in to the system.

        Path of Terminal Input and Output

             The SET HOST command passes terminal input through the local
             host to the remote host.  Output from the remote host passes
             through the local host to your terminal.

        Making a Series of Host Connections

             Once you have logged in to a remote node, you can give  EXEC
             commands  and  run  programs just as you would on your local
             node.  You can then establish a connection to another remote
             node.   For  example,  if your local host is AURORA, you can
             give the command SET HOST BOSTON  to  connect  to  the  node
             BOSTON;  after logging in to BOSTON, you can use the command
             SET HOST DENVER to connect to node DENVER.

        Returning to Your Local Host

             To return  your  terminal  to  your  local  host,  type  the
             interrupt  sequence  to  temporarily break the connection to
             the remote host.  Note that the  connection  to  the  remote


                                   2-375
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (SET HOST)


             host  remains intact until you reset the CTERM program.  You
             can reconnect your terminal to the remote host by giving the
             CONTINUE command.

             When you log out of  the  remote  host,  the  connection  is
             broken and you are returned to your local host.

             If  you  have  established  a  series  of  connections,  the
             interrupt  character  defined in your first SET HOST command
             returns you to your local host.   For  example,  your  local
             host  is  AURORA  and you SET HOST to BOSTON, specifying the
             CTRL\<RET> interrupt sequence to  return  to  AURORA.   Then
             from  BOSTON  you  connect to DENVER.  Typing the CTRL\<RET>
             interrupt to DENVER returns you to AURORA, not BOSTON.

        Specifying the Interrupt Sequence

              o  The interrupt sequence  can  be  a  combination  of  two
                 characters  or control characters.  For example, KL ^KL,
                 K^L, and ^K^L are valid interrupt sequences.

              o  If you specify only one interrupt character, the  second
                 character  is ^J.  For example if you specify only ^N as
                 the interrupt sequence, the actual interrupt sequence is
                 ^N^J.   If  you  type  only F, the interrupt sequence is
                 F^J.

              o  Each  interrupt  character  must  be   different.    For
                 example, ^K^K is invalid, while ^KK is a valid interrupt
                 sequence.

              o  Do not  type  a  comma  or  a  space  between  interrupt
                 characters  as  it  will  be  interpreted  as the second
                 character in the sequence.

              o  The RETURN key can only be used in the default interrupt
                 sequence, ^\<RET>.

              o  The interrupt sequence cannot contain predefined TOPS-20
                 control  characters.   For  example,  if  you attempt to
                 specify an interrupt sequence as ^T^I, the ^T will print
                 the  run  status  and  the  ^I  will  print  a tab.  See
                 Appendix D in this manual for a list of TOPS-20  control
                 characters.

        Controlling Scrolling on a Remote Host

             On your local host, <CTRL/S> and <CTRL/Q>  are  the  default
             control   characters  that  pause  and  continue  scrolling.
             Typing <CTRL/Q> continues scrolling whether scrolling paused
             because  you  typed  <CTRL/S>  or  the  output  paused on an


                                   2-376
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (SET HOST)


             end-of-page.

             However, CTERM does not pass these characters to the  remote
             host.   When  using  <CTRL/S>  and <CTRL/Q>, it is the local
             host that actually controls scrolling.  Therefore if  output
             from  the remote host has paused on an end-of-page, <CTRL/Q>
             will not  continue  scrolling.   Other  pause  and  continue
             characters  are  passed  to  the  remote  host.  You can use
             <CTRL/A> to both pause and resume scrolling or you  can  use
             the  TERMINAL  PAUSE command to assign any two characters of
             your choosing to control scrolling.  For consistency, it  is
             recommended  that  you  define  the  same pause and continue
             characters on your local and remote node.


   Hints

        Listing Available Nodes

             Use the INFORMATION DECNET command to display the  names  of
             DECnet nodes accessible to your node.


   Effect on Terminal

        The SET HOST command connects your terminal to the remote system.
        After  the remote system's herald message is printed, you can log
        in.


   Related Commands

        CONTINUE            for resuming a  connection  that  was  broken
                            with an escape sequence.

        INFORMATION DECNET  for displaying the names of  nodes  reachable
                            from your node.

        INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
                            for displaying the name of the host node  and
                            other information about your job.

        INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES NRT:
                            for displaying the name of the communications
                            program run by /NRT.

        SYSTAT              for displaying (in  the  ORIGIN  column)  the
                            name  of  the  local  system  (the system you
                            connected to before connecting to the current
                            remote system).



                                   2-377
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (SET HOST)


   Examples

        1.  Connect your terminal to a remote TOPS-20 node  named  AURORA
            and then login.

   @SET HOST AURORA

   [Attempting a connection, connect OK, ]
   [Remote host is a TOPS-20 system]
   [TYPE ^\,<RET> to return to node ROMAX]

    AURORA - Claims Tracking System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
   @LOGIN RSMITH
    Job 4 on TTY315 15-Nov-87 09:35:03, Last Login 15-Nov-87 08:18:48

        2.  Give the INFORMATION DECNET  command  to  find  out  if  node
            BOSTON  is  reachable from your host node.  Then give the SET
            HOST command without typing the  node  name  on  the  command
            line.  Omitting the node name causes the system to prompt you
            for an interrupt sequence.  After typing your  own  interrupt
            sequence,  the  system prompts you for the name of the remote
            node.

            @INFORMATION DECNET BOSTON
             Node BOSTON is reachable
            @SET HOST
            Two character interrupt sequence (^\,<RET>): ^ED
            Node name: BOSTON

            [Attempting a connection, connect OK, ]
            [Remote host is a TOPS-20 system]
            [TYPE ^E,D to return to node AURORA]

             BOSTON, AI Engineering Center, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
            @

        3.  Connect to a remote node named TEAL.  After  logging  in  and
            doing  some work on TEAL, type the ^\<RET> interrupt sequence
            to return to your local host.

   @SET HOST TEAL

   [Attempting a connection, connect OK, ]
   [Remote host is a TOPS-20 system]
   [TYPE ^\,<RET> to return to node FLYWAY]

    TEAL - Migratory Bird Banding, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
   @LOGIN LOWELL
    Job 4 on TTY315 15-Nov-87 09:35:03, Last Login 15-Nov-87 08:18:48
       .
       .


                                   2-378
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (SET HOST)


   ^\<RET> (Interrupt sequence not displayed on terminal)
   [Connection interrupted, back at node FLYWAY,
   Type CONTINUE to resume connection]

            After working on node FLYWAY, type the  CONTINUE  command  to
            reconnect   your  terminal  to  node  TEAL.   Then  give  the
            INFORMATION  JOB-STATUS  command  to  verify  that  you   are
            connected to TEAL.

            @CONTINUE

            @INFORMATION JOB-STATUS
             Host TEAL
             Job 17, TTY4, User LOWELL, REPORTS:<LOWELL>
             Account 341

        4.  Attempt a connection using the  CTERM  program.   The  system
            attempts  the  connection and finds that the remote node does
            not support CTERM.  It then attempts another connection using
            the program defined by NRT:

            @SET HOST ROMAX

            [Attempting a connection, Connect failed -

             Host did not accept CTERM connection, trying NRT:


            [Attempting a connection, connect OK]
            [Remote host is a TOPS-20 system]
            [TYPE ^P to return to node AURORA]

             ROMAX - Acme's Timesharing System, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21002)
            @



















                                   2-379
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SKIP)


   2.73  SKIP

   Moves a magnetic tape set forward over a specified number of files  or
   records, or to the logical end of the tape set.


   Format

        @SKIP (DEVICE) dev:  n units

        where:

        dev:      is the name of the tape set or magnetic tape drive that
                  you want to move forward.

        n         is the number of files or records over which  you  want
                  to skip.  The colon after the device name is optional.

        units     is either FILES or RECORDS, where records are  sections
                  of  a  file; or LEOT, to skip to the logical end of the
                  tape set, which is the  next  point  on  the  tape  set
                  having two adjacent EOF (end-of-file) marks.
                       Default units - FILES


   Restrictions

        SKIP With Open Files

             If you have given a CTRL/C to exit from a program  that  has
             opened  a  file in a magnetic tape set and you then give the
             SKIP command for that tape set, the system will first ask if
             you  want  to close the associated file.  You must do so for
             SKIP to succeed, but you will probably be unable to continue
             the  program  from  that  point because the file will now be
             closed.

        RECORDS Argument Used for Unlabeled Tapes Only

             You cannot use the RECORDS argument to the SKIP command when
             using  a labeled tape, because read and write operations for
             labeled tapes always move the tape to  the  beginning  of  a
             file.


   Warning

        Skipping Past LEOT (Unlabeled Tapes Only)

             If you specify too large a value for n in the  SKIP  command
             line,  you can move past the logical end of tape (LEOT).  In


                                   2-380
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SKIP)


             this case, the operator may have to  intervene  before  your
             tape  control  commands will have effect again.  You must be
             sure how many files you have in the tape set if you use SKIP
             n  rather  than  SKIP  LEOT.  This problem can occur for any
             tapes mounted on drives of the form MTAn:, or for  unlabeled
             tapes mounted on drives of the form MTn:.


   Related Commands

        BACKSPACE for moving a magnetic tape backward a specified  number
                  of files or records

        REWIND    for returning a magnetic tape to its load point

        UNLOAD    for rewinding  a  magnetic  tape  completely  onto  the
                  source  reel  (only  for tapes mounted on drives having
                  device names of the form MTAn:)


   Examples

        1.  Skip over the next 2 files on the magnetic tape you are using
            (mounted on magnetic tape drive MT0:  in this case).

            @SKIP MT0: 2 FILES

        2.  Skip over the next two records on an unlabeled tape.

            @SKIP MTA0: 2 RECORDS

        3.  Use the MOUNT command to ask the operator to mount your  tape
            in  write-enabled  mode,  then  copy 3 files to the tape from
            your directory on structure SNARK:.  Use the  REWIND  command
            to  go  back  to  the beginning, and the SKIP command to skip
            over the first file.  Use the COPY command to have  the  next
            file  (FIL-2)  printed  on  your terminal, then give the SKIP
            command again to skip to the logical  end-of-tape.   You  are
            skipping only one file, FIL-3, in this case.

            @MOUNT TAPE DAY:/WRITE-ENABLED
            [Mount Request DAY Queued, Request-ID 187]
            [Tape set DAY, Volume DAY mounted]
            [DAY: defined as MT0:]
            @REWIND DAY:
            @MOUNT STRUCTURE SNARK:
            Structure SNARK: mounted
            @ACCESS SNARK:
            @COPY SNARK:FIL-1.TAP DAY:
             SNARK:FIL-1.TAP.1 => MT0:FIL-1 [OK]
            @COPY SNARK:FIL-2.TAP DAY:


                                   2-381
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (SKIP)


             SNARK:FIL-2.TAP.1 => MT0:FIL-2 [OK]
            @COPY SNARK:FIL-3.TAP DAY:
             SNARK:FIL-3.TAP.1 => MT0:FIL-3 [OK]
            @REWIND DAY:
            @SKIP DAY: 1
            @COPY DAY: TTY:
             T0: => TTY:

            !THIS IS THE SECOND FILE.!
            @SKIP DAY:LEOT











































                                   2-382
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (START)


   2.74  START

   Begins execution of the program in the current fork.


   Format

        @START (PROGRAM) location/switch

        where:

        location       is the octal or symbolic address  where  you  want
                       the program to start.
                       Default location - the  normal  starting  address,
                                          that  is, the first word in the
                                          program's entry vector

        switch         is  a  keyword,  chosen  from  the   list   below,
                       indicating your choice of START command options.


                           START Command Switches


   /BACKGROUND    keeps your terminal at TOPS-20 command level and starts
                  execution  of the program in a "background" fork.  When
                  the program attempts to do terminal input or output, it
                  halts  and  displays  the  message [FORK-NAME wants the
                  TTY].

   /NORMALLY      restores your terminal to command level (if any) within
                  the program
                       Default

   /STAY          keeps your terminal at TOPS-20 command  level.   Output
                  from  the  program  is  sent  to  the  terminal  and is
                  intermixed with whatever output is currently displayed.
                  When the program attempts to read from the terminal, it
                  can randomly intercept input intended for the  EXEC  or
                  another  program.   Therefore,  use  this  switch  with
                  programs that, once started,  do  not  request  further
                  terminal input.


   Characteristics

        Starting a Noncurrent Fork

             When you START a noncurrent  fork,  the  fork  becomes  your
             current fork.



                                   2-383
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (START)


   Hints

        Further Information

             The START command is one of the  TOPS-20  multiforking-class
             commands.   For more information about multiforking, see the
             section named  Running  Multiple  Programs  in  the  TOPS-20
             User's Guide.

             For more information about entry vectors,  see  the  TOPS-20
             Monitor Calls Reference Manual.


   Special Cases

        Running COBOL Programs a Second Time

             After running a program (with a RUN or EXECUTE  command,  or
             with  a GET and START or LOAD and START combination) you can
             usually run it again using START.   COBOL  programs  are  an
             exception:  to run them again you must reload them.


   Restrictions

        Programs Competing for Terminal Input

             If you use START /STAY to run  a  program  in  a  background
             fork,  either  at  the  current  or  at a lower EXEC command
             level, (see Hints - Using PUSH to Get a New TOPS-20  Command
             Level,  above),  the  program  can  request  input  from the
             terminal while you are giving input to the EXEC  or  another
             program.   This  input  can  be  randomly intercepted by the
             background program when it requests terminal input.  Usually
             though, the EXEC or the current program receives the input.

             When  terminal  input  is  intercepted  by  the   background
             program, the program usually types input error messages.  To
             give input to the program, stop the program  by  typing  two
             CTRL/Cs  or  the  program's  exit  command.   Then,  if  the
             background program is at a higher EXEC command  level,  give
             POP  commands  to  return  to  the EXEC level that holds the
             background program.  (POP terminates the  current  EXEC  and
             erases  programs  in its memory.) Finally, give the CONTINUE
             /NORMALLY command; this puts you at program command level so
             that you can give the requested input.

             Input is intercepted by  the  background  program  randomly.
             Therefore,  you may have to type extra CTRL/Cs, program exit
             commands, and POPs.  To reduce confusion about the direction
             of  terminal  input,  it  is  recommended that you use START
             /STAY only when you plan to work at the current  EXEC  level

                                   2-384
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (START)


             while  a  program  runs  in  a  background  fork.  Use START
             /BACKGROUND when you plan to work at a lower EXEC  level  or
             at another program command level.

             When  a  program  started  with  START  BACKGROUND  requests
             terminal  input,  it sends the message, [FORK-NAME wants the
             TTY].  No input is taken by the background program until you
             return to program command level with CONTINUE /NORMALLY.

        No I/O Control with Some Programs

             Most programs read and write data to  the  terminal  through
             standard   input  and  output  designators.   Some  programs
             however, use different methods  of  communicating  with  the
             terminal.   Therefore, when you use /BACKGROUND and /STAY to
             control terminal input and output from  a  background  fork,
             the  input  and output behavior of programs with nonstandard
             designators can be unpredictable.

        Execute-only Programs

             Programs that are execute-only can only be started at  their
             normal starting address.


   Related Commands

        CONTINUE                 for  resuming  execution  of  a   halted
                                 program in memory

        FORK                     for changing the current fork

        FREEZE                   for halting a program  in  a  background
                                 fork

        GET                      for  placing  executable   programs   in
                                 memory

        INFORMATION FORK-STATUS  for displaying the number and the status
                                 of each fork in your job

        KEEP                     for giving a fork a kept status

        LOAD                     for loading source  or  object  programs
                                 into memory

        REENTER                  for starting the program  in  memory  at
                                 its alternate entry point (if any)

        SAVE                     for saving a loaded program in  an  .EXE
                                 file


                                   2-385
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (START)


        ERUN, RESET,             other multiforking-class   commands  for
        SET NAME, SET PROGRAM,   performing related functions
        UNKEEP


   Examples

        1.  Start the program currently in memory.

            @START

        2.  Put an executable program in memory and start it.   Then  run
            it again.

            @GET TESTF1.EXE
            @START

            THIS IS A TEST.

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.04  ELAPSED TIME: 0.23
            EXIT
            @START

            THIS IS A TEST.

            END OF EXECUTION
            CPU TIME: 0.02  ELAPSED TIME: 0.02
            EXIT

        3.  Begin using the FILCOM program to compare two files.  Give  a
            CTRL/C  to  halt  FILCOM,  then  a  CTRL/T  to  determine the
            location where it was stopped.  Give the DDT command, and  do
            some  work  within  the DDT program; leave DDT with a CTRL/Z,
            returning to TOPS-20 command level.  Give the  START  command
            to start FILCOM again, using as argument the address reported
            by CTRL/T above.

            @FILCOM

            *TTY:=DUMPER.MAC, BACKUP.MAC
            ^C
            ^T 14:49:03 FILCOM ^C from Running at 400543  Used 0:00:03.1 -
            in 0:04.39, Load 2.44 in 0:01:33

            @DDT
            DDT
            3/   PAT..+361,,3066
            4/   56
            ^Z
            @START 400543


                                   2-386
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (START)


            No differences encountered

        4.  Place the CLOCK program (not DIGITAL  supported)  in  memory.
            KEEP  the CLOCK program so that it will remain in memory when
            you run other programs.  Then, start the CLOCK program in the
            background.   CLOCK  will  display  the  time every half hour
            while you run other programs and EXEC commands.

            @GET CLOCK.EXE
            @KEEP
            @START CLOCK.EXE /STAY
            @
                    .
                    .
                    .
            [11:30 AM]





































                                   2-387
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


   2.75  SUBMIT

   Enters a command procedure into the batch job queue.


   Format

        @SUBMIT (BATCH JOB) /switch(es) filespec/switch(es),...

        where:

        switches     are keywords, chosen from the list below, indicating
                     your   choice  of  SUBMIT  command  options.   These
                     switches have different effects according  to  their
                     position  in  the  command  line:  placed before all
                     files in the command, they act as defaults for  all;
                     otherwise  they  affect  only  the nearest preceding
                     file.
                          Defaults are shown in the list of switches

        filespec     is the specification of a batch  control  file  (see
                     the TOPS-20 User's Guide), containing batch commands
                     and the commands with which you would have done  the
                     job as a timesharing user instead of as a batch user
                          Default file type - .CTL


         Summary of SUBMIT Command Switches (defaults in boldface)


        /ACCOUNT:account              Default account - your current
                                                        account
        /AFTER:date and/or time
                    YES
        /ASSISTANCE:NO
                   APPEND
        /BATCH-LOG:SUPERSEDE
                   SPOOL
        /BEGIN:n                      Default n - 0
        /CARDS:n                      Default n - 1000
        /CONNECTED-DIRECTORY:dev:<directory>
        /DELETE
        /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:n           Default n - 0
        /DESTINATION-NODE:node name
        /FEET:n                       Default n - 200
        /JOBNAME:6-character name     Default name - first six characters
                                                     of control filename
                        KEEP
        /LOGDISPOSITION:DELETE
        /LOGNAME:filespec             Default filespec - control
                                                         filename,   file


                                   2-388
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


                                                         type .LOG

                YES
        /NOTIFY:NO
                ALWAYS
        /OUTPUT:ERRORS
                NOLOG
        /PAGES:n                      Default n - 200
        /PRIORITY:n                   Default n - 10
        /PROCESSING-NODE:node name
        /READER
                     NO
        /RESTARTABLE:YES              Default argument (if switch is
                                                         given) - YES

        /SEQUENCE:n
        /TAG:6-character label
        /TIME:hh:mm:ss                Default time limit  (if  switch  is
                                              omitted) - 00:05:00
                                      Default hh:mm:ss  (if   switch   is
                                              given   without   colon  or
                                              argument) - 60 (minutes)
        /TPLOT:n                      Default n - 200
                NO or  0
        /UNIQUE:YES or 1
        /USER:user name


                          SUBMIT Command Switches


        /ACCOUNT:account            specifies the account of 39 or  fewer
                                    characters  to  charge for your batch
                                    request.  This account must be  valid
                                    for your user name.
                                         Default  account - your  current
                                                           account (check
                                                           with
                                                           INFORMATION
                                                           JOB-STATUS)

        /AFTER:date and/or time, or
               day of week (or TODAY)
               and/or time          ensures that  the  job  will  not  be
                                    started  until  after the date and/or
                                    time   specified.    NOV-12-79,   and
                                    18:00:00  illustrate two arguments to
                                    this switch.  If you give  both  date
                                    and time, separate them with a space.
                                    When given alone,  the  time  may  be
                                    preceded  with a plus sign (+), which


                                   2-389
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


                                    will   delay   processing   by    the
                                    indicated  length  of  time  from the
                                    present.

                                    Alternatively, you may give a day  of
                                    the week (such as MONDAY) or TODAY as
                                    argument; then the batch job will not
                                    be started until the beginning of the
                                    following day.  If  you  follow  this
                                    argument with a plus sign and a time,
                                    the job will be  further  delayed  by
                                    this amount.

                    YES
        /ASSISTANCE:NO              tells the  system  whether  your  job
                                    will  require  the  assistance of the
                                    operator (for  example,  to  mount  a
                                    structure  or  magnetic tape) when it
                                    is run
                                         Default - YES

                   APPEND
        /BATCH-LOG:SUPERSEDE        tells  the system  either  to  append
                   SPOOL            the log file of the batch job to  any
                                    existing  log  file of the same name,
                                    or to write a new generation  of  the
                                    log  file, or to send the log file to
                                    the spool area only.
                                         Default - APPEND

        /BEGIN:n                    starts processing the control file at
                                    line  n of the file.  Use this switch
                                    for  a  control  file  that  can  fit
                                    different  applications  depending on
                                    where processing begins.   (See  also
                                    the /TAG switch.)
                                         Default n - 0

        /CARDS:n                    limits to n  the  maximum  number  of
                                    cards to be punched by the job.
                                         Default n - 1000

        /CONNECTED-DIRECTORY:dev:<directory>
                                    specifies the connected directory for
                                    the  batch job.  For privileged users
                                    only.

        /DELETE                     tells  the  system  to   delete   the
                                    control  file after the batch job has
                                    run.



                                   2-390
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


        /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:n         sets the job's dependency count to n.
                                    Because  a  batch  job  does  not get
                                    processed until its dependency  count
                                    is   0,   you  can  delay  a  job  by
                                    assigning it  a  positive  dependency
                                    count   and  then  using  the  MODIFY
                                    command to bring the count  to  0  at
                                    the proper time.
                                         Default n - 0

        /DESTINATION-NODE:node-name
                                    specifies the IBM  remote  job  entry
                                    station on whose line printer the log
                                    file of  your  batch  job  is  to  be
                                    printed.   Two  colons (::) following
                                    the node name are optional.

        /FEET:n                     limits to n  the  maximum  number  of
                                    feet  of  paper tape to be punched by
                                    the job.
                                         Default n - 200

        /JOBNAME:name               assigns  a  name  (of  six  or  fewer
                                    characters) to the batch job.
                                         Default name - first         six
                                                        characters     of
                                                        control filename

                        KEEP
        /LOGDISPOSITION:DELETE      tells the system  whether  to  delete
                                    the   log  file  after  it  has  been
                                    printed.
                                         Default - KEEP

        /LOGNAME:filespec           specifies where to place the log file
                                    of the batch job.
                                         Default dev:<directory> - your
                                                 connected  directory  at
                                                 the  time  of the SUBMIT
                                                 command

                                         Default filename - control
                                                            filename

                                         Default type - .LOG
                YES
        /NOTIFY:NO                  tells the system whether  to  send  a
                                    message  to your terminal /xp /NOTIFY
                                    switch when the batch  job  has  been
                                    completed.
                                         Default argument - NO


                                   2-391
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


                                         Default argument   (if switch is
                                                            given) - YES

                ALWAYS
        /OUTPUT:ERRORS              says whether you want the log file to
                NOLOG               be printed always,  or  only  in  the
                                    case  of  unhandled  errors occurring
                                    within the job, or never.  No  matter
                                    which option you choose, the log file
                                    is always written.
                                         Default - ALWAYS

        /PAGES:n                    limits to n  the  maximum  number  of
                                    pages  of  line  printer output to be
                                    printed by the job.
                                         Default n - 200

        /PRIORITY:n                 assigns a decimal  number  n  to  the
                                    job,  reflecting  the  urgency of the
                                    batch request.  This n must be from 0
                                    to  63, with larger numbers receiving
                                    earlier   treatment.    The    system
                                    acknowledges     this    switch    by
                                    displaying the message [Priority  has
                                    been modified].
                                         Default n - 10

        /PROCESSING-NODE:node name::
                                    specifies  the  IBM  host  system  on
                                    whose  CPU the JCL batch job is to be
                                    run.  Two colons (::)  following  the
                                    node name are optional.

        /READER                     tells the system  that  your  control
                                    file  is  composed  of  card  images,
                                    including  control  cards,  on  disk.
                                    For  details  see the TOPS-10/TOPS-20
                                    Batch Reference Manual.

                     NO
        /RESTARTABLE:YES            decides whether  the  job  should  be
                                    started  again  if the system crashes
                                    and is restarted.
                                         Default argument - NO

                                         Default argument (if  switch  is
                                                 given)   - YES

        /SEQUENCE:n                 specifies that n, instead of a number
                                    supplied  by the system, is to be the
                                    sequence number of the job.


                                   2-392
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


        /TAG:label                  starts processing the control file at
                                    the   line  beginning  with  label::,
                                    where label is an  alphanumeric  name
                                    of six or fewer characters.  Use this
                                    switch for a control  file  that  can
                                    fit  different applications depending
                                    on where processing begins.

        /TIME:hh:mm:ss              limits the maximum amount of CPU time
                                    available to the job; given in hours,
                                    minutes, and seconds.
                                         Default time limit (if switch is
                                                 omitted) - five minutes

                                         Default hh:mm:ss (if  switch  is
                                                 given  without  colon or
                                                 argument) - 60 (minutes)

        /TPLOT:n                    limits to n  the  maximum  number  of
                                    minutes  of  plotter time allowed for
                                    plotter time allowed for the job.
                                         Default n - 200

                NO  (or 0)
        /UNIQUE:YES (or 1)          when submitting multiple batch  jobs,
                                    tells  the  system whether to run the
                                    jobs  concurrently  or  at   separate
                                    times.   The  control  files  must be
                                    submitted while connected to the same
                                    directory;  the  control files can be
                                    located  in  any   directory.    This
                                    switch    applies   to   batch   jobs
                                    submitted with a single  or  multiple
                                    SUBMIT commands.  See Example 5.
                                         Default - YES

        /USER:user name             specifies the user who is to  be  the
                                    owner  of  the  batch  request.   For
                                    privileged users only.


   Output

        Jobname, Request ID, and Time Limit

             As soon as you complete a valid SUBMIT command,  the  system
             responds by printing, on your terminal, the jobname, request
             ID, and time limit for  the  job.   Each  control  file  you
             submit  is  a  separate batch request, and is described on a
             separate line.



                                   2-393
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


   Characteristics

        Switch Defaults Set by System Manager

             The defaults shown in the list of switches are  correct  for
             most  user  sites.   However, your system manager can change
             some of these default settings.  The changes go into  effect
             during  system  installation.   The  switches  most commonly
             affected are:  /CARDS, /FEET,  /OUTPUT,  /PAGES,  /PRIORITY,
             /TIME, and /TPLOT.

        Disposition of Log Files

             The    three    SUBMIT    command    switches    /BATCH-LOG,
             /LOGDISPOSITION,  and  /OUTPUT,  control what happens to the
             log file of your batch job.

        Where Written

             The log file is always written as the job  runs,  either  to
             the  batch  job's  connected  directory,  or  to a directory
             specified as argument to the  /LOGNAME  switch,  or  to  the
             system's output spooling area (it is written to the spooling
             area only if you give the /BATCH-LOG:SPOOL switch).  If  the
             /DESTINATION-NODE switch is also given, the log file will be
             written into a directory or spooling area at  the  specified
             node.   Remember  that  a batch job's connected directory is
             ordinarily defined to be your  connected  directory  at  the
             time  of  the SUBMIT command; privileged users may specify a
             batch   job's   connected    directory    by    using    the
             /CONNECTED-DIRECTORY switch.

        How Written, When Printed

             The  /BATCH-LOG  switch's  APPEND  and  SUPERSEDE  arguments
             describe  the manner in which the log file is to be written:
             either it is appended to any existing file of the same  name
             (usually produced by a previous running of the batch job) or
             it is  written  as  a  new  generation  of  the  file.   The
             /LOGDISPOSITION switch tells the system whether to keep this
             file,  wherever  it  is  written,  once  the  batch  job  is
             finished.   The  /OUTPUT  switch  specifies  when you want a
             listing of the log file to be printed:   either  always,  or
             never,  or  only  if errors occur when the batch job is run.
             By using combinations of these switches you  can  cause  any
             desirable   action.    Giving   /OUTPUT:ALWAYS   along  with
             /LOGDISPOSITION:DELETE allows a record  of  your  batch  job
             with only a temporary use of your disk area, and permits you
             to monitor the progress of the job while it is running (give
             TYPE  commands  to  view the file at your terminal).  Giving
             just the /BATCH-LOG:SPOOL switch allows a record without any


                                   2-394
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


             use  of  your disk area, although then you must wait for the
             printed output to see this record.

        Execution of Command Files

             As soon as one of  your  batch  jobs  logs  in,  the  system
             processes  your  login  directory's  command  files  and the
             system's command files.  The files  are  processed  in  this
             order:

                  1.  SYSTEM:BATCH.CMD
                  2.  BATCH.CMD
                  3.  SYSTEM:COMAND.CMD
                  4.  COMAND.CMD

             If a LOGOUT command is included in the batch  control  file,
             the  system processes your login directory's LOGOUT.CMD file
             followed by  the  system's  SYSTEM:LOGOUT.CMD  file.   These
             files  are  not  processed  if  the  batch job is logged out
             automatically.

        Automatic Logout

             If the batch control file is  not  terminated  by  a  LOGOUT
             command,  the  batch job is logged-out automatically and the
             message "KILLED BY OPERATOR TTYnn" is  printed  in  the  log
             file.


   Hints

        Using SET DEFAULT SUBMIT

             If there are switches that you always or usually supply when
             using  SUBMIT,  give  the  SET  DEFAULT  SUBMIT  command  to
             establish  them  as  defaults  for  the  remainder  of  your
             terminal  session.   The switches will then behave as if you
             had typed them directly after  the  word  SUBMIT.   You  can
             supersede   any   of  these  default  switches  by  actually
             supplying the switch, with another value, when you give  the
             SUBMIT command.

                  For Future Terminal Sessions

                       Put SET DEFAULT SUBMIT commands into a file  named
                       COMAND.CMD  or  LOGIN.CMD in your log-in directory
                       if you want these default switches to be in effect
                       for  batch  jobs you submit during future terminal
                       sessions as well.  If both files exist, the system
                       reads LOGIN.CMD first.



                                   2-395
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


                  For Nested Batch Jobs Only

                       Put SET DEFAULT SUBMIT commands into a file  named
                       BATCH.CMD  in  your  log-in  directory if you want
                       them to be in effect  at  the  log-in  time  of  a
                       "nested"  batch  job  only,  that  is, a batch job
                       started by a SUBMIT  command  within  the  control
                       file   of  another  of  your  batch  jobs.   Note,
                       however, that the system also reads COMAND.CMD  at
                       the  log-in time of a batch job if the file exists
                       in your log-in  directory.   It  reads  this  file
                       after BATCH.CMD.

             Monitoring the Progress of a Batch Job

                  You can include the SEND command or the  commands  that
                  run  the MAIL or DECmail/MS mail programs in your batch
                  control file.  Use these commands to send  messages  to
                  your terminal informing you of the status of your batch
                  job.  Since a batch job creates a job  in  addition  to
                  your  timesharing  job,  use  the  terminal line number
                  argument instead of the user name argument in the  SEND
                  command.

        More Information

             For more information about batch jobs,  see  the  TOPS-10/20
             Batch Reference Manual.


   Restrictions

        Access Rights for Batch Jobs

             For Specifying Control Files and Log Files

                  You cannot use the ACCESS command to obtain  the  right
                  to submit control files from another directory, because
                  your batch jobs are logged in with rights only to  your
                  connected  directory  and  to  directories to which you
                  (through your login directory name) have  access  as  a
                  group  member.   The  control  file,  if  not  in  your
                  connected directory, must be in one to which  you  have
                  read   access   as   a   group  member;  the  log  file
                  specification, if  you  give  one,  must  be  for  your
                  connected  directory or for one to which you have write
                  access as a group member.

             For Use Within the Batch Job

                  Although it is possible  to  give  CONNECT  and  ACCESS


                                   2-396
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


                  commands  within  a  batch  job to obtain rights beyond
                  those mentioned above, you may  then  have  to  include
                  passwords  in  the  job's  control  file.  Because this
                  practice  could  endanger  system   security,   it   is
                  generally  best  to  establish  and rely on appropriate
                  group rights when preparing batch jobs for submission.

        PUSH During Batch Job Execution

             Note  that  a  PUSH  command  reads  the  COMAND.CMD   file.
             Therefore,  if  your  batch  control  file  contains  a PUSH
             command, only the defaults set in COMAND.CMD are  in  effect
             while in the inferior EXEC.

        Editing a Queued Control File

             The batch system processes the exact version of the  control
             file  specified  in  your SUBMIT command.  Therefore, if you
             edit a file while it is in the batch queue, the new  version
             of the file will not be processed.

             To change the request to process the latest version  of  the
             control file, CANCEL the request and resubmit the job.


   Related Commands

        CANCEL                         for withdrawing SUBMIT requests

        INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS     for examining in the  batch  input
                                       queue

        MODIFY                         for   changing   SUBMIT   requests
                                       before processing has begun

        SET DEFAULT SUBMIT             for establishing default  switches
                                       for subsequent SUBMIT commands


   Examples

        1.  Submit a control file to begin a batch job.

            @SUBMIT DIFS.CTL
            [Batch job DIFS queued, request-ID 461, limit 0:05:00]

        2.  Submit two control files (specifying only the  filenames)  in
            the  same  command.   then use the information batch-requests
            command (with the /USER switch) to examine  your  entries  in
            the batch input queue.



                                   2-397
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


            @SUBMIT SUMS, DIFS
            [Batch job SUMS queued, request-ID 629, limit 0:05:00]
            [Batch job DIFS queued, request-ID 630, limit 0:05:00]
            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS /USER

            Batch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Run Time  User
            --------  ----  --------  --------
            * SUMS     629  00:05:00  C.BURKE In Stream:2
               Started at 15:21:01    
              DIFS     630  00:05:00  C.BURKE
            There are 2 jobs in the queue (1 in progress)

        3.  Connect to another user's directory, then submit two  of  his
            control  files.   Prevent  the printing of a log file for one
            job, and allow the second job's to be printed only if  errors
            occur within the job; make both jobs restartable.  Request an
            inclusive listing of your entries in the batch queue - notice
            that  the  jobs  are  logged  in  under  your  own user name,
            although the log files  will  be  stored  in  user  Holland's
            directory.   Note  also  that an asterisk (*) indicates a job
            currently in progress.

            Connect back to your directory and submit  one  of  your  own
            control files, specifying a particular jobname, then check on
            it.

            @CONNECT <HOLLAND>
            Password:___
            @SUBMIT /RESTARTABLE:YES FLDTST.CTL/OUTPUT:NOLOG, LODT.CTL -
            /OUTPUT:ERRORS
            [Batch job FLDTST queued, request-ID 464, limit 0:05:00]
            [Batch job LODTST queued, request-ID 465, limit 0:05:00]
            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS /ALL/USER

            Batch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Run Time             User
            --------  ----  --------  --------------------------------
            * FLDTST   464  00:05:00  C.BURKE In Stream:2  /Uniq:Yes
                      /Restart:Yes  /Assist:Yes  /Seq:1993
               Started at  8:40:38
              LODTST   465  00:05:00  C.BURKE /Uniq:Yes  /Restart:Yes
                      /Assist:Yes  /Seq:1994
            There are 2 Jobs in the Queue (1 in Progress)

            @CONNECT MISC:<C.BURKE>
            @SUBMIT SUMS/JOBNAME:1-SUMS
            [Batch job 1-SUMS queued, request-ID 466, limit 0:05:00]





                                   2-398
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS /ALL/USER

            Batch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Run Time             User
            --------  ----  --------  --------------------------------
            * 1-SUMS   466  00:05:00  C.BURKE In Stream:2  /Uniq:Yes
                      /Restart:No  /Assist:Yes  /Seq:1995
               Started at 8:41:29
            There is 1 job in the queue (1 in progress)

        4.  Give a SET DEFAULT command to ensure  that  your  batch  jobs
            will  be  run  after 5:00 P.M.  unless you specify otherwise.
            Submit a batch job and check that this default is in  effect.
            Then  use a MODIFY command to delay the starting time of this
            job till 11:00 P.M.  Finally,  give  the  CANCEL  command  to
            withdraw the batch request entirely.

            @SET DEFAULT SUBMIT /AFTER:17:00
            @SUBMIT SUMS
            [Batch job SUMS queued, request-ID 467, limit 0:05:00]
            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS /USER

            Batch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Run Time             User
            --------  ----  --------  --------------------------------
              SUMS     467  00:05:00  C.BURKE /After: 9-Nov-85 17:00
            There is 1 Job in the Queue (None in Progress)
            @MODIFY BATCH 467 /AFTER:23:00
            [1 Job modified]
            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS /USER

            Batch Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Run Time             User
            --------  ----  --------  --------------------------------
              SUMS     467  00:05:00  C.BURKE /After: 9-Nov-85 23:00
            There is 1 Job in the Queue (None in Progress)

            @CANCEL BATCH 467
            [1 Job canceled]

        5.  Submit two control  files,  one  located  in  your  connected
            directory  and  the  other  in a directory you are accessing.
            Use  the  /UNIQUE:NO  switch  to  allow  the  jobs   to   run
            simultaneously.   Display  the  status of the batch queue and
            note that both jobs are running.

            @SUBMIT NETCOM.CTL, RANDOM:[LOWELL]CLEAN.CTL /UNIQUE:NO
            [Batch job CLEAN queued, request  58, limit 0:05:00]
            [Batch job NETCOM queued, request  59, limit 0:05:00]
            @INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS



                                   2-399
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SUBMIT)


            Batch Queue:
            Job Name   Req#   Run Time            User
            --------  ------  --------  -------------------------
            * CLEAN       58  00:05:00  DBONIN                In Stream:0
                 Job# 156 Running EXEC Runtime 0:00:16
            * NETCOM      59  00:05:00  DBONIN                In Stream:1
                 Job# 156 Running EXEC Runtime 0:00:08
               GTSTK       2  00:15:00  PURRETTA              
               CIGIDN      3  01:00:00  CSSE.WAIBLE           
            There are 4 jobs in the queue (2 in progress)











































                                   2-400
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


   2.76  SYSTAT

   Displays information about the jobs on the system.


   Format*

        @SYSTAT [NODE node name],
        @@subcommand

        where:

        NODE node name is an optional keyword and argument that  is  used
                       to   display  information  about  the  jobs  on  a
                       specified node in  the  TOPS-20  cluster.   If  an
                       asterisk  is  specified  as  the  node  name,  the
                       command displays information on all nodes  in  the
                       TOPS-20 cluster.

        @@subcommand   means that, after a comma, you  can  give  one  or
                       more subcommands on successive lines


            Summary of SYSTAT Subcommands (defaults in boldface)


        ALL
        CLASS
|       CONNECT-TIME
        CONTROLLING
        DIRECTORY
        HEADER
        JOB job number n
        LIMIT
        LINE octal line number, or DETACHED
        LPT
        NO subcommand name, or OPERATOR, or .
        NODE
        ORIGIN
        OUTPUT file specification
        PROGRAM
        STATE
        SYSTEM
        TIME 
        USER user name
        WHAT
        WHERE
        WHO


   * For information on the in-line subcommand format,  see  the  "Hints"


                                   2-401
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


   section below.


                             SYSTAT Subcommands


        ALL                  gives all available SYSTAT information

        CLASS                prints the scheduler class in which each job
                             is  running;  the  share  of  total CPU time
                             allotted to the job, expressed as a  decimal
                             fraction; and the fraction of total CPU time
                             actually used by the job.   A  job's  actual
                             use may be larger than its allotted share if
                             some jobs in its class are inactive; it  can
                             be   larger   still  if  other  classes  are
                             inactive and this  unused  fraction  of  CPU
                             time is being allocated among active jobs.

|       CONNECT-TIME         prints how long each user has been connected
|                            to the system.

        CONTROLLING          prints, in the column headed CJB, the number
                             of  the controlling job (if any), that is, a
                             job  owning  a  PTY  (pseudo-terminal)  that
                             controls  the job being described; when used
                             in a SYSTAT command requesting  descriptions
                             of  particular  jobs, this subcommand causes
                             jobs  controlled  by  these   jobs   to   be
                             described also.

        DIRECTORY            requests the name of the directory to  which
                             each  job  is  connected,  if  not the job's
                             log-in directory.

        HEADER               calls for a headline identifying the columns
                             of information printed
                                  Default (unless  you   are   requesting
                                          information    about   specific
                                          users, jobs, or lines only;  in
                                          such  cases  the  default is NO
                                          HEADER.)

        JOB n                restricts  output  to  description  of   job
                             number n; can be used more than once.

        LIMIT                prints any time limit set for each job  with
                             the  SET  TIME  LIMIT  command.   Print  the
                             amount of CPU time used  by  your  job  with
                             CTRL/T or INFORMATION PROGRAM-STATUS.



                                   2-402
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


        LINE octal line number or DETACHED
                             restricts output to description of  the  job
                             attached  to  the  given  line number, or to
                             descriptions of all detached  jobs;  can  be
                             used more than once.

        LPT                  sends output to the line printer instead  of
                             to your terminal.

             ---
             | . (period)
             | CLASS
|            | CONNECT-TIME
             | CONTROLLING
             | DIRECTORY
             | HEADER
             | LIMIT         
             | NODE          eliminates   the   indicated   category   of
             | OPERATOR      information,  when  used  with  one  of  the
             | ORIGIN        keywords shown (. refers to your own job)
        NO   | STATE
             | SYSTEM
             | TIME
             | WHAT
             | WHERE
             | WHO
             ---

        NODE                 displays information about the jobs  on  the
                             specified node.

        ORIGIN               displays the job's originating system,  that
                             is, the system from which the user connected
                             to this system.
                                  Default

        OUTPUT filespec      sends the output information to the file you
                             specify, instead of to your terminal.
                                  Default filespec - SYSTAT.LST

        PROGRAM program name restricts SYSTAT output to  descriptions  of
                             jobs  using the program (or TOPS-20 command)
                             specified.  The argument you supply must  be
                             of six or fewer characters.

        STATE                prints the current state of  each  job,  for
                             example  RUN  (running),  or TI (waiting for
                             terminal input)

        SYSTEM [NODE node name]
                             begins output with  system-wide  information


                                   2-403
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


                             (the first two lines of regular output).  If
                             SYSTEM is the only subcommand given,  SYSTAT
                             output  is  restricted  to  this.  NODE node
                             name is an  optional  keyword  and  argument
                             that  displays  information on the specified
                             node(s) in  the  TOPS-20  cluster.   If  you
                             specify   an  asterisk  as  the  node  name,
                             information on  all  nodes  in  the  TOPS-20
                             cluster appears.
                                  Default (unless  you  give  subcommands
                                          requesting   information  about
                                          specific users, jobs, or  lines
                                          only; in such cases the default
                                          is NO SYSTEM.)

        TIME                 prints the accumulated  runtime  (CPU  time)
                             for each job

        USER user name       restricts output  to  descriptions  of  jobs
                             logged  in under the given user name; can be
                             used more than once.

        WHAT                 prints the name of the program that each job
                             is   running;  given  explicitly  only  with
                             subcommand NO, to restrict SYSTAT output.
                                  Default

        WHERE                prints the line number associated with  each
                             job;  given  explicitly only with subcommand
                             NO, to restrict SYSTAT output.
                                  Default

        WHO                  prints the user name under which each job is
                             logged   in;   given  explicitly  only  with
                             subcommand NO, to restrict SYSTAT output.
                                  Default


   Output

        Sample of SYSTAT Output

             The SYSTAT command displays  on  your  terminal  columns  of
             information  about  all  the jobs on the system.  Below is a
             sample of the output you would  receive  in  response  to  a
             SYSTAT  command  that  eliminates  the two rightmost columns
             (User and <Directory>):

|            @SYSTAT ALL NO WHO NO DIRECTORY NO CONNECT TIME
              Tue 14-Aug-79   15:48:37   Up 1:12:59
              45+11 Jobs   Load av (class 0)   3.70   3.54   3.71


                                   2-404
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


              Job  CJB Line  Program State    Time    Cls  Shr   Use   
                5        25   TV      RUN    0:01:02   0  0.01   0.03
                7         6   TV      TI     0:00:35   0  0.01   0.02
               13   35  217   EXEC    RUN    0:01:02   1  0.15   0.00
               .    .    .      .      .        .      .    .      .
               .    .    .      .      .        .      .    .      .
               .    .    .      .      .        .      .    .      .

             First  you  see  the  current  date  and  time  (in  24-hour
             notation:   the  sample  above was obtained 37 seconds after
             3:48 P.M.), and the length of  time  since  the  system  was
             started (here, just over 1 hour).

             The second line displays the number of user  jobs  (45)  and
             operator  jobs  (11)  currently  running.   The  next  three
             numbers are the "load averages" for the system:   these  are
             weighted averages of the number of runnable processes on the
             system over the last minute,  5  minutes,  and  15  minutes,
             respectively.   (If  class  scheduling is enabled, the three
             load averages are the average number of jobs having at least
             one  runnable  process, and apply to the class in which your
             job is running.)  If you are about to start a job  requiring
             5  minutes  of CPU time, and the load average remains stable
             over the period in question, for example, becomes 4.54 (3.54
             + your job = 4.54), then you can count on your job's getting
             about  1/4.54  of  your  class's  share  of   the   system's
             attention.   If  your  class  is  assigned  one third of the
             system's CPU time  and  you  do  not  receive  any  windfall
             (unclaimed  CPU time), your job will be finished in a little
             over one hour.

             After this comes the line of headings labeling  each  column
             of  data  that  follows.   All  but  the  User,  Origin  and
             <Directory> columns of  information  appear  in  the  sample
             above,  describing  all jobs (rows).  The unmodified command
             SYSTAT displays the Job,  Line,  Program,  User  and  Origin
             columns.   The  Origin column displays the job's originating
             host followed in parentheses by the network  terminal  type.
             For  example,  AURORA (CTM) means that the user logged in to
             node AURORA and  then  used  the  CTERM-SERVER  protocol  to
             connect his terminal to this system.  The definitions of the
             network terminal types are:

                  CTM       CTERM-SERVER protocol terminal
                  LAT       Local Access Terminal
                  NRT       Network Remote Terminal
|                 TCP       Internet TCP/IP Terminal

             By  using  appropriate  subcommands  you  can   select   the
             categories  of  information,  as  well as the specific jobs.
             (The Class (Cls) and Share (Shr) categories appear  only  if


                                   2-405
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


             class  scheduling  is enabled.)  User jobs, both timesharing
             and batch, are listed  first  (in  ascending  order  by  job
             number),  and  then, after a blank line, operator jobs.  The
             number of the job attached to your own terminal appears with
             an asterisk (*) next to it in the Job column.

        Sending Output Elsewhere

             By giving  the  OUTPUT  subcommand  you  can  direct  SYSTAT
             information  to  a  file  instead  of to your terminal.  The
             subcommand LPT sends the information to the printer  instead
             of to your terminal.


   Characteristics

        Log-in Not Necessary

             You do not have to be logged in to give the SYSTAT  command.
|            However,  the  system manager can disable the SYSTAT command
|            for users not logged in.


   Hints

        Giving Subcommands as Arguments on the Command Line

             To simplify  your  typing,  SYSTAT  accepts  subcommands  as
             arguments  given on the same line as the command, subject to
             these rules:

                  There will be  no  @@  prompt:   simply  type  a  space
                  between  successive  subcommands and between subcommand
                  names and arguments.

                  To get information  about  one  or  more  specific  job
                  numbers, give the numbers only; do not type JOB.

                  To get information about  one  or  more  specific  user
                  names,  give  the names only; do not type USER.  But if
                  the user name is by coincidence the same  as  a  SYSTAT
                  command  argument,  you must use the subcommand mode to
                  request information about his job.

                  To get information about one or  more  specific  log-in
                  directories, give the directory names.[1]

   [1]  For specific connected directories, specify the  directory  names
   (and  structures,  if  not the public structure) along with either the
   ALL or DIRECTORY subcommand.



                                   2-406
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


                  To get information about your own (attached) job  only,
                  give a period (.) as argument.

                  To get information about all other jobs logged in under
                  your  user  name,  give  your  user  name  and NO .  as
                  arguments.

                  The system will not accept  the  OUTPUT  subcommand  in
                  this format; use the subcommand mode instead.


   Special Cases

        OPERATOR as a User Name

             You can request or refuse information about operator jobs by
             treating  OPERATOR as a user name.  The system accepts these
             commands:

             --------------

                  @SYSTAT OPERATOR

             and

                  @SYSTAT,
                  @@USER OPERATOR

             as well as the special commands

                  @SYSTAT NO OPERATOR

             and

                  @SYSTAT,
                  @@NO OPERATOR


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION     for  finding  out  other  information  about  the
                        system


   Examples

        1.  Find out the status of all jobs on the system.  (Your current
            (attached) job is marked with an asterisk (*).)

            @SYSTAT
|            Thu 17-May-90 12:27:44  Up 9:32:11


                                   2-407
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


|            12+8 Jobs   Load av   0.33   0.27   0.20
|  
|            Job  Line Program  User              Origin
|            135   DET  DTRSRV  Not logged in
|            136   DET  RMSFAL  Not logged in
|            137   DET  RMSFAL  Not logged in
|            138   DET  RMSFAL  Not logged in
|            139   DET  RMSFAL  Not logged in
|            142   434  MS      BRAITHWAITE       LAT70:24008_70(LAT)
|            143   435  MS      WONG              LAT462:24083_462(LAT)
|            144   437  MS      EKLUND            LAT75:24052_75(LAT)
|            145   DET  EXEC    UVA
|            146   436  MS      JMCGREAL          LAT1:LAT1_17(LAT)
|            147   440  EMACS   MONTEIRO          LAT1:LAT1_27(LAT)
|            148   441  EXEC    JBREWER           LAT73:24064_73(LAT)
|            149   314  EXEC    GSCOTT            klipa.tops20.dec.com(TCP)
|            150   442  EXEC    LOMARTIRE         LAT1:24087_1_1(LAT)
|            151   443  EXEC    GSCOTT            LAT1:24086_1(LAT)
|            152   243  NFTP    GSCOTT
|            153*  445  SYSTAT  ANDERSON          LAT423:24081_1_423(LAT)
|  
|            129   232  PTYCON  OPERATOR
|            130   233  GALAXY  OPERATOR
|            131   234  NEBULA  OPERATOR
|            132   235  UNIVER  OPERATOR
|            133   236  EXEC    OPERATOR
|            134   237  MX      OPERATOR
|            140   240  DTR     OPERATOR
|            141   241  DIU     OPERATOR

        2.  Find out the status of all jobs on the NODE VENUS.

            @SYSTAT NODE VENUS
             Thu 13-Aug-87 13:08:12
             VENUS  Up   0:10:33 17+6 Jobs   Load av   0.11   0.13   0.12

             Job  Line Program  Node    User            Origin
             231   DET  DTRSRV  VENUS   Not logged in
             232   DET  RMSFAL  VENUS   Not logged in
             233   DET  RMSFAL  VENUS   Not logged in
             234   434  EXEC    VENUS   DAVE
            LAT423:2408_1_423(LAT)
             235   435  EXEC    VENUS   RICH         LAT73:24064_73(LAT)
             236   436  OPR     VENUS   GAGNE
            LAT75:24067_2_75(LAT)
             237   437  EXEC    VENUS   GSCOTT
            klipa.tops20.dec.com(tcp)
             238   440  NFT     VENUS   rich
            pmap.tops-20.dec.com(tcp)
             239   441  EXEC    VENUS   BROOKS       LAT1:LAT1_27(LAT)
             240   442  EXEC    VENUS   PUCHRIK      LAT1:24053_1(LAT)


                                   2-408
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


             241   447  EMACS   VENUS   ROSSELL
            LAT473:24112_473(LAT)
             242   443  EXEC    VENUS   PRATT        LAT70:24008_70(LAT)
             243   444  SYSTAT  VENUS   RASPUZZI     LAT1:24086_1(LAT)

             225   232  GALAXY  VENUS   OPERATOR
             226   233  PTYCON  VENUS   OPERATOR
             227   234  DIU     VENUS   OPERATOR
             228   235  MAILS   VENUS   OPERATOR
             229   236  WATCH   VENUS   OPERATOR
             230   237  EXEC    VENUS   OPERATOR

        3.  Determine how much CPU time has been charged to the  jobs  of
            two users on the system.

            @SYSTAT,
            @@TIME
            @@USER KONEN
            @@USER ALUSIC
            @@
              27    66    EXEC    0:00:01    ALUSIC
              43    11    EXEC    0:00:02    KONEN

        4.  Repeat Example 2 by giving the subcommands  as  arguments  on
            the same line.

            @SYSTAT TIME KONEN ALUSIC
              27    66    EXEC    0:00:01    ALUSIC
              43    11    EXEC    0:00:02    KONEN

        5.  Find out who is using line 11.

            @SYSTAT LINE 11
              43    11    EXEC    KONEN

        6.  Ask for information about jobs 5 and 45.

            @SYSTAT 5 45
               5    56    MACRO   D.SCHEIFLER
              45    205   PTYCON  OPERATOR

        7.  Set a time limit of 4 seconds for your attached job, then ask
            for  complete  information,  including headings, for the job.
            (The period (.)  specifies  your  attached  job.)  The  value
            reported  under  the Limit heading is actually the sum of the
            time limit you set (4 seconds) and the  amount  of  CPU  time
            already  used  at  the  time of your SET command (2 seconds).
            This CPU time is reported as 2 seconds under the Time heading
            because you gave the SYSTAT command immediately after SET.

            @SET TIME-LIMIT 4


                                   2-409
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


            @SYSTAT ALL HEADER .
              Job   CJB  Line   Program  State  Time    Cls   Shr   Use
            Limit   User, <Directory>  Origin
              14*  51   207    EXEC     RUN    0:00:02   0  0.02  0.02
            0:00:06 LATTA, MISC:<LATTA>

        8.  Ask for system-wide SYSTAT information only.

            @SYSTAT SYSTEM
             Fri 1-Mar-84 12:35:44  Up 33:43:36
             18+15 Jobs   Load av (class 0)   5.19   3.36   2.92

            Ask for system-wide SYSTAT information for nodes  GIDNEY  and
            CLOYD.

            @SYSTAT SYSTEM NODE GIDNEY NODE CLOYD
             Thu 13-Aug-87 13:02:00
             GIDNEY Up 223:12:12 17+6 Jobs  Load av  0.36  0.27  0.14
             CLOYD  Up  26:34:31  6+8 Jobs  Load av  1.33  1.21  0.99

            Now ask for system-wide SYSTAT information for all  nodes  in
            the cluster.

            @SYSTAT SYSTEM NODE *
             Thu 13-Aug-87 13:02:00
             GIDNEY Up 223:12:12 17+6 Jobs  Load av  0.3   0.27   0.14
             VENUS  Up   0:10:33 11+5 Jobs  Load av 10.36 10.27  10.14
             CLOYD  Up  26:34:31 6+8  Jobs  Load av  1.33  1.21   0.99
             RONCO  Up  12:13:14 2+5  Jobs  Load av  5.01  4.95   4.99

        9.  Find out only which programs are in use.

            @SYSTAT NO WHO NO WHERE NO SYSTEM
|            Job Program
|              135   DTRSRV
|              136   RMSFAL
|              137   RMSFAL
|              138   RMSFAL
|              139   RMSFAL
|              142   MS      LAT70:2400870(LAT)
|              143   MS      LAT462:24083462(LAT)
|              144   MS      LAT75:2405275(LAT)
|              145   EXEC  
|              146   MS      LAT1:LAT117(LAT)
|              147   EMACS   LAT1:LAT127(LAT)
|              148   EXEC    LAT73:2406473(LAT)
|              149   EXEC    klipa.tops20.dec.com(TCP)
|              150   EXEC    LAT1:2408711(LAT)
|              151   EXEC    LAT1:240861(LAT)
|              153*  SYSTAT  LAT423:240811423(LAT)
|  


                                   2-410
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (SYSTAT)


|              129   PTYCON
|              130   GALAXY
|              131   NEBULA
|              132   UNIVER
|              133   EXEC  
|              134   MX    
|              140   DTR   
|              141   DIU   

       10.  Ask for a list of jobs controlled by job 51.  (Your  attached
            job, marked with an asterisk (*), happens to be one of these;
            job 51 itself is the other.)

            @SYSTAT 51 CONTROLLING
              14*  51  207  EXEC    LATTA
              51        41  NEWRUN  LATTA
|  
|      11.  Do a SYSTAT command that displays the  amount  of  time  each
|           user has been connected to the system.
|  
|           @SYSTAT,
|           @@CONNECT-TIME
|           @@NO OPERATOR
|           @@
|           Tue 13-Sep-88 13:05:54  Up 303:54:45
|           10+7 Jobs   Load av   0.08   0.10   0.09
|  
|           Job  Line Program Connected  User              Origin
|             80   434  MS       3:15:04  BRAITHWAITE       LAT70:24008_70(LAT)
|             81   435  EXEC     0:32:30  BARR              LAT1:LAT1_17(LAT)
|             82   314  MS     118:07:35  GSCOTT            klipa.tops20.dec.com(TCP)
|             83   315  EXEC   117:38:41  GSCOTT            klipa.tops20.dec.com(TCP)
|             84   440  EXEC   117:26:00  WONG              LAT462:24083_462(LAT)
|             85   437  SORT     2:03:23  FONG              LAT64:24062_2_64(LAT)
|             86   441  EXEC    22:50:16  JROSSELL          LAT462:24085_A_462(LAT)
|             87   444  MS       1:59:40  EKLUND            LAT75:24052_75(LAT)
|             88   443  EXEC    22:31:22  JROSSELL          SCROOM:TWA94(LAT)
|             89   436  EMACS    1:44:53  FONG              MATRIX:TWA14(LAT)
|             90   442  MS       1:28:19  BHAMILTON         GNOME:TWA48(LAT)
|             91   445  EXEC     1:18:12  JBREWER           LAT73:24064_73(LAT)
|             92*  446  SYSTAT   0:01:22  ANDERSON          LAT423:24081_1_423(LAT)












                                   2-411
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TAKE)


   2.77  TAKE

   Processes a TOPS-20 command file.


   Format

        @TAKE (COMMANDS FROM) filespec, 
        @@subcommand

        where:

        filespec       is the specification of the  file  containing  the
                       commands to be processed.
                            Default file type - .CMD

        @@subcommand   means that after a comma you can type one  of  the
                       following subcommands:

                       ALLOW      tells the current level of TOPS-20, for
                                  the  remainder  of the terminal session
                                  (not merely the  current  command),  to
                                  continue  processing  a command file if
                                  it encounters errors.

                       DISALLOW   tells the current level of TOPS-20, for
                                  the  remainder  of the terminal session
                                  (not merely the  current  command),  to
                                  ignore  any  remaining  commands  in  a
                                  command file  after  it  encounters  an
                                  error in the file.
                                       Default

                       ECHO       tells the  system  to  print  (on  your
                                  terminal  or in the specified file) the
                                  commands  that  it  carries  out  while
                                  executing  the  current  TAKE  command.
                                  Ordinarily only  the  output,  if  any,
                                  produced by the commands is printed.

                       NO ECHO    tells  the  system  not  to  print  the
                                  commands  that  it  carries  out  while
                                  executing the current TAKE command.   A
                                  final   message   is   sent,   however,
                                  indicating  whether  all  the  commands
                                  were      executed.       See      also
                                  Hints - Suppressing the Final  Message,
                                  below.
                                       Default

                       LOG-FILE filespec


                                   2-412
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TAKE)


                                  tells the system  to  save  the  output
                                  from  the  current  TAKE command in the
                                  specified file.


   Output

        The output from a TAKE command consists of the  output  for  each
        command  in the command file you specify as argument, followed by
        the message, End of filespec, that indicates successful execution
        of all the commands in this file.


   Characteristics

        Running Programs From a Command File

             If you put commands that run programs  (including  the  PUSH
             command)  into  a  command  file, and these programs ask for
             arguments, you must be ready to type in these  arguments  at
             your  terminal.  Only TOPS-20 commands and command arguments
             can be put into a command file executed by the TAKE command.


   Hints

        Suppressing the Final Message

             If you want to suppress the final message (of the form,  End
             of  filespec)  that  indicates  successful  execution  of  a
             command file by TAKE, give a TAKE command with no  arguments
             as the last line of your command file.


   Special Cases

        Nested TAKE Commands

             In the case of nested TAKE commands (those given as commands
             within   command  files),  the  destination  for  output  of
             commands given in an inner command file will default to that
             specified or assumed for the output of commands given in the
             nearest surrounding command file.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The TAKE command affects memory and your  terminal  according  to
        the commands stored in the command file you specify as argument.




                                   2-413
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TAKE)


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION commands     (when  put  into  a  command  file)  for
                                 tracing the progress of TAKE

        LOGIN                    for logging  in;  reads  LOGIN.CMD  then
                                 COMAND.CMD, in your log-in directory.

        PUSH                     for obtaining a new  level  of  TOPS-20;
                                 reads    COMAND.CMD   in   your   log-in
                                 directory.

        SUBMIT                   for processing command  files  that  run
                                 programs and contain program commands as
                                 well   as   TOPS-20   commands;    reads
                                 BATCH.CMD,   then  COMAND.CMD,  in  your
                                 log-in directory.


   Examples

        1.  Process a command file.

            @TAKE BACKUP.CMD
             End of BACKUP.CMD.1

        2.  Type a command file that reports system statistics, then give
            the  TAKE  command  with  this filename as argument; send the
            output to the line printer.  Check for this listing as it  is
            being printed.

            @TYPE STATUS.CMD
            INFORMATION DISK-USAGE
            INFORMATION MONITOR-STATISTICS
            INFORMATION SYSTEM-STATUS
            INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE
            SYSTAT ALL

            @TAKE STATUS LPT:
             End of STATUS.CMD.1
            @INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS /USER

            Printer Queue:
            Job Name  Req#  Limit  User
            --------  ----  -----  -----------------------
              EXEC     507     27  LATTA
            There is 1 Job in the Queue (None in Progress)






                                   2-414
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TALK)


   2.78  TALK

   Allows you to converse with other users  on  your  system  by  linking
   terminals.


   Format

        @TALK (TO) argument

        where:

        argument     is a user name or terminal line number.


   Characteristics

        Typing TALK Conversation

             During a TALK session, you must tell the  system  to  regard
             your   conversation  as  comments.   Otherwise,  the  system
             interprets your input as attempts to give EXEC commands  and
             responds  with the message ?Unrecognized command.  To signal
             your input as comments, begin each line with the exclamation
             point  (!)  or semicolon (;) comment character.  Or, if your
             comment is several lines long, use the REMARK command.

        Other Job Not Affected

             As  soon  as  you  give  a  successful  TALK  command,  both
             terminals  begin  printing  both users' input as well as the
             system's responses to that input.  Each job,  however,  will
             receive input from its own terminal only.

        Ending TALK

             To end a conversation link between  terminals,  either  user
             can give the BREAK command.

        Refused TALK

             Terminals can be set to refuse links  with  other  terminals
             with  the  REFUSE LINKS or TERMINAL INHIBIT command.  If you
             attempt to TALK to a user who has refused links from another
             terminal,  the  system rings the bells on both terminals six
             times, and then prints the message, ?Refused, Send  mail  to
             user   instead.   If  the  user  has  refused  all  terminal
             communication with the TERMINAL INHIBIT command, the  system
             does not ring the bell on his terminal.

             If you have Wheel or Operator capabilities enabled, you  can


                                   2-415
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TALK)


             TALK to any user who has given the REFUSE LINKS command, but
             not the TERMINAL INHIBIT command.

        Maximum of Four Terminals

             By using TALK commands, you can link up to four terminals at
             once.   For  all  terminals  to share the same display, each
             pair of terminals must establish a link.   For  example,  if
             terminal  A  is  linked  to  B and C, terminals B and C will
             display only A's input.  B and C must establish  a  link  to
             display each other's input.


   Hints

        Signaling a Linked User

             Once you have established links with another user's terminal
             via  the TALK command, you can get his attention by typing a
             series of CTRL/Gs.  Depending on the  kind  of  terminal  he
             has,   these   will   be  reproduced  as  ringing  bells  or
             high-pitched beeps.  This action can  be  especially  useful
             when   establishing  links  with  the  owner  of  a  display
             terminal,  as  display  terminals  are  silent  in  ordinary
             operation.


   Special Cases

        User Has More Than One Job

             If more than one job is logged in under the  user  name  you
             specify,  the  system  responds  with  a list of that user's
             terminal line numbers and the programs being run.  Type your
             choice  of  terminal  line  number  (if  available,  the one
             running the EXEC) after the TTY:  prompt.

        Talking to a Batch Job or PTYCON Job

             When you link to a PTY  (pseudo-terminal)  to  talk  to  the
             owner  of  a batch job or PTYCON job, the system informs you
             of this with a message, to  which  you  must  reply  with  a
             carriage  return  to confirm the link.  To decline the link,
             give a CTRL/C.  See also Warning, Talking to  a  Batch  Job,
             below.








                                   2-416
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TALK)


   Warning

        Talking to a Batch Job

             Use   caution   when    communicating    through    a    PTY
             (pseudo-terminal)  that  is controlling a batch job:  do not
             send a question mark (?) or percent sign (%), because  these
             characters  can be attributed to errors occurring within the
             job.  Also, if an error actually does occur in the batch job
             and  the  batch system's question mark is displaced (by your
             remarks) from the beginning of a line, the  system  may  not
             recognize it as an error.

        Talking Between a VT100 and a VT52

             If links between VT100 and VT52  terminals  are  established
             using  a  TALK  (or  ADVISE)  command, the VT52 may function
             improperly during or after the linked interval (such  as  by
             requiring  frequent  CTRL/Q commands to print multiple lines
             of output).  Turning the terminal  off  and  then  on  again
             (after the linked interval) will correct this problem.


   Related Commands

        ADVISE              for sending commands to another user's job

        BREAK               for  ending  communications  links  involving
                            your terminal

        RECEIVE LINKS       for allowing other users to talk to you

        REFUSE LINKS        for preventing other users  from  talking  to
                            you

        REMARK              for  telling  the  system  to   regard   your
                            terminal input as comment only

        SEND                for  sending  a  message  to  another  user's
                            terminal

        TERMINAL INHIBIT    for   refusing   all   types   of    terminal
                            communication including advice, links, system
                            messages, user messages, and notices  of  new
                            mail.


   Examples

        1.  Give the TALK command to establish links to another user.



                                   2-417
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TALK)


            @TALK H.DAVIES

|           [Link from LATTA, TTY 230]

        2.  Try to talk to a user who has given the REFUSE LINKS command,
            then use the MAIL program to send your message.

            @TALK GEBHARDT
|           ?Refused, send mail to user instead
            @MAIL
            To: GEBHARDT
            CC: LATTA
            Subject: HUNCH
                 .
                 .
                 .

        3.  Talk to another user, giving the REMARK  command  immediately
            after  TALK.   (The other user's reply must still be preceded
            by semicolons (;) or exclamation marks (!).)  Give  a  CTRL/Z
            to  end  REMARK  before  typing  the BREAK command to end the
            conversation.

            @TALK CARNAVON

|           [Link from LATTA, TTY 230]
            @REMARK
            Type remark. End with CTRL/Z.
            WHERE DO I PUT "REQMD" RECORDS AFTER EXTRACTING THE ID'S?
            @;in <accts>deft-77.cbl
            @;you should have group access there...
            THANKS
            ^Z
            @BREAK

        4.  Give the TALK command to establish links to a user who has  3
            jobs   on  three  different  terminals;  choose  one  of  the
            terminals running the TOPS-20 command processor.

            @TALK MCKAY
             TTY19, DUMPER
             TTY26, EXEC
             TTY27, EXEC
            TTY: 27

|           [Link from LATTA, TTY 230]







                                   2-418
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (TDIRECTORY)


   2.79  TDIRECTORY

   The TDIRECTORY (Time-ordered DIRECTORY) command is equivalent  to  the
   DIRECTORY  command  with the subcommands CHRONOLOGICAL WRITE, REVERSE,
   and TIMES (AND DATES OF) WRITE.  Use the same format  and  subcommands
   with  TDIRECTORY  as with DIRECTORY.  For further information, see the
   DIRECTORY command description.

   When used with magnetic tapes, the TDIRECTORY command is equivalent to
   DIRECTORY for magnetic tapes.


   Examples

        1.  Give a TDIRECTORY command, cancel the command with  a  CTRL/C
            after the first few (most recent) files are displayed.

            @TDIRECTORY

                            Write


               MISC:<LATTA>
             TBATCH.CMD.1   10-May-79 13:11:57
             B.DIRECTORY.1   9-May-79 12:54:00
             A.DIRECTORY.1   2-May-79 13:14:52
            T.CMD.1 ^C

        2.  Access another user's directory, and request  a  time-ordered
            directory listing of all his files of a certain name.

            @ACCESS <DEVRIES>
            Password:___
            @TDIRECTORY <DEVRIES>SYSTEM.*

                            Write


               MISC:<DEVRIES>
             SYSTEM.MEM.1    19-May-79 09:03:48
               .TXT.1        19-May-79 09:02:08
               .RNO.1        19-May-79 09:02:00

             Total of 3 files
            @END-ACCESS <DEVRIES>








                                   2-419
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


   2.80  TERMINAL

   Sets the characteristics of your terminal.


   Format

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE or TYPE) argument

        where:

        argument     is  a  keyword,  chosen   from   the   list   below,
                     representing   your   choice   of  TERMINAL  command
                     options; some arguments further  require  a  decimal
                     number to complete their meaning.


        Summary of TERMINAL Command Arguments (defaults in boldface)

   The TERMINAL  command  arguments  are  divided  into  two  categories,
   feature   and   type.    Feature  arguments  set  individual  terminal
   characteristics and type arguments set a group of characteristics that
   are defined for the model of your terminal.



                             Feature Arguments

             FLAG
             FORMFEED
             FULLDUPLEX
             HALFDUPLEX
             HELP
             IMMEDIATE
             INDICATE
             INHIBIT
             LENGTH n  Default n - 66
             LINE-HALFDUPLEX
             LOWERCASE














                                   2-420
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                   ---
                   | FLAG
                   | FORMFEED
                   | IMMEDIATE
                   | INDICATE
                   | INHIBIT
             NO    | LOWERCASE
                   | PAGE
                   |       ---
                   |       | CHARACTER x y
                   | PAUSE | COMMAND
                   |       | END-OF-PAGE
                   |       ---
                   | RAISE
                   | RECEIVE
                   |TABS
                   ---
             PAGE
             PAUSE
             RAISE
             RECEIVE
                   ---
                   |   50
                   |   75
                   |  110
                   |  134
                   |  150
                   |  100
             SPEED |  300
                   |  600
                   | 1200
                   | 1800
                   | 2400
                   | 4800
                   | 9600
                   ---
             TABS
             TYPE 0-36
             WIDTH n  Default n - 72



                               Type Arguments

             33
             35
             37
             EXECUPORT
             H19
             LA120
             LA30


                                   2-421
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


             LA36
             LA38
             SYSTEM-DEFAULT
             TERMINET
             TI
             VK100
             VT05
             VT100
             VT102
             VT125
             VT131
             VT200-SERIES
             VT300-SERIES
             VT50
             VT52


                             Feature Arguments


        FLAG                instructs  the  system  to  print  a   single
                            quotation   mark  (')  before  it  prints  an
                            uppercase character.  This takes effect  only
                            if you set the NO LOWERCASE parameter.

        FORMFEED            informs the system that your terminal  has  a
                            form  feed  mechanism;  otherwise, the system
                            simulates form feeds by printing the  correct
                            number  of  line  feeds  (set by the TERMINAL
                            LENGTH command) if you have set  TERMINAL  NO
                            INDICATE,  or  by  printing an ^L if you have
                            set TERMINAL INDICATE.

        FULLDUPLEX          instructs the system to send to your terminal
                            each character as the program reads it.  Your
                            terminal does not print what you  type  until
                            the  system  sends  the character back to the
                            terminal.  See also IMMEDIATE.
                                 Default

        HALFDUPLEX          inhibits the  system  from  sending  to  your
                            terminal  each  character,  and  assumes that
                            your terminal prints each  character  itself;
                            causes  echoing  of format control characters
                            (for example, TAB and line  feed).   Be  sure
                            also   to   set   any   corresponding  switch
                            physically located on your terminal.

        HELP                prints   information   about   the   TERMINAL
                            command.



                                   2-422
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


        IMMEDIATE           instructs the system to echo  each  character
                            as  soon  as  you type it, instead of waiting
                            until the  program  receives  the  character.
                            Immediate  echoing  has  effect only when the
                            FULLDUPLEX parameter is also set.

        INDICATE            instructs the system to print a ^L instead of
                            advancing the proper number of lines whenever
                            encountering a form  feed  or  CTRL/L  (ASCII
                            character 14).
                                 Default

        INHIBIT             notifies the system that you are not  willing
                            to  receive  links,  advice, system messages,
                            and user messages.  Also stops beep  or  bell
                            signals from users attempting to TALK to your
                            terminal.  Only output from your own  job  is
                            displayed  on  your  terminal.   This command
                            disables the settings  established  with  the
                            RECEIVE and REFUSE commands.  Reestablish the
                            RECEIVE and REFUSE settings with NO INHIBIT.

        LENGTH n            sets the number  of  lines  printed  on  each
                            page.     (If   you   have   TERMINAL   PAUSE
                            END-OF-PAGE set as  well,  the  system  stops
                            after  printing  n  lines  and continues only
                            when you type CTRL/Q.) If you  set  the  page
                            length  to  0, the system stops printing only
                            when you type CTRL/S  (as  long  as  TERMINAL
                            PAUSE COMMAND is in effect also); it does not
                            automatically stop at the end of a page.
                                 Default n - 66

        LINE-HALFDUPLEX     inhibits the  system  from  sending  to  your
                            terminal  each  character,  and  assumes that
                            your terminal prints each  character  itself;
                            does  not  cause  echoing  of  format control
                            characters (for example, TAB and line feed).

        LOWERCASE           tells the system that your  terminal  handles
                            lowercase   output  characters  properly,  by
                            printing either the  lowercase  character  or
                            the  corresponding uppercase character.  When
                            NO LOWERCASE  is  set,  the  system  converts
                            lowercase    output    characters    to   the
                            appropriate   uppercase   characters   before
                            sending  them.   See  also the FLAG and RAISE
                            parameters.
                                 Default

        NO argument         reverses any of the arguments FLAG, FORMFEED,


                                   2-423
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                            IMMEDIATE,   INDICATE,   INHIBIT,  LOWERCASE,
                            PAGE, PAUSE, RAISE, RECEIVE, and TABS
                                Defaults - NO  FLAG,  NO   FORMFEED,   NO
                                           IMMEDIATE,   NO   INHIBIT,  NO
                                           PAUSE END-OF-PAGE, NO TABS

        PAGE n              instructs the system to stop printing when it
                            reaches the end of a page, or when you type a
                            CTRL/S.  Continue  the  output  by  typing  a
                            CTRL/Q.   To  set  the  page length, give the
                            number n or give a TERMINAL  LENGTH  command.
                            If  you  set the page length to 0, the system
                            stops printing only when you type a CTRL/S.
                                Default  n - argument  of  any   TERMINAL
                                             LENGTH  command given in the
                                             current terminal session, or
                                             the  default page length for
                                             your terminal type

               ---
               | CHARACTER x y
        PAUSE  | END-OF-PAGE
               | COMMAND    instructs the system to stop sending   output
                ---         whenever   it   has  sent  a   full      page
                            (END-OF-PAGE),  or  whenever  you type CTRL/S
                            (COMMAND) or x (CHARACTER).

                            For argument END-OF-PAGE to stop your output,
                            argument COMMAND must also be in effect.  You
                            continue the output by typing CTRL/Q or the y
                            parameter of the CHARACTER argument.

                            For argument CHARACTER to stop  your  output,
                            the COMMAND and END-OF-PAGE arguments must be
                            in effect.  With the CHARACTER argument,  you
                            continue  output  by  typing the y parameter.
                            You can specify x and y in various ways:   as
                            the  octal  ASCII  code  for any character or
                            control key; as  any  printing  character  in
                            double  quotes  (" ");  as the word "control"
                            followed by the printing representation of  a
                            control  character  in double quotation marks
                            (for example, CONTROL "A"); and as  the  word
                            "space"  to  specify  the  space bar.  If you
                            specify x and y to be the  same,  or  if  you
                            omit  y,  you  get  a toggle effect.  You can
                            specify  CTRL/S  and  CTRL/Q  as  x   and   y
                            parameters,   respectively,   only  on  local
                            terminals.  (Network terminal connections  do
                            not  allow  for  CTRL/S and CTRL/Q.) But even
                            some local terminals require that you  select


                                   2-424
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                            characters  other than CTRL/S and CTRL/Q, for
                            example, the VT125 and  the  VT100  with  the
                            printer port option.

                            The default values for x and y are CTRL/S and
                            CTRL/Q for local terminals, and CTRL/A/CTRL/A
                            for  network  terminals.   You  can   achieve
                            consistency   between   local   and   network
                            terminals by placing the same TERMINAL  PAUSE
                            CHARACTER  command in your LOGIN.CMD files on
                            the various TOPS-20 systems.

                            To set the  page  length,  use  the  TERMINAL
                            LENGTH  command.   If you set the page length
                            to 0, the system stops  sending  output  only
                            when  you  type  CTRL/S or the x parameter of
                            the CHARACTER argument.
                                 Default - COMMAND      (for all terminal
                                                        types)
                                         - END-OF-PAGE  (for      display
                                                        terminals,    for
                                                        example,    VT05,
                                                        VT50,       VT52,
                                                        VT100)
                                         - CHARACTER    (for all terminal
                                                        types)

        RAISE               instructs  the  system   to   interpret   all
                            lowercase terminal input as the corresponding
                            upper characters.  (This setting converts the
                            tilde  (~)  and  right brace (}) to the <ESC>
                            key.)
                                 Default

        RECEIVE             same as the RECEIVE command.  NO  RECEIVE  is
                            the same as the REFUSE command.

        SPEED n1 n2         sets the  baud  rate  at  which  the  TOPS-20
                            monitor   receives   characters   from   your
                            terminal (n1) and sends  characters  to  your
                            terminal  (n2).   Be  sure  also  to  set any
                            corresponding switch  physically  located  on
                            your terminal.
                                 Default n1 - 300
                                         n2 - n1

        TABS                informs the system  that  your  terminal  has
                            mechanical  tab stops.  Causes the TAB key to
                            advance the cursor according to the tab stops
                            on  your  terminal.   (Some terminals let you
                            select tab stops while others have tab  stops


                                   2-425
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                            every  eight spaces).  If NO TABS is set, the
                            system simulates  a  tab  by  printing  eight
                            spaces.

        TYPE n              instructs the system to treat  your  terminal
                            as  terminal  type  n, in accordance with the
                            table below:

                            Terminal
                              Type    Characteristics

                               0      Model 33
                               1      Model 35
                               2      Model 37
                               3      EXECUPORT and TI
                               4-7    reserved for customer use
                               8      TERMINET
                               9      IDEAL  (has  a  TAB  and   FORMFEED
                                      mechanism,  prints  lower case, has
                                      infinite line  width  and  infinite
                                      page length)
                               10     VT05
                               11     VT50
                               12     LA30
                               13     VT52, except for not  having  tabs,
                                      and  having  a  page  length of 30;
                                      used  for   a   Digital   Equipment
                                      Corporation GT40.
                               14     LA36
                               15     VT52
                               16     VT100
                               17     LA38
                               18     LA120
                               19-34  reserved for customer use
                               35     VT125
                               36     VK100
                                           Default - 8

        WIDTH n             tells the system  the  width,  in  number  of
                            characters,  of your terminal line.  When the
                            system  prints  a  line  longer   than   your
                            terminal   width,   it  prints  the  first  n
                            positions and advances a line  to  print  the
                            rest.
                                 Default width - 72


                               Type Arguments


        33                  informs the system that your  terminal  is  a


                                   2-426
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                            Teletype Model 33, which

                             o  does  not  have  a  form  feed   or   tab
                                mechanism

                             o  prints lowercase letters as uppercase

                             o  needs  extra  time  to  print  tabs   and
                                certain   paper-moving  characters  (form
                                feed and vertical tab)

                             o  has a line width of 72

                             o  has a page length of 66

        35                  informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Teletype   Model   35,  which  has  the  same
                            characteristics as a Model 33, except that it
                            has a form feed and tab mechanism.

        37                  informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Teletype   Model   37,  which  has  the  same
                            characteristics as a Model 33, except that it
                            prints lowercase letters.

        EXECUPORT           informs the system that your terminal  is  an
                            EXECUPORT, which

                             o  does  not  have  a  form  feed   or   tab
                                mechanism

                             o  prints lowercase letters

                             o  needs extra time to  perform  a  carriage
                                return

                             o  has a line width of 80

                             o  has a page length of 66

        H19                 informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Heath  Kit  H19 terminal.  The system assumes
                            the same characteristics as for the VT52.

        LA30                informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation LA30, which

                             o  does  not  have  a  form  feed   or   tab
                                mechanism




                                   2-427
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                             o  prints lowercase letters as uppercase

                             o  needs extra time to  perform  a  carriage
                                return, line feed, tab, and form feed

                             o  has a line width of 80

                             o  has a page length of 66

        LA36                informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation LA36, which

                             o  does  not  have  a  form  feed   or   tab
                                mechanism

                             o  prints lowercase letters

                             o  has a line width of 132

                             o  has a page length of 66

        LA38                informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation LA38, which

                             o  does not have a form-feed mechanism

                             o  prints lowercase letters

                             o  has a line width of 132

                             o  has a page length of 66

        LA120               informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation LA120, which

                             o  prints lowercase letters

                             o  has a line width of 132

                             o  has a page length of 66

        SYSTEM-DEFAULT      informs the system  that  your  terminal  has
                            these characteristics (ensuring an acceptable
                            minimum level of performance for all terminal
                            types):

                             o  does  not  have  a  form  feed   or   tab
                                mechanism prints lowercase letters

                             o  needs extra time to  perform  a  carriage
                                return, line feed, tab, and form feed


                                   2-428
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                             o  has a line width of 72

                             o  has a page length of 66
                                 Default for terminal type

        TERMINET            informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            TERMINET, which

                             o  does  not  have  a  form  feed   or   tab
                                mechanism

                             o  prints lowercase letters

                             o  needs extra time to  perform  a  carriage
                                return, line feed, tab, and form feed

                             o  has a line width of 72

                             o  has a page length of 66

        TI                  informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Texas  Instruments  terminal,  which  has the
                            same characteristics as an EXECUPORT.

        VK100               informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital   Equipment   VK100   with  the  same
                            characteristics as the VT52 and  VT100,  plus
                            graphics capability (both black-and-white and
                            color).

        VT05                informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation VT05, which

                             o  does not have a form-feed mechanism

                             o  has a tab mechanism

                             o  prints lowercase letters as uppercase

                             o  needs extra time to perform a linefeed or
                                formfeed

                             o  has a line width of 72

                             o  has a page length of 20

        VT50                informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation VT50, which

                             o  does not have a form feed mechanism



                                   2-429
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


                             o  prints lowercase letters as uppercase

                             o  has a line width of 80

                             o  has a page length of 12

        VT52                informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital   Equipment  Corporation  VT52.   The
                            system assumes the  same  characteristics  as
                            for  a  VT50  except that it prints lowercase
                            letters, and has a page length  of  24  lines
                            instead of 12.

        VT100               informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital  Equipment  Corporation  VT100.   The
                            system assumes the  same  characteristics  as
                            for a VT52.

        VT102               informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital  Equipment  Corporation  VT102.   The
                            system assumes the  same  characteristics  as
                            for a VT100.

        VT125               informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital  Equipment  Corporation  VT125, which
                            has full compatibility with the VT100 and the
                            capability   of   business,  laboratory,  and
                            scientific  graphics  in  black-and-white  or
                            color.

        VT131               informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation VT131.

        VT200-SERIES        informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital  Equipment  Corporation VT220, VT240,
                            or  VT241.   The  system  assumes  the   same
                            characteristics as a VT100.

        VT300-SERIES        informs the system that your  terminal  is  a
                            Digital Equipment Corporation VT330 or VT340.
                            The system assumes the  same  characteristics
                            as a VT100.


   Characteristics

        TERMINAL Commands Before Log-in

             You can use TERMINAL commands, after an  initial  CTRL/C  or
             RETURN  but  before  logging  in,  to adjust your terminal's
             characteristics.


                                   2-430
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


   Hints

        Setting Your Terminal's Speed

             If the initial speed setting of your terminal  line  is  not
             what you want but your terminal will function at that speed,
             you can give a TERMINAL SPEED command even before log-in  to
             set the proper value.  If your terminal will not work at the
             initial speed, ask the operator to set an appropriate value.

        Using Split Speeds

             If you have a terminal that allows split speeds, you can set
             the  input and output speeds to different values.  This will
             allow you to take advantage of  fast  system  response,  for
             example,  without providing a needlessly fast input line.  A
             setting of 150 2400 will accomplish  this.   Note  that  you
             cannot  use  split  speeds  on  a terminal that is part of a
             DECSYSTEM-2020 system.  Note also that using split speeds on
             VT100,  VT125,  or  VK100  terminals  may  cause the "smooth
             scrolling"  feature  to  function   improperly.    See   the
             appropriate  terminal  manual, for example, the VT100 User's
             Guide, for details.


   Special Cases

        Terminal Types and Defaults Peculiar to Your System

             The preceding  pages  describe  terminal  types  and  system
             defaults  as  they  are  shipped  with TOPS-20.  However, by
             making changes  to  the  monitor  and  the  TOPS-20  command
             processor,  your  installation  can  add  different terminal
             types and change the default characteristics associated with
             terminals.   Check with your system manager to find out what
             changes, if any, are in effect for your system.

        Terminal Speed Retained from Last Session

             Although most terminal  characteristics  revert  to  default
             settings  when you log in, the terminal line will retain the
             value for speed set by the last user of the line, even if he
             was  using  a  different  kind of terminal.  However, if the
             system failed and was restarted after the terminal line  was
             last  used,  the  initial  speed  will  be determined by the
             appropriate   TERMINAL   SPEED   command   in   the   system
             configuration file.  Also, dial-up lines return to the speed
             specified in this file after every use.





                                   2-431
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


   Restrictions

        CTRL/S and CTRL/Q Not Passed to Remote Nodes

             CTRL/S and CTRL/Q are always processed by  your  host  node;
             they are not sent to a remote node.  Therefore, when you are
             connected to a remote node  with  the  SETHOST  program  and
             TERMINAL  PAUSE  (ON) END-OF-PAGE is set on the remote node,
             CTRL/Q will not continue scrolling.  CTRL/A is  the  default
             control  character recognized by the remote node for pausing
             and continuing scrolling.  You can use  the  TERMINAL  PAUSE
             (ON)  CHARACTER  command  to  specify the pause and continue
             characters of your choosing - except CTRL/S and CTRL/Q.   It
             is  recommended  that you define the same pause and continue
             scrolling characters on your host and the remote node.

        Disabling CTRL/S and CTRL/Q on High Speed Terminals

             Some terminal models, when set to a high receive baud  rate,
             such  as  9600, require that the CTRL/S and CTRL/Q pause and
             continue characters be enabled in order to correctly  format
             terminal output.  If you must disable CTRL/S and CTRL/Q with
             the TERMINAL NO PAUSE COMMAND, manually set the terminal  to
             fast or "jump" scroll.  If the output is still not correctly
             formatted, set a slower receive baud rate with the  TERMINAL
             SPEED command.  Then, manually set the same baud rate on the
             terminal.


   Warning

        Setting an Improper Terminal Speed

             If you  set  an  incorrect  speed  for  your  terminal,  for
             example,  one that is too high, you will be unable to use it
             further.  A TERMINAL SPEED command in the LOGIN.CMD file  in
             your log-in directory can cause the same problem.  In such a
             case, obtain your terminal  line  number  if  possible  (the
             second  column  of  SYSTAT  command  output consists of line
             numbers) and ask the operator to set an appropriate value.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE     for examining your current terminal
                                      settings


   Examples




                                   2-432
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (TERMINAL)


        1.  Declare that your terminal is an VT100.

            @TERMINAL VT100

        2.  Do the same thing, using the corresponding numerical type.

            @TERMINAL TYPE 16

        3.  Prepare your LA36 terminal for you to type in some upper- and
            lowercase text files on narrow paper.

            @TERMINAL LA36
            @TERMINAL NO RAISE
            @terminal width 72

        4.  Find out  your  terminal's  characteristics,  then  give  the
            command  that  causes  it to print a full page of blank lines
            when you type a CTRL/L (or when it encounters an ^L in a file
            it is printing on your terminal).

            @INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE
             TERMINAL LA36
             TERMINAL SPEED 300
             TERMINAL NO INHIBIT (NON-JOB OUTPUT)
             RECEIVE LINKS
             REFUSE ADVICE
             RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
             RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES
             TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) COMMAND
             TERMINAL NO PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE
             TERMINAL LENGTH 66
             TERMINAL WIDTH 132
             TERMINAL LOWERCASE
             TERMINAL RAISE
             TERMINAL NO FLAG
             TERMINAL INDICATE
             TERMINAL NO FORMFEED
             TERMINAL NO TABS
             TERMINAL NO IMMEDIATE
             TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX
            @TERMINAL NO INDICATE












                                   2-433
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (TRANSLATE)


   2.81  TRANSLATE

   Displays the project-programmer number corresponding  to  a  directory
   name,  or  the  directory  name  corresponding to a project-programmer
   number.


   Format

        @TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) dev:<directory>

                          or

        @TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) dev:[project-programmer number]

        where:

        dev:<directory>                     is the name of the directory,
                                            enclosed  in  angle brackets,
                                            that you want translated.
                                                 Default dev: - your
                                                                connected
                                                                structure

        dev:[project-programmer number]     is   the   project-programmer
                                            number,  enclosed  in  square
                                            brackets,   that   you   want
                                            translated.
                                                 Default dev: - your
                                                                connected
                                                                structure


   Hints

        Using Project-programmer Numbers

             Use project-programmer numbers instead  of  directory  names
             when  giving file specifications to programs written for the
             TOPS-10  operating  system.   These  include  the  assembler
             MACRO;  the FORTRAN, COBOL, and ALGOL compilers; the linking
             loader  LINK;   and   utility   programs   CREF   (providing
             cross-reference   information)  and  FILCOM  (for  comparing
             files).

             If  you  are  unsure  whether  a  system  program   requires
             project-programmer numbers, load it into memory (using the R
             command), give a CTRL/C to return to TOPS-20 command  level,
             and  then  examine  memory with the INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE
             command.  If the file PA1050.EXE (the TOPS-10  compatibility
             package)   is  present  in  memory,  then  the  program  was


                                   2-434
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (TRANSLATE)


             originally  written  for   TOPS-10   and   may   require   a
             project-programmer  number where you would ordinarily give a
             directory name.

        Avoiding Project-programmer Numbers

             To avoid project-programmer numbers, define a  logical  name
             (of  6  or  fewer  characters) as the directory in question.
             Then use this logical name in place of  the  directory  when
             giving  file specifications.  The system program will accept
             the logical name as a device name, and will  then  be  using
             the correct directory.


   Related Commands

        DEFINE     for defining a logical name as a directory,  to  avoid
                   using a project-programmer number


   Examples

        1.  Find out the project-programmer number associated  with  your
            connected directory.

            @TRANSLATE <LATTA>
            PS:<LATTA> (IS) PS:[4,261]

        2.  Verify that the project-programmer number reported in Example
            1 does correspond to your directory on PS:.

            @TRANSLATE PS:[4,261]
            PS:[4,261] (IS) PS:<LATTA>




















                                   2-435
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TYPE)


   2.82  TYPE

   Displays the contents of one or more files on your terminal.


   Format

        @TYPE (FILE) filespec,...,
        @@subcommand

        where:

        filespec            is the specification of the file you want  to
                            display on your terminal.

        @@subcommand        means that after a final comma you can  enter
                            the following optional subcommand:

                            UNFORMATTED    Disables  the  formatting   of
                                           control  characters  contained
                                           in the  file.   Normally,  the
                                           TYPE   command   displays  the
                                           graphic equivalent for certain
                                           control     characters,    for
                                           example,  ESCAPE  as   $   and
                                           CTRL/C as ^C.  The UNFORMATTED
                                           subcommand  causes  characters
                                           to   be  displayed  literally,
                                           allowing  graphic  text   (for
                                           example  REGIS  files)  to  be
                                           displayed on the terminal.


   Output

        Entire Contents of Files

             In response to the TYPE command the system prints the entire
             contents  of  a  file (up to the EOF (end-of-file) pointer),
             including blank lines and line numbers if there are any.  If
             you  specify  more  than one file, the filespec precedes the
             contents of each file.


   Hints

        Stopping TYPE Output

             To stop the TYPE command, type two CTRL/Cs.  A  CTRL/O  will
             also  stop  the  output, but will not stop the processing of
             the command or the accumulation of CPU charges.  Note that a


                                   2-436
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                   (TYPE)


             pair  of  CTRL/Os causes the system to skip over part of the
             output and continue printing.


   Related Commands

        COPY      for copying files to any device

        EDIT      for examining specific parts of a file

        PERUSE    for editing files in read-only mode

        PRINT     for printing files on the line printer


   Example

        1.  Have the system print a file on your terminal.

            @TYPE TEST.TXT
            ! This is file TEST.TXT !
































                                   2-437
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (UNATTACH)


   2.83  UNATTACH

   Disengages another job from its terminal.


   Format

        @UNATTACH (USER) name (JOB #) number
        PASSWORD:password

        where:

        name         is the user name of the job's owner.

        number       is the job number.
                          Default number - the  only  job,  or  only  job
                                           besides      your      current
                                           (attached)  job,   logged   in
                                           under the user name you give.

        password     is the associated password (not requested if you are
                     currently  logged in under the same user name as the
                     job that you are disengaging).


   Characteristics

        Log-in Not Necessary

             You do not have  to  be  logged  in  to  give  the  UNATTACH
             command.


   Hints

        Freeing Hung Terminals

             The UNATTACH command is useful for freeing a terminal  that,
             because  of  program  or hardware errors, is no longer under
             control of the user.  The command UNATTACH  n  can  be  more
             effective than LOGOUT n for this purpose.


   Effect on Memory and Terminal

        The UNATTACH command does not affect memory and leaves  your  own
        terminal  at TOPS-20 command level.  The other job is left in its
        current state (usually suspended) and the disengaged terminal  is
        left in the state before log-in.




                                   2-438
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (UNATTACH)


   Related Commands

        ADVISE     for sending commands to another job

        ATTACH     for joining another job to your terminal

        DETACH     for disengaging your own job from its terminal


   Examples

        1.  Disengage another user's job from its terminal.

            @UNATTACH KANE
            Password:___

        2.  From a terminal on which you have not yet logged in, give the
            UNATTACH  command  to  disengage your only logged-in job from
            its terminal.

             BOSTON (KL2871) Development system, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(21722)
            @UNATTACH LATTA
            Password:___

        3.  Give a SYSTAT command to find out what jobs you have running.
            Give the UNATTACH command for two of them (you must specify a
            job number for the first one so the system  will  know  which
            one you mean), and check them with another SYSTAT command.

            @SYSTAT LATTA
              28    26  EXEC     LATTA
              36*  230  EXEC     LATTA
              40    27  EXEC     LATTA
            @UNATTACH LATTA 28
             [Attached to TTY26, confirm]
            @UNATTACH LATTA
            @SYSTAT LATTA
              28   DET  EXEC     LATTA
              36*  230  EXEC     LATTA
              40   DET  EXEC     LATTA













                                   2-439
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (UNDELETE)


   2.84  UNDELETE

   Restores deleted files.


   Format

        @UNDELETE (FILES) filespec,...

        where:

        filespec     is  the  specification  of  the  file  you  want  to
                     restore.
                          Default .gen - all generations of the specified
                                         files


   Restrictions

        Erasure of Deleted Files

             Ordinarily  an  UNDELETE  command  given  during  the   same
             terminal  session  as  an original deletion will recover the
             deleted files, unless you included the EXPUNGE subcommand to
             DELETE  or  gave  a subsequent EXPUNGE command.  However, if
             any user or a batch job  logs  out  while  connect  to  your
             directory,  all deleted files are permanently erased.  Also,
             if available disk space is low on the system,  the  operator
             or  the  system  itself  may  expunge  all deleted files.  A
             system warning message is usually sent before this happens.


   Special Cases

        Restoring Files Deleted With CONTENTS-ONLY Subcommand.

             Any files deleted by a DELETE command with  a  CONTENTS-ONLY
             subcommand  are  immediately  expunged.   You  must  use the
             RETRIEVE command to restore these to disk.


   Related Commands

        DELETE                       for deleting files

        DIRECTORY-CLASS commands,    For obtaining lists of deleted files
        with the DELETED subcommand

        EXPUNGE                      for  permanently   erasing   deleted
                                     files



                                   2-440
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                 (UNDELETE)


        RETRIEVE                     for restoring off-line files to disk


   Examples

        1.  Undelete a file.

            @UNDELETE TEST.FIL
             TEST.FIL.1 [OK]
             TEST.FIL.2 [OK]

        2.  Access another user's directory, then restore all his deleted
            files of type .FIL.

            @ACCESS <CARSON>
            Password:___
            @UNDELETE <CARSON>*.FIL
             <CARSON>MEMO.FIL.1 [OK]
             <CARSON>SEARCH.FIL.1 [OK]
             <CARSON>TEST.FIL.1 [OK]
             <CARSON>VERFY.FIL.1 [OK]
            @END-ACCESS <CARSON>































                                   2-441
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (UNKEEP)


   2.85  UNKEEP

   Cancels the kept status of a fork.


   Format

        UNKEEP (FORK) fork

        where:

        fork is one of the following:  Fork name
                                       Fork number
                                            Default - the current fork


   Characteristics

        Unkept Forks

             An unkept fork is a fork that is cleared  from  memory  when
             another  program  is  loaded  or  when  the RESET command is
             given.  Forks are normally unkept unless kept with the  KEEP
             or SET PROGRAM KEEP commands.

        Inferior Forks

             The UNKEEP command simultaneously cancels the kept status of
             a superior fork and its inferior forks.


   Hints

        More Information

             The UNKEEP command is one of the TOPS-20  multiforking-class
             commands.   For more information about multiforking, see the
             section named  Running  Multiple  Programs  in  the  TOPS-20
             User's Guide.


   Effect on Memory

        The UNKEEP command does not immediately affect memory.  It  does,
        however,  allow  a  fork  in  memory  to  be cleared when another
        program is loaded or the RESET command is given.


   Related Commands

        INFORMATION FORK-STATUS        for displaying the fork status


                                   2-442
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (UNKEEP)


        KEEP                           for changing an unkept fork  to  a
                                       kept fork

        RESET                          for clearing forks from memory

        CONTINUE, FORK, FREEZE,        other         multiforking-related
        KEEP, INFORMATION FORK-STATUS, commands
        SET NAME, and SET PROGRAM


   Examples

        1.  Give the INFORMATION FORK-STATUS command to display the  fork
            status.   Then,  give  the  UNKEEP command to cancel the kept
            status of the current fork and redisplay the fork status.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.6
                FILCOM (2): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.2
            @UNKEEP
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.6
                FILCOM (2): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.2

        2.  Display the fork status, and UNKEEP a noncurrent fork.  Then,
            verify the new fork status.

            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.6
                FILCOM (2): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.2
            @UNKEEP FILCOM
            @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
             => EDIT (1): HALT at 6254, 0:00:00.6
                FILCOM (2): ^C from IO wait at 700272, 0:00:00.2



















                                   2-443
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (UNLOAD)


   2.86  UNLOAD

   Rewinds a magnetic tape until it is returned completely to the  source
   reel, and puts the associated tape drive offline.  Use UNLOAD only for
   tapes mounted on drives having device names of the form MTAn:.


   Format

        @UNLOAD (DEVICE) dev:

        where:

        dev:     is the name of the magnetic tape drive that you want  to
                 unload.


   Restrictions

        UNLOAD With Open Files

             If you have given a CTRL/C to exit from a program  that  has
             opened  a  magnetic  tape drive and you then gave the UNLOAD
             command for that tape drive, the system will  first  ask  if
             you  want  to close the associated file.  You must do so for
             UNLOAD to succeed,  but  you  will  probably  be  unable  to
             continue  the  program from that point because the file will
             now be closed.

        UNLOAD Not for MOUNTed Drives

             Use the UNLOAD command for tape  drives  obtained  with  the
             ASSIGN command.  Use DISMOUNT for a tape drive obtained with
             MOUNT.


   Warning

        Cannot Access Tape Again

             The UNLOAD command makes it impossible to access  your  tape
             again unless it is reloaded by the operator.


   Related Commands

        ASSIGN     for assigning a tape drive to your job

        DISMOUNT   for unloading tapes mounted on  devices  of  the  form
                   MTn:



                                   2-444
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                  (UNLOAD)


        REWIND     for rewinding a magnetic tape volume or  tape  set  to
                   its load point (logical beginning)


   Example

        1.  Unload your magnetic tape from drive MTA0:.

            @UNLOAD MTA0:












































                                   2-445
                            COMMAND DESCRIPTION
                                (VDIRECTORY)


   2.87  VDIRECTORY

   The VDIRECTORY  (Verbose  DIRECTORY)  command  is  equivalent  to  the
   DIRECTORY command with the subcommands LENGTH, NO HEADING, PROTECTION,
   SIZE, and TIMES (AND  DATES  OF)  WRITE.   Use  the  same  format  and
   subcommands   with   VDIRECTORY   as   with  DIRECTORY.   For  further
   information see the DIRECTORY command description in this manual.

   When used with magnetic tapes, the VDIRECTORY command is equivalent to
   the DIRECTORY command for magnetic tapes.


   Examples

        1.  Give the VDIRECTORY command, then cut off the output  with  a
            CTRL/C.

            @VDIRECTORY

               MISC:<LATTA>
             4-UPED.TXT.14;P777700     0 0(7)         25-Apr-85 09:58:21
             A.DIRECTORY.1;P20200      1 0(0)          2-May-85 13:14:52
             ARTIFI.CTL.7;P777700      1 215(7)       24-Apr-85 10:10:10
             B.DIRECTORY.1;P20200      1 0(0)          9-May-85 12:54:00
             C.EXE.1;P777700           3 1536(36)     13-Apr-85 04:27:59
             CONFAB.CTL.1;P777700      1 115(7)        3-May-85 13:34:37
             DIVIDE.FOR.4;P777700      1 260(7)        8-Mar-85 15:47:41
             DUMPER.MAC.1;P777700     53 134442(7)     8-Nov-85 10:47:04
             MAGNIF.CTL.2;P777700      1^C

        2.  Ask for a VDIRECTORY listing of certain files; include a line
            of headings.

            @VDIRECTORY TEST.FOR,
            @@HEADING
            @@

                                       PGS Bytes(SZ)    Write


               MISC:<LATTA>
             TESTF1.FOR.8;P777700      1 115(7)       25-Apr-85 09:44:50
             TESTF2.FOR.1;P777700      1 115(7)       20-Apr-85 10:01:56
             TESTF3.FOR.1;P777700      1 115(7)       20-Apr-85 10:02:19

             Total of 3 pages in 3 file







                                   2-446











                                 APPENDIX A

                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



   This appendix lists and briefly explains all  non-privileged  commands
   in  the  TOPS-20  command  language,  grouping  them  in categories of
   similar use.



   A.1  SYSTEM ACCESS COMMANDS

   These commands allow you to gain and relinquish access to the  system,
   to  activate  and  deactivate  any  special capabilities you have been
   given, and to disengage and engage jobs to your terminal.

        ATTACH         Engages a designated job to your terminal.

        DETACH         Disengages your current job from your terminal.

        DISABLE        Deactivates any special capabilities you have been
                       granted.

        ENABLE         Activates any special capabilities you  have  been
                       granted.

        LOGIN          Gains access to the TOPS-20 system.

        LOGOUT         Relinquishes access to the TOPS-20 system.

        UNATTACH       Disengages another job from its terminal.



   A.2  FILE SYSTEM COMMANDS

   The file system commands allow you to  create,  examine,  change,  and
   delete files.

        ACCESS         Obtains  ownership   rights   to   the   specified
                       directory,  as  well  as  the  group rights of the


                                    A-1
                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



                       directory's owner.

        APPEND         Adds contents of one  or  more  files  to  another
                       file.

        ARCHIVE        Makes a permanent off-line copy of files.

        BUILD          Creates, modifies, or deletes a subdirectory.

        CLOSE          Closes files left open by a program, and  releases
                       unopened JFNs.

        CONNECT        Connects you to the specified directory.

        COPY           Duplicates files.

        CREATE         Invokes your defined editor to create a file.

        DEFINE         Associates  a  logical  name  with  one  or   more
                       filespecs.

        DELETE         Marks  files  for  eventual  erasure  (disk  files
                       only), or erases the files (all other devices).

        DIRECTORY      Gives information about the files in a directory.

        DISCARD        Gives up the tape copy of specified on-line files.

        EDIT           Invokes your defined editor to modify a file.

        END-ACCESS     Relinquishes ownership  rights  to  the  specified
                       directory.

        EXPUNGE        Permanently erases any deleted files.

        FDIRECTORY     Lists all the information about files.

        PERUSE         Edits files in read-only mode.

        RENAME         Changes one or more  parts  of  an  existing  file
                       specification.

        RETRIEVE       Restores off-line files to disk.

        TDIRECTORY     Lists the names and write dates of  files  in  the
                       order of the date and time they were last changed.

        TYPE           Prints files on your terminal.

        UNDELETE       Restores files marked for erasure.



                                    A-2
                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



        VDIRECTORY     Lists  the  names  of  files,  as  well  as  their
                       protection,  size, and the date and time they were
                       last changed.



   A.3  DEVICE-HANDLING COMMANDS

   These commands allow you to reserve a device prior  to  using  it,  to
   manipulate the device, and to release it once it is no longer needed.

        ASSIGN         Reserves a device for use by your job.

        BACKSPACE      Moves a magnetic tape backward.

        DEASSIGN       Releases a previously assigned device.

        DISMOUNT       Gives up access to the specified structure or tape
                       set.

        EOF            Writes an end-of-file mark on a magnetic tape.

        MOUNT          Requests use of the specified  structure  or  tape
                       set.

        REWIND         Moves a magnetic tape backward to its load point.

        SKIP           Moves a magnetic tape forward.

        UNLOAD         Rewinds a magnetic tape until the  tape  is  wound
                       completely on the source reel.



   A.4  PROGRAM CONTROL COMMANDS

   The following commands help you run and debug your own programs.

        COMPILE        Translates a source program using the  appropriate
                       compiler.

        CONTINUE       Resumes  execution  of  a   program   (e.g.,   one
                       interrupted by a CTRL/C).

        CREF           Runs  the   CREF   program,   which   produces   a
                       cross-reference listing and automatically sends it
                       to the line printer.

        CSAVE          Saves  in  a  compressed  executable  format   the
                       program  currently  in  memory.   (Usually SAVE is
                       better for most purposes.)


                                    A-3
                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



        DDT            Merges the loaded debugging program (or  if  none,
                       DDT)  with the current program and then starts the
                       debugging program.

        DEBUG          Compiles  a  source  program,  loads  it  with   a
                       compatible   debugging  program,  and  starts  the
                       debugging program.

        DEPOSIT        Sets  the  contents  of   the   specified   memory
                       location.

        ERUN           Runs a system program in an ephemeral fork.

        EXAMINE        Checks  the  contents  of  the  specified   memory
                       location.

        EXECUTE        Compiles,  loads,  and  begins  execution   of   a
                       program.

        FORK           Selects the current fork to which TOPS-20 commands
                       apply.

        FREEZE         Stops a running fork.

        GET            Places an executable program in memory.

        KEEP           Protects a fork from being cleared from memory.

        LOAD           Compiles a program and loads it into memory.

        MERGE          Places an executable program in memory and  merges
                       it with the current contents of memory.

        POP            Finishes a level of TOPS-20 and returns control to
                       the previous level of TOPS-20.

        PUSH           Starts a new level of TOPS-20.

        R              Runs a system program.

        REENTER        Starts the program  currently  in  memory  at  the
                       alternate  entry  point specified in the program's
                       entry vector.

        RESET          Clears memory for the specified fork of  your  job
                       and its inferiors.

        RUN            Places an executable program in memory and  starts
                       it.

        SAVE           Copies the contents  of  memory  into  a  file  in


                                    A-4
                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



                       executable format.

        START          Begins execution of the program in memory.

        UNKEEP         Cancels the kept status of a fork.



   A.5  INFORMATION COMMANDS

   These commands return information about TOPS-20  commands,  your  job,
   and the system as a whole.

        DAYTIME        Prints the current date and time of day.

        HELP           Gives an explanatory message about specific system
                       programs.

        INFORMATION    Provides information about your job and its use of
                       available   computing  resources,  and  about  the
                       system.

        SYSTAT         Gives a summary of information about current  jobs
                       on the system.

        TRANSLATE      Tells  you  what  project-programmer   number   is
                       associated with a directory name, and vice versa.



   A.6  TERMINAL COMMANDS

   The terminal commands allow you to declare the characteristics of your
   terminal,  to  clear  your  video  screen,  and  to control linking to
   another user's terminal.

        ADVISE         Sends whatever you type on your terminal as  input
                       to a job engaged to another terminal.

        BLANK          Clears your display screen and moves the cursor to
                       line 1.

        BREAK          Clears communication links.

        RECEIVE        Allows  your  terminal  to  receive  communication
                       links,  advice,  or  system  messages  from  other
                       users.

        REFUSE         Denies links, advice, or system messages  to  your
                       terminal.



                                    A-5
                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



                       !.pg
        REMARK         Notifies the system  that  your  terminal  is  not
                       sending commands but only comments.

        SET            Establishes certain job-wide  characteristics  for
                       your terminal session.

        SET HOST       Connects the terminal to another system.

        SEND           Sends messages to terminals.

        TAKE           Executes commands contained in the specified file.

        TALK           Links two terminals so that each user can  observe
                       what  the  other  user is doing, without affecting
                       his job.

        TERMINAL       Informs the system of your terminal type, and lets
                       you   determine   the   setting  of  its  variable
                       parameters.



   A.7  OUTPUT COMMANDS

   These commands allow you to request output listings of  files  on  the
   plotter,  line  printer,  card  punch,  or  paper  tape  punch, and to
   examine, modify, or withdraw these requests.

        CANCEL                          Withdraws requests from an output
                                        queue (waiting list).

        INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS     Lists  entries  in   the   output
                                        queues.

        MODIFY                          Changes  entries  in  an   output
                                        queue.

        PLOT                            Places  requests  in  a   plotter
                                        output queue.

        PRINT                           Places requests in a line printer
                                        output queue.

        PUNCH                           Places requests in a  card  punch
                                        or paper tape punch output queue.







                                    A-6
                 FUNCTIONAL GROUPING OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS  



   A.8  BATCH COMMANDS

   The TOPS-20 system also has a batch system to  which  you  can  submit
   jobs for execution.

        CANCEL BATCH                  Withdraws entries  from  the  batch
                                      input queue (waiting list).

        INFORMATION BATCH-REQUESTS    Lists entries in  the  batch  input
                                      queue.

        MODIFY BATCH                  Changes entries in the batch  input
                                      queue.

        SUBMIT                        Places a batch control file in  the
                                      batch input queue.





































                                    A-7











                                 APPENDIX B

                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



   This appendix consists of an alphabetical list of TOPS-20 commands and
   short  descriptions  of  each.   The  varieties  of argument needed to
   complete each command are shown next, in the order that you give them;
   parentheses   indicate  that  the  argument  is  optional  or  can  be
   defaulted.  Last comes the effect of the command  on  memory - whether
   it clears memory (by loading a program or by other means) or otherwise
   alters it, or leaves it unaffected.  Use this appendix along with  the
   question mark and recognition features to refresh your memory once you
   have become familiar with the contents of this manual.


                                                              Effect
                                                                on
   Command      Function                 Arguments            Memory

   ACCESS       gets ownership rights    dev:<directory>,     ---
                to a directory           password

   ADVISE       sends commands to        user name or         ---
                another user's job       terminal number

   APPEND       adds files onto end      filespecs,           ---
                of another file          (subcommands)

   ARCHIVE      requests off-line        filespecs,           ---
                storage of files         (subcommand)

   ASSIGN       allocates a device       device name          ---
                for your job

   ATTACH       engages a job to         user name,           ---
                your terminal            (job number)
                                         (password)

   BACKSPACE    moves a magnetic         device name, number  ---
                tape backward            of records or files



                                    B-1
                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



   BLANK        clears your video        ---                  ---
                terminal screen

   BREAK        ends links made by a     (user name or        ---
                TALK command             line number)

   BUILD        creates, modifies, or    dev:<directory>,     ---
                deletes a subdirectory   subcommands

   CANCEL       withdraws output         queue, jobname       ---
                or batch requests

   CLOSE        closes open files        JFN                  ---

   COMPILE      translates source        filespecs, switches  loads
                programs into object                          compiler
                programs                 

   CONNECT      connects your job        dev:<directory>,     ---
                to a directory           password

   CONTINUE     continues a halted       NORMALLY or STAY     ---
                program

   COPY         makes copies of          filespec,filespec    ---
                a file                   (subcommands)

   CREATE       creates a file           (switches),          loads
                                         filespec             EDIT

   CREF         translates .CRF          (filespec)           loads
                files into listings                           CREF

   CSAVE        stores a copy of         (filespec, memory    ---
                memory in a file         locations)
                (in compressed format)

   DAYTIME      tells the date and       ---                  ---
                time

   DDT          starts a debugging       (switches)           merges
                program                                       debugging
                                                              program
                                                              with
                                                              existing
                                                              memory (if
                                                              necessary)

   DEASSIGN     gives up a previously    device name          ---
                assigned device



                                    B-2
                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



   DEBUG        debugs a program         filespec, switches   loads
                                                              program
                                                              and
                                                              debugging
                                                              program

   DEFINE       establishes or withdraws logical name,        ---
                a logical name           search list

   DELETE       marks files for          filespecs,           ---
                later erasure            (subcommands)

   DEPOSIT      changes contents of      memory location,     changes
                a memory location        octal number         one
                                                              location

   DETACH       disengages a             (argument)           ---
                job from your
                terminal

   DIRECTORY    gives information        (dev:<directory>,    ---
                about files              filespecs),
                                         subcommands

   DISABLE      deactivates              ---                  ---
                capabilities

   DISCARD      gives up tape copy       filespecs            ---
                of on-line files

   DISMOUNT     gives up access to       alias or setname,    ---
                structure or tape        switches
                set

   EDIT         edits existing           (switches),          loads
                files                    filespec             EDIT

   ENABLE       activates capabilities   ---                  ---

   END-ACCESS   terminates ownership     dev:<directory>      ---
                rights to a directory

   EOF          writes an                device name          ---
                end-of-file mark on
                a magnetic tape

   ERUN         runs a system            name of system       loads
                program in an            program (switches)   program
                ephemeral fork

   EXAMINE      inspects a memory        memory location      ---


                                    B-3
                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



                location

   EXECUTE      compiles, loads and      filespec, switches   loads
                starts a program                              compiler
                                                              and/or
                                                              program

   EXPUNGE      erases all deleted       (dev:<directory>,    ---
                files from a             subcommands)
                directory

   FDIRECTORY   DIRECTORY command        (dev:<directory>,    ---
                with subcommands         filespecs),
                CRAM,EVERYTHING,         subcommands
                and NO HEADING

   FORK         specifies what           fork name            ---
                fork is current          or number

   FREEZE       stops a                  fork name            ---
                running fork             or number

   GET          places an executable     filespec,            loads
                program in memory        (switches)           program

   HELP         presents a short         name of system       ---
                description of a         program
                system program

   INFORMATION  gives information        arguments            ---
                about system and job
                parameters

   KEEP         protects a fork          fork name            ---
                from being               or number
                reset

   LOAD         compiles and loads       filespec, switches   loads
                a program                                     compiler
                                                              and/or
                                                              program

   LOGIN        begins a job             user name,           ---
                                         password, account

   LOGOUT       ends a job               ---                  clears
                                                              memory

   MERGE        merges an executable     filespec,            adds
                program with current     (switches)           program
                memory                                        to


                                    B-4
                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



                                                              existing
                                                              memory

   MODIFY       changes output or        queue, jobname,      ---
                batch requests           switches

   MOUNT        requests use of          alias or setname,    ---
                structure or tape set    switches

   PERUSE       edits files in           (switches),          loads
                read-only mode           filespec             editor

   PLOT         plots files on           filespecs, switches  ---
                plotter
   POP          returns to superior      ---                  clears
                TOPS-20 command                               memory of
                level, ending                                 inferior
                inferior TOPS-20                              process
                command level

   PRINT        prints files on          filespecs, switches  ---
                line printer

   PUNCH        punches files on         filespecs, switches  ---
                card punch or paper
                tape punch

   PUSH         begins an inferior       ---                  preserves
                TOPS-20 command                               superior
                level                                         memory

   R            runs a system            name of system       loads
                program                  program, (switches)  program

   RECEIVE      allows communication     argument             ---
                with your terminal

   REENTER      starts program in        ---                  ---
                memory at the
                restart address

   REFUSE       disallows                argument             ---
                communication with your
                terminal

   REMARK       informs the system       ---                  ---
                that you are typing
                only comments, not
                commands

   RENAME       changes the              filespec, filespec   ---


                                    B-5
                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



                specification of a
                file

   RESET        clears the specified     fork name or         clears
                fork from memory         number               fork

   RETRIEVE     restores off-line        filespecs            ---
                files to disk

   REWIND       rewinds a magnetic       device name          ---
                tape to its load
                point

   RUN          places an executable     filespec,            loads
                program in memory        (switches)           program
                and starts it

   SAVE         stores a copy of         (filespec)           ---
                memory in a file

   SEND         sends messages           line number          ---
                to terminals

   SET          sets various job         arguments            ---
                parameters

   SET HOST     connects the terminal    system name,
                to another system        switches

   SKIP         moves a magnetic         device name,         ---
                tape forward             number of records
                                         or files

   START        starts program in        (memory location)    ---
                memory at start
                address

   SUBMIT       submits entries (jobs)   filespecs, switches  ---
                to the batch system

   SYSTAT       gives information        arguments,           ---
                about system and job     (subcommands)
                status

   TAKE         starts processing        filespec,            ---
                of a command file        (subcommands)

   TALK         makes communication      user name or         ---
                links with another       terminal number
                user



                                    B-6
                   ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS



   TDIRECTORY   DIRECTORY command        (dev:<directory>,    ---
                with subcommands         filespecs),
                CHRONOLOGICAL WRITE,     subcommands
                REVERSE, and TIMES
                WRITE

   TERMINAL     sets various             argument             ---
                terminal
                characteristics

   TRANSLATE    gives directory          dev:<directory> or   ---
                names for ppn's and      [project-programmer
                vice versa               number]

   TYPE         prints files on your     filespecs            ---
                terminal

   UNATTACH     disengages another job   user name,           ---
                from its terminal        (job number)
                                         (password)

   UNDELETE     restores deleted         filespec             ---
                files

   UNKEEP       cancels the kept         fork name            ---
                status of a fork         or number

   UNLOAD       unloads a magnetic       device name          ---
                tape and deassigns
                the drive

   VDIRECTORY   DIRECTORY command        (dev:<directory>,    ---
                with subcommands         filespecs),
                LENGTH, NO HEADING,      subcommands
                PROTECTION, SIZE,
                and TIMES WRITE

















                                    B-7











                                 APPENDIX C

                              FILE ATTRIBUTES



   This appendix lists the attributes that you  can  include  in  a  file
   specification.   The DECnet-related attributes are described in detail
   in the DECnet documentation.  Information on file attributes  is  also
   contained  in  the  TOPS-20  User's  Guide,  the TOPS-20 Monitor Calls
   Reference Manual, and the TOPS-20 Tape Processing Manual.

   ;A:account               System manager defined account string

   ;BDATA:user data         DECnet optional binary data

   ;BLOCK-LENGTH:n          Maximum size of a physical block on a labeled
                            tape.

   ;BPASSWORD:password      DECnet binary password

   ;CHARGE:account          DECnet account string

   ;DATA:user data          DECnet optional data

   ;EXPIRATION-DATE:date    Date  the   magnetic   tape   file   can   be
                            overwritten

   ;FORMAT:F,D,S, or U      Magnetic labeled tape record format:

                            F=fixed-length
                            D=variable-length
                            S=spanned
                            U=undefined

   ;OFF-LINE                Designation  for  a  file  that  is  off-line
                            because of migration or archiving

   ;P:n                     File protection value

   ;PASSWORD:password       DECnet password

   ;POSITION:n              File  sequence  number  for   magnetic   tape


                                    C-1
                              FILE ATTRIBUTES



                            positioning

   ;RECORD-LENGTH:n         Maximum  size  of  a  magnetic  labeled  tape
                            record

   ;T                       Designation for a file that is to be  deleted
                            at log-out time (a temporary file).  Only for
                            files in log-in and/or connected directories.

   ;USERID:id               DECnet user ID string

   Note that  you  can  issue  TOPS-20  commands  as  an  alternative  to
   specifying  many  of  the  file  attributes.   For  example,  SET FILE
   PROTECTION, rather than the P attribute, can be used to set  the  file
   protection.   Also,  such  commands  as  INFORMATION  FILE-STATUS  and
   DIRECTORY (with the EVERYTHING subcommand) display your file attribute
   settings.




































                                    C-2











                                 APPENDIX D

                             CONTROL CHARACTERS



   This appendix lists the TOPS-20 control characters.  To type a control
   character,  use  the  CTRL key like the SHIFT key.  Hold down the CTRL
   key and at the same time type the character key.

   CTRL
   CHARACTER                          FUNCTION

   CTRL/C    Cancels a command when typed during command entry.

             Cancels command execution when typed  twice  during  command
             execution.  (The first ^C does not echo.)

             Halts a  program  and  returns  to  TOPS-20  command  level.
             Generally,  type  two  CTRL/Cs  to  halt  a  program that is
             executing; type one CTRL/C to stop a program that is waiting
             for input.

   CTRL/E    Ends an ADVISE command link between two terminals.

   CTRL/F    Provides  recognition  input  for  file  specifications  and
             command  names  and  arguments.   Similar to the ESCAPE key,
             except that it completes only one field at a time with  file
             specifications  and  it  does  not  supply  guidewords  with
             commands.

   CTRL/G    Rings the terminal bell.  Use with SEND and TALK commands to
             signal another user.

   CTRL/H    Reprints a command line up to the field that  is  in  error.
             Type  immediately after the input error message.  Duplicates
             the function of the BACKSPACE key.

   CTRL/I    Duplicates the function of the TAB key.

   CTRL/L    Advances the paper on a hard-copy terminal to the top of the
             next  page.  To stop the ^L from printing, give the TERMINAL
             NO INDICATE command.


                                    D-1
                             CONTROL CHARACTERS



   CTRL/O    Stops output to the terminal while the  program  or  command
             continues to execute.

             Output resumes when:
                  another CTRL/O is typed
                  the program or command finishes
                  the program prompts for input

   CTRL/Q    Continues scrolling  terminal  output  that  was  paused  by
             CTRL/S or a pause on an end of page.  Use the TERMINAL PAUSE
             (ON)  CHARACTER  command  to  define  alternate  pause   and
             continue   characters.   Use  the  TERMINAL  NO  PAUSE  (ON)
             END-OF-PAGE command to stop pause on an end  of  page.   Use
             the TERMINAL LENGTH command to set the page length.

   CTRL/R    Reprints  the  current  command  line,   incorporating   the
             corrections  made  with  the  DELETE  key or CTRL/W.  Use on
             hard-copy terminals when backslashes and underscores  caused
             by  editing  with  DELETE  and  CTRL/W make the command line
             difficult to read.  Use on video  terminals  when  a  system
             message covers the command line.

   CTRL/S    Pauses scrolling of terminal output until CTRL/Q  is  typed.
             Input,  though  not  displayed,  is  accepted into the input
             buffer and processed after a CTRL/Q.  Use the TERMINAL PAUSE
             (ON)   CHARACTER  command  to  define  alternate  pause  and
             continue characters.

   CTRL/T    Displays a line of information that includes:
                  the time
                  the name and status of the current fork
                  the amount of CPU time used
                  the time elapsed since login
                  the system's load average

   CTRL/U    Erases the current command line.   On  hard-copy  terminals,
             cancels  the  command  and prints three Xs at the end of the
             command line.

   CTRL/V    Allows special  characters  (any  character  other  than  an
             alphanumeric,  or the special characters - _ . or $) in file
             specifications and  directory  names.   Type  CTRL/V  before
             typing  the  special  character  any  time you type the file
             specification.

             Special characters are not accepted by the following  system
             programs:
                  ALGOL    COBOL    CREF    FILCOM    ISAM
                  LIBARY   LINK     MAKLIB  RERUN

   CTRL/W    Erases the previous word.  On hard-copy  terminals,  cancels


                                    D-2
                             CONTROL CHARACTERS



             the previous word and types an underscore.

   CTRL/Z    Signals an end-of-file for data entered from  the  terminal.
             Use when:
                  COPYing from your terminal (device TTY:) to a file.
                  Sending a message with one of the mail programs.















































                                    D-3
                                        



                                   INDEX



               -A-                     Archived files (Cont.)
                                         renaming, 2-318
   ABORT subcommand, 2-28                retrieving, 2-323
   /ABORT switch, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170,    status of, 2-193
       2-221                           ARCHIVED subcommand, 2-129
   ABSOLUTE-INTERNET-SOCKETS           Archiving
       subcommand, 2-28                  on-line files for, 2-29
   ACCESS command, 2-1                   preventing automatic, 2-345
   Account, 2-229                        setting automatic, 2-345
     setting default, 2-345            Arguments, 1-1
     setting file storage, 2-347         removing default, 2-352
   ACCOUNT argument, 2-342             ASCII subcommand, 2-8, 2-9, 2-73,
   ACCOUNT subcommand, 2-129               2-74
   /ACCOUNT switch, 2-273, 2-283,      ASSIGN command, 2-17
       2-293, 2-389                    /ASSISTANCE switch, 2-390
   ACCOUNT-DEFAULT subcommand, 2-28    ATTACH command, 2-19
   ADDRESS-BREAK argument, 2-192,      AUTOMATIC argument, 2-343
       2-342                           AVAILABLE argument, 2-193
   Advice
     receiving, 2-307                              -B-
     refusing, 2-312
   ADVICE argument, 2-307, 2-312       /BACKGROUND switch, 2-65, 2-383
   ADVISE command, 2-4                 BACKSPACE command, 2-22
   /AFTER switch, 2-243, 2-273,        /BAK switch, 2-81, 2-148
       2-283, 2-294, 2-389             Batch
   ALERT argument, 2-343                 access rights for, 2-396
   Alerts                                account charge for, 2-389
     checking, 2-192                     assistance during, 2-390
     removing, 2-352                     card punch for, 2-390
     setting, 2-352                      control file, 2-388
   ALERTS argument, 2-192                date for job, 2-389
   /ALGOL switch, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170,    deleting control file, 2-390
       2-221                             dependency count
   ALL subcommand, 2-402                   modifying, 2-244
   ALLOW subcommand, 2-412                 setting, 2-391
   ALPHABETICALLY subcommand, 2-129      job name for, 2-393
   APPEND command, 2-8                   labels in control file, 2-393
   ARCHIVE arument, 2-193                line number for, 2-390
   ARCHIVE keyword, 2-43                 log destination node
   ARCHIVE subcommand, 2-115               modifying, 2-244
   ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES            setting, 2-391
       subcommand, 2-28                  log file, 2-390, 2-392, 2-394
   Archived files                        processing order, 2-250
     appending to, 2-11                  restarting after error, 2-392
     copying, 2-78                       SET commands with, 2-367
     deleting, 2-115                     time-limit
     discarding, 2-139                     modifying, 2-249


                                  Index-1
                                        



     keeping disk copies of, 2-13          setting, 2-393




















































                                  Index-2
                                        



   Batch dependency count              /CHECK-SETNAME switch, 2-254,
     setting, 2-390                        2-258
   Batch destination-node for, 2-392   CHECKSUM subcommand, 2-129
   Batch jobs                          CHRONOLOGICAL subcommand, 2-130
     nested, 2-396                     CLASS subcommand, 2-402
     submitting, 2-388                 CLOSE command, 2-51
     talking to, 2-417                 CLUSTER argument, 2-194
   BATCH keyword, 2-43                 .CMD
   BATCH-LOG switch, 2-390               file type, 2-412
   Batch-requests                      COBDDT program, 2-98
     information about, 2-194          /68-COBOL switch, 2-54, 2-103,
   BATCH-REQUESTS argument, 2-194          2-170, 2-220
   BATCH.CMD file, 2-231, 2-395        /74-COBOL switch, 2-54, 2-104,
   BEFORE subcommand, 2-115, 2-129         2-170, 2-220
   /BEGIN switch, 2-244, 2-276,        /COBOL switch, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170,
       2-286, 2-390                        2-221
   BINARY subcommand, 2-8, 2-9, 2-73,  COMAND.CMD file, 2-229, 2-230,
       2-74                                2-231, 2-395
   /BINARY switch, 2-55, 2-104,        Command default
       2-170, 2-221                      setting, 2-345
   BLANK command, 2-24                 Command files
   /10-BLISS switch, 2-54, 2-103,        BATCH.CMD, 2-231, 2-395
       2-169, 2-220                      COMAND.CMD, 2-229, 2-230, 2-231,
   /36-BLISS switch, 2-54, 2-103,            2-395
       2-169, 2-220                      executing, 2-412
   BREAK command, 2-25                   LOGIN.CMD, 2-229, 2-230
   BUILD command, 2-26                   LOGOUT.CMD, 2-235, 2-236
   BYTE subcommand, 2-8, 2-9, 2-74       order of processing with LOGIN,
                                             2-230
                                         order of processing with SUBMIT,
               -C-                           2-395
                                         running programs from, 2-413
   /C128 switch, 2-81, 2-148             SYSTEM:BATCH.CMD, 2-231, 2-395
   /C64 switch, 2-81, 2-148              SYSTEM:COMAND.CMD, 2-230, 2-231,
   CANCEL command, 2-43                      2-395
   Capabilities                          SYSTEM:LOGIN.CMD, 2-230
     disabling, 2-137                  COMMAND-LEVEL argument, 2-194
     displaying assigned, 2-155        Commands, 1-1
     enabling, 2-155                     abbreviating, 1-7
   Card images for                       continuing, 1-3
     batch, 2-392                        DIRECTORY-class, 1-4
   CARD-READER-INPUT-SET argument,       guidewords in, 1-6
       2-344                             help with, 1-8
   Cards                                 LOAD-class, 1-3
     punching, 2-292                     Queue-class, 1-3
   CARDS keyword, 2-43                 Commas between
   /CARDS switch, 2-244, 2-390           filespecs, 2-225
   /CHARACTERISTIC: switch, 2-283      Comments
   Characters                            typing on terminal, 2-315
     double at-sign, 1-4               Common File System, 2-194
     plus sign, 2-59, 2-108


                                  Index-3
                                        



     question mark, 1-8




















































                                  Index-4
                                        



   Compilation                         CTRL-C
     forcing, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170,        removing capability of, 2-352
         2-221                         Current fork, 2-181
     preventing, 2-56, 2-105, 2-171,   /CURRENT-VOLUME-ONLY switch,
         2-222                             2-327
   COMPILE command, 2-53
   /COMPILE switch, 2-55, 2-104,                   -D-
       2-170, 2-221
   Compiled programs                   Date
     listing, 2-56, 2-105, 2-222         to display, 2-94
   Compiled programs preventing        Date arguments
     listing, 2-58                       formats of, 1-8
   Compilers                           DATES subcommand, 2-130
     passing language-switches to,     DAYTIME command, 2-94
         2-56, 2-105, 2-171, 2-222     DDT command, 2-95
   Compiling files together, 2-59,     DDT Program
       2-174, 2-225                      loading, 2-104, 2-170
   Compiling multiple programs,        DDT program
       2-108, 2-174                      loading, 2-221
   COMPLETE subcommand, 2-130          /DDT switch, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170,
   Confidential access capabilities,       2-221
       2-29                            DEASSIGN command, 2-100
   CONFIDENTIAL subcommand, 2-28       DEBUG command, 2-102
   CONNECT command, 2-62               /DEBUG switch, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170,
   CONNECT-TIME subcommand, 2-402          2-221
   Connected directory, 1-3, 2-62      Debugging
   /CONNECTED-DIRECTORY switch,          SET commands with, 2-366
       2-390                             specifying debugging program,
   CONTENTS-ONLY subcommand, 2-115           2-108
   CONTINUE argument, 2-124            Debugging information
   CONTINUE command, 2-65                excluding, 2-58, 2-105, 2-221
   Control characters, D-1, D-2        Debugging programs, 2-95
   CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY argument,      /DECIDE switch, 2-81, 2-149
       2-344                           DECnet nodes
   CONTROLLING subcommand, 2-402         displaying accessible, 2-194
   /COPIES switch, 2-244, 2-276,         setting, 2-350
       2-286, 2-296                    DECNET NODES argument, 2-194
   COPY command, 2-73                  DECNET-ACCESS subcommand, 2-28
   CPU time-limit                      DEFAULT argument, 2-344
     setting, 2-363                    Default arguments, 1-5
   CRAM subcommand, 2-130              DEFAULT-FILE-PROTECTION
   CREATE command, 2-80                    subcommand, 2-29
   CREF command, 2-88                  Defaults
   CREF program, 2-88                    displaying, 2-195
   /CREF switch, 2-104, 2-170, 2-221   DEFAULTS argument, 2-195
   Cross-reference files, 2-55, 2-88,  DEFINE command, 2-112
       2-104, 2-170, 2-221             DELETE command, 2-115
   Cross-reference listing, 2-88       DELETE subcommand, 2-177
   /CROSS-REFERENCE switch, 2-55,      /DELETE switch, 2-244, 2-276,
       2-104, 2-170, 2-221                 2-286, 2-296, 2-390
   CSAVE command, 2-92                 Deleted archived files


                                  Index-5
                                        



   /CTERM switch, 2-375                  recovering, 2-117




















































                                  Index-6
                                        



   Deleted files                       DIRECTORY command, 2-127
     restoring, 2-440                  Directory for
   DELETED subcommand, 2-130             batch, 2-390
   Deletion                            Directory name
     of archive requests, 2-43           corresponding
     of batch requests, 2-43                 project-programmer number,
     of files, 2-115, 2-440                  2-434
     of files at logout, 2-235         DIRECTORY subcommand, 2-115,
     of logical names, 2-112               2-402
     of mount requests, 2-43           DIRECTORY-class commands, 1-4
     of paper-tape requests, 2-43      DIRECTORY-GROUP subcommand, 2-29
     of plot requests, 2-43            DISABLE command, 2-137
     of print requests, 2-43           DISABLE subcommand, 2-29
     of punch card requests, 2-43      DISALLOW subcommand, 2-412
     of subdirectories, 2-30           DISCARD command, 2-139
   /DENSITY switch, 2-254              Discard command
   /DEPENDENCY-COUNT switch, 2-244,      undoing, 2-139
       2-391                           Disk storage quotas
   DEPOSIT command, 2-120                infinite, 2-37
   /DESTINATION-NODE switch, 2-44,     Disk-usage
       2-245, 2-274, 2-284, 2-294,       information about, 2-197
       2-391                           DISK-USAGE argument, 2-197
   DETACH command, 2-124               DISMOUNT STRUCTURE command, 2-141
   Detaching jobs, 2-438               DISMOUNT TAPE command, 2-141
   dev:, 1-1                           DOUBLESPACE subcommand, 2-130
   Device defaults, 1-2                /DPY switch, 2-149
   Devices                             DQS print requests, 2-283
     assigning, 2-17                   /DRIVE-TYPE switch, 2-254
     changing to generic, 2-246
     deassigning, 2-100                            -E-
     displaying available, 2-193
   Directories                         ECHO subcommand, 2-412
     deleting, 2-38                    ^ECREATE
     displaying characteristics of,      command, 2-36
         2-195                         EDIT command, 2-147
     permanent disk storage, 2-33      EDIT program, 2-80, 2-147
     secure, 2-346                       backup files, 2-81, 2-84, 2-151
   Directory                             controlling error messages,
     accessing, 2-1                          2-81, 2-82, 2-149
     connecting to a, 2-62               line numbers in, 2-81, 2-82,
     connecting to log-in, 2-229             2-149, 2-150
     defaults, 1-2                       read-only mode, 2-83, 2-150,
     display contents of, 2-127,             2-269
         2-180, 2-446                    SWITCH.INI file, 2-84, 2-151
     displaying contents of, 2-419     Edit program
     files-only, 2-38                    backup files, 2-148
     group rights, 2-231               EDITOR: logical name, 2-85, 2-152
     ownership rights, 2-1, 2-231      ENABLE command, 2-155
     protection code, 2-33             ENABLE subcommand, 2-29
     setting options, 2-337            END-ACCESS command, 2-158
     setting protection, 2-346         ENQ-DEQ subcommand, 2-29


                                  Index-7
                                        



   DIRECTORY argument, 2-195, 2-345    /ENTIRE-VOLUME-SET switch, 2-327




















































                                  Index-8
                                        



   Entry vector, 2-383                 FILE-STATUS argument, 2-197
     changing, 2-347                   Files
   ENTRY-VECTOR argument, 2-347          See also Command files
   EOF command, 2-161                    appending, 2-8
   Ephemeral file, 2-347                 archiving, 2-13
   Ephemeral fork                        changing text type of, 2-246
     characteristics of, 2-163           closing, 2-51
   Ephemeral program, 2-355              compressed format, 2-92
     canceling ephemeral attribute,      copying, 2-73
         2-305                           copying from TTY:, 2-76
   Erasing                               creating, 2-80
     deleted files, 2-440                cross-reference, 2-88
   Error messages, 1-11                  default generation, 2-30
   ERUN command, 2-163                   deleting, 2-115
   ESC key, 1-2                          displaying, 2-436
   EVERYTHING subcommand, 2-131          displaying status of, 2-197
   EXAMINE command, 2-165                editing with EDIT program,
   EXEC                                      2-147
     creating an inferior, 2-34,         erasing, 2-115, 2-177
         2-301                           erasing deleted, 2-440
     returning to superior, 2-279        indirect, 2-109
   EXECUPORT argument, 2-427             making ephemeral, 2-347
   EXECUTE command, 2-168                mapped, 2-51
   /EXPERT switch, 2-81, 2-149           offline expiration date, 2-32
   Expiration date                       online expiration date, 2-32
     setting default file, 2-345         permanent, 2-349
     setting file, 2-347                 printing, 2-281
   EXPIRATION-OF-PASSWORD subcommand,    punching on paper tape and
       2-30                                  cards, 2-292
   EXPUNGE command, 2-177                renaming, 2-317
   EXPUNGE subcommand, 2-115             replacing contents of, 2-319
                                         restoring deleted, 2-440
               -F-                       retrieving offline, 2-322
                                         secure, 2-348, 2-350
   /FAIL switch, 2-55, 2-104, 2-170      SWITCH.INI, 2-269
   /FAST switch, 2-235                   temporary, 2-348, 2-350
   FDIRECTORY command, 2-180             trapping openings, 2-363
   /FEET switch, 2-245, 2-391            undeletable, 2-350
   File                                FILES argument, 2-22, 2-380
     attributes, 1-3, C-1              Files-only directories, 2-38
     setting expiration date, 2-347    FILES-ONLY subcommand, 2-30
     setting protection, 2-349         Filespecs, 1-1
   FILE argument, 2-347                  plus signs between, 2-59
   File protection                     FIND subcommand, 2-131
     setting default, 2-345            FLAG argument, 2-422
   File specifications, 1-1            /FLAG-NON-STANDARD switch, 2-55,
   File structures                         2-104, 2-171, 2-221
     see structures                    FORGET subcommand, 2-116
   /FILE switch, 2-245, 2-286          FORK command, 2-181
   File type .CRF, 2-88                FORK-STATUS argument, 2-197
   File types with COMPILE, 2-59       Forks


                                  Index-9
                                        



   File types with LOAD, 2-225           continuing, 2-217




















































                                  Index-10
                                        



   Forks (Cont.)                                   -I-
     displaying status of, 2-197
     keeping, 2-216, 2-356             IBM-node for
     limited number of, 2-218            batch, 2-392
     making current, 2-181             IMAGE BINARY subcommand, 2-9,
     name and number of, 2-181             2-74
     renaming, 2-351                   IMAGE subcommand, 2-9, 2-74
     running ephemeral, 2-163          IMMEDIATE argument, 2-423
     stopping, 2-184                   /INCREMENT switch, 2-81, 2-149
   FORMFEED argument, 2-422            INDICATE argument, 2-423
   /FORMS switch, 2-245, 2-274,        Indirect files, 2-59, 2-175,
       2-284, 2-294                        2-225
   /FORTRAN switch, 2-56, 2-105,       Inferior process, 2-301
       2-171, 2-221                    INFORMATION command, 2-190
   FREEZE command, 2-184               INHIBIT argument, 2-423
   FULLDUPLEX argument, 2-422          INTERNET STATUS
                                         information about, 2-198
                                       INTERNET STATUS argument, 2-198
                                       INTERNET-ACCESS subcommand, 2-30
               -G-                     INTERNET-WIZARD subcommand, 2-30
                                       Interrupt sequence, 2-374, 2-376
   .gen, 1-1                           Interrupts
   Generation number, 1-3                displaying, 2-205
     defaults, 1-3                     Invisible files, 2-14, 2-347
     highest, 1-3                      INVISIBLE subcommand, 2-131
   Generation-retention-count          IPCF subcommand, 2-30
     setting default, 2-345            /ISAVE switch, 2-81, 2-149
   GENERATION-RETENTION-COUNT
       subcommand, 2-131                           -J-
   GENERATIONS subcommand, 2-30
   Generic device                      JFNs, 2-51
     changing to, 2-246                Job
   /GENERIC switch, 2-246, 2-274,        displaying runtime, 2-404
       2-284, 2-294                      setting options, 2-337
   GET command, 2-186                  Job class
   Group rights, 2-62                    displaying, 2-402
                                       Job file numbers, 2-51
                                       JOB subcommand, 2-402
                                       Job time limit
               -H-                       displaying, 2-402
                                       JOB-STATUS argument, 2-198
   H19 argument, 2-427                 /JOBNAME switch, 2-45, 2-46,
   HALFDUPLEX argument, 2-422              2-242, 2-274, 2-284, 2-295,
   HEADER subcommand, 2-402                2-391
   /HEADER switch, 2-246, 2-276,       Jobs
       2-287, 2-296                      attaching, 2-19
   Headers                               detaching, 2-124
     changing to no, 2-247             JSYS trapping, 2-363
   HEADING subcommand, 2-131
   HELP argument, 2-422                            -K-
   HELP command, 2-188


                                  Index-11
                                        



   Hyphen character -, 1-3             KEEP subcommand, 2-116




















































                                  Index-12
                                        



   Kept fork                           Logical names
     characteristics, 2-216              defining, 2-112
   Kept forks                            displaying defined, 2-198
     see Forks                           removing, 2-112
   Key                                 LOGICAL-NAMES argument, 2-199
     escape, 1-8                       LOGIN command, 2-229
   Keywords, 1-5                       LOGIN.CMD file, 2-229, 2-230,
   KILL subcommand, 2-30                   2-231
                                       /LOGNAME switch, 2-391
               -L-                     LOGOUT command, 2-235
                                       LOGOUT.CMD file, 2-235, 2-236
   LA120 argument, 2-428               /LOWER switch, 2-82, 2-149
   LA30 argument, 2-427                Lowercase
   LA36 argument, 2-428                  changing to, 2-247
   LA38 argument, 2-428                LOWERCASE argument, 2-423
   /LABEL-TYPE switch, 2-254           /LOWERCASE switch, 2-246, 2-285
   /LANGUAGE-SWITCHES switch, 2-56,    LPT subcommand, 2-131, 2-403
       2-105, 2-171, 2-222
   LARGER subcommand, 2-116, 2-131
   Late-clear-typeahead                            -M-
     displaying status of, 2-194
   LATE-CLEAR-TYPEAHEAD argument,      /M33 switch, 2-82
       2-350                           /M37 switch, 2-82
   LENGTH argument, 2-423              /MAC switch, 2-56, 2-171, 2-222
   LENGTH subcommand, 2-131            /MACHINE-CODE switch, 2-56, 2-171,
   LEOT argument, 2-380                    2-222
   /LIBRARY switch, 2-56, 2-105,       MACRO
       2-171, 2-222                      assembling using, 2-58, 2-171
   LIMIT subcommand, 2-402             /MACRO switch, 2-56, 2-105, 2-171,
   /LIMIT switch, 2-246, 2-274,            2-222
       2-284, 2-295                    Magnetic tapes
   LINE subcommand, 2-403                See Tapes, 2-22
   LINE-HALFDUPLEX argument, 2-423     Mail, 2-199
   Line-printer                          notice of new, 2-199
     spacing                             watching for new, 2-351
       changing, 2-249                 MAIL Argument, 2-199
   Links                               MAIL-WATCH argument, 2-351
     breaking, 2-25                    MAINTENANCE subcommand, 2-31
     receiving, 2-307                  /MAP, 2-56
     refusing, 2-312                   .MAP files, 2-105, 2-171, 2-222
   LINKS argument, 2-307, 2-312        /MAP switch, 2-105, 2-171, 2-222
   LIST subcommand, 2-31               Mapped files, 2-51
   /LIST switch, 2-56, 2-105, 2-171,     renaming, 2-318
       2-222                           MAXIMUM-SUBDIRECTORIES subcommand,
   LOAD command, 2-219                     2-31
   LOAD switches, 2-220                Memory
   LOAD-class commands, 1-3              clearing, 2-320
   Loader maps, 2-105, 2-171             displaying status of, 2-199
   LOCATION argument, 2-350              modifying, 2-120
   LOG-FILE subcommand, 2-412            preserving state of, 2-216
   Log-in directory, 1-3                 putting an executable program


                                  Index-13
                                        



   /LOGDISPOSITON switch, 2-391              into, 2-186




















































                                  Index-14
                                        



   Memory locations                    /NODEBUG switch, 2-56, 2-106,
     examining, 2-165                      2-172, 2-222
   Memory sections, 2-95, 2-186,       /NODECIDE switch, 2-82, 2-149
       2-238, 2-305, 2-329             Nodes
   MEMORY-USAGE argument, 2-199          displaying accessible, 2-194
   MERGE command, 2-238                /NOFLAG-NON-STANDARD switch, 2-57,
   Messages                                2-106, 2-172, 2-223
     error, 1-11                       /NOHEADER switch, 2-247, 2-276,
     sending, 2-333                        2-287, 2-297
     warning, 1-11                     /NOLIBRARY switch, 2-57, 2-106,
   /METERS switch, 2-295                   2-172, 2-223
   Migrating files                     /NOLIST switch, 2-57, 2-106,
     delaying, 2-366                       2-172, 2-223
     off-line, 2-348                   /NOMACHINE-CODE switch, 2-57,
     preventing, 2-348                     2-106, 2-172, 2-223
   /MODE switch, 2-246, 2-247, 2-276,  /NONUMBER switch, 2-82, 2-149
       2-287, 2-296                    /NOOPTIMIZE switch, 2-57, 2-106,
   Modification                            2-172, 2-223
     of card requests, 2-241           /NORMALLY switch, 2-65, 2-383
     of paper-tape requests, 2-241     /NOSEARCH switch, 2-57, 2-106,
     of plot requests, 2-241               2-172, 2-223
     of print requests, 2-241          /NOSEPARATORS switch, 2-82, 2-149
     of queue and batch requests,      /NOSTAY switch, 2-57, 2-106,
         2-241                             2-172, 2-223
     of queue priority, 2-248          /NOSYMBOLS switch, 2-57, 2-106,
   MODIFY command, 2-241                   2-172, 2-223
   Monitor statistics                  NOT subcommand, 2-32
     information about, 2-201          /NOTE switch, 2-247, 2-275, 2-285,
   MOUNT command, 2-253                    2-295
   Mount count, 2-142                  /NOTIFY switch, 2-275, 2-285,
   MOUNT keyword, 2-43                     2-295
   MOUNT switches, 2-254               /NOUNLOAD switch, 2-255
   Mount-requests                      /NOVICE switch, 2-150
     displaying, 2-201                 NOVICE switch, 2-82
   MOUNT-REQUESTS argument, 2-201      /NOWAIT switch, 2-141, 2-255
                                       /NOWARNINGS switch, 2-57, 2-172,
               -N-                         2-223
                                       /NRT switch, 2-375
   NAME argument, 2-351                NUMBER subcommand, 2-32
   /NEW switch, 2-255                  /NUMBER switch, 2-82, 2-150
   NO argument, 2-352, 2-424
   NO ECHO subcommand, 2-412                       -O-
   NO subcommand, 2-132, 2-403
   /NOBAK switch, 2-82, 2-149          Object file
   /NOBINARY switch, 2-56, 2-222         libraries, 2-105, 2-107, 2-222
   /NOCOMPILE switch, 2-56, 2-105,     Object files, 2-53, 2-168
       2-171, 2-222                      generating, 2-55, 2-221
   /NOCREF switch, 2-56, 2-105,          libraries, 2-172
       2-171, 2-222                      optimized, 2-58
   /NOCROSS-REFERENCE switch, 2-56,      preventing generating of, 2-58
       2-172, 2-222                    Off-line expiration date


                                  Index-15
                                        



   NODE subcommand, 2-403                setting, 2-348




















































                                  Index-16
                                        



   Off-line files                      PERMANENT subcommand, 2-33
     waiting for, 2-358                PERUSE command, 2-269
   OFFLINE subcommand, 2-132           /PLINES switch, 2-82, 2-150
   OFFLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT          PLOT command, 2-272
       subcommand, 2-32                PLOT keyword, 2-43
   /OLD switch, 2-82, 2-150            Plotting
   On-line expiration date               copies for, 2-276
     setting, 2-349                      deleting after, 2-276
   ONLINE subcommand, 2-132              destination-node for, 2-274
   ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT             forms for, 2-274
       subcommand, 2-32                  job name for, 2-274
   Open files                            mode for, 2-276
     displaying status of, 2-359         preventing header for, 2-276
     renaming, 2-318                     priority for, 2-275
   OPERATOR subcommand, 2-32             saving after, 2-276
   /OPTIMIZE switch, 2-57, 2-106,        sequence number for, 2-275
       2-172, 2-223                      setting date for, 2-273
   Optimized                             spooled-output, 2-277
     object files, 2-105                 starting page number for, 2-276
   /OPTION switch, 2-82, 2-150           time limit for, 2-274
   Output mode                           time-limit in batch job, 2-393
     changing, 2-247                     unit for, 2-275
   Output queue                        Plus signs between
     changing, 2-248                     filespecs, 2-225
   OUTPUT subcommand, 2-132, 2-403     POP command, 2-279
   /OUTPUT switch, 2-392               PRESERVE subcommand, 2-33
   Output-requests                     /PRESERVE switch, 2-276, 2-287,
     displaying, 2-203                     2-297
   OUTPUT-REQUESTS argument, 2-203     PRINT command, 2-281
   /OVERLAY switch, 2-95, 2-238        PRINT keyword, 2-43
                                       Printing
               -P-                       account charged for, 2-283
                                         copies for, 2-286
   PAGE argument, 2-424                  deleting file after, 2-286
   PAGE-ACCESS argument, 2-354,          destination-node for, 2-283
       2-365                             forms for, 2-284
   /PAGES switch, 2-247, 2-392           header for, 2-287
   Paper tape                            job name for, 2-284
     changing amount of, 2-246           mode for, 2-287
     punching, 2-292                     owner for, 2-286
   PAPER-TAPE keyword, 2-43              page limit for, 2-284
   /PASCAL switch, 2-57, 2-106,          preventing header for, 2-287
       2-172, 2-223                      priority for, 2-285
   Password                              sequence numbers for, 2-286
     assigning directory, 2-33           setting date, 2-283
   PASSWORD argument, 2-355              spacing during, 2-288
   PASSWORD subcommand, 2-33             spooled-output, 2-289
   Passwords                             starting page number for, 2-286
     assigning directory, 2-346,         text type for, 2-286
         2-355                           title for, 2-287
   PAUSE argument, 2-424                 unit for, 2-286


                                  Index-17
                                        



   Permanent files, 2-349




















































                                  Index-18
                                        



   Priority for                        PTYs logging in to, 2-232
     batch, 2-392                      PUNCH command, 2-292
   /PRIORITY switch, 2-248, 2-275,     Punching
       2-285, 2-295, 2-392               account charged for, 2-293
   Privileges                            card limit for, 2-295
     see Capabilities                    copies for, 2-296
   /PROCESSING switch, 2-248             deleting after, 2-296
   /PROCESSING-NODE switch, 2-392        destination-node for, 2-294
   Program                               forms for, 2-294
     entry vector, 2-310                 header for, 2-296
   PROGRAM argument, 2-355               job name for, 2-295
   PROGRAM EPHEMERAL argument, 2-355     mode for, 2-296, 2-297
   PROGRAM KEEP argument, 2-356          paper tape limit for, 2-295
   PROGRAM NO-EPHEMERAL argument,        preventing header for, 2-297,
       2-356                                 2-298
   PROGRAM subcommand, 2-403             priority for, 2-295
   Program-status                        saving after, 2-297, 2-298
     displaying, 2-205                   sequence numbers for, 2-295
   PROGRAM-STATUS argument, 2-204        setting date for, 2-294
   Programs                              spooled-output, 2-298
     compiling, 2-53, 2-168, 2-219       unit for, 2-296
     continuing, 2-65                  PURGE subcommand, 2-177
     debugging, 2-95, 2-102            PUSH command, 2-301
     displaying version of, 2-211      PUSH subcommand, 2-34
     ephemeral, 2-355
     executing, 2-168                              -Q-
     loading, 2-168, 2-219
     merging, 2-238                    Queue-class commands, 1-3
     monitoring, 2-66
     running, 2-305, 2-329                         -R-
     running from command files,
         2-413                         R command, 2-305
     saving, 2-92, 2-331               /R switch, 2-82, 2-150
     starting, 2-168, 2-383            RAISE argument, 2-425
     starting at alternate entries,    /READ-ONLY switch, 2-256
         2-310                         /READER switch, 2-392
   PROHIBIT-MIGRATION subcommand,      /READONLY switch, 2-83, 2-150
       2-132                           REBUILD subcommand, 2-177
   Project-programmer number           RECEIVE argument, 2-425
     corresponding directory name,     RECEIVE command, 2-307
         2-434                         Recognition, 1-6
   Protection                          RECORDS argument, 2-22, 2-380
     setting directory, 2-346          REENTER argument, 2-124
     setting file, 2-349               REENTER command, 2-310
   PROTECTION subcommand, 2-33,        REFUSE command, 2-312
       2-132                           /RELOCATABLE switch, 2-57, 2-107,
   /PROTECTION switch, 2-256               2-173, 2-223
   Pseudo-terminals                    REMARK command, 2-315
     advising, 2-5                     /REMARK switch, 2-141, 2-256
   PSI status                          Remote node
     displaying, 2-205                   connecting terminal to, 2-374


                                  Index-19
                                        



   PSI-STATUS argument, 2-205          Remote print request, 2-357




















































                                  Index-20
                                        



   Remote print requests, 2-283,       SEMI-OPERATOR subcommand, 2-34
       2-285                           SEND command, 2-333
   REMOTE PRINTING INFORMATION,          in batch job, 2-334
       2-205                           SEPARATE subcommand, 2-132
   /REMOTE-PRINTER switch, 2-285       /SEPARATORS switch, 2-83, 2-150
   REMOTE-PRINTING.CMD, 2-357          Sequence number for
   /REMOTER-PRINTER switch, 2-248        batch, 2-392
   /REMOVE switch, 2-142               /SEQUENCE switch, 2-45, 2-83,
   RENAME command, 2-317                   2-150, 2-242, 2-275, 2-286,
   REPEAT-LOGIN-MESSAGES subcommand,       2-295, 2-392
       2-34                            SESSION-REMARK argument, 2-358
   /REPORT switch, 2-248, 2-287        SET command, 2-337
   Report title                        SET HOST command, 2-374
     changing, 2-248                   /SIMULA switch, 2-58, 2-107,
   RESET command, 2-320                    2-173, 2-224
   RESIST-MIGRATION subcommand,        SINCE subcommand, 2-116, 2-132
       2-132                           SIZE subcommand, 2-132
   Restartable status                  SKIP command, 2-380
     changing, 2-248                   SMALLER subcommand, 2-116, 2-133
   /RESTARTABLE switch, 2-248, 2-392   /SNOBOL switch, 2-58, 2-107,
   RETAIN subcommand, 2-13                 2-173, 2-224
   Retrieval-requests                  Source files, 2-53, 2-168
     information about, 2-206          /SPACING switch, 2-249, 2-288
   RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS argument,        Special internet queues for
       2-206                             subdirectories use of, 2-29
   RETRIEVAL-WAIT argument, 2-358      SPEED argument, 2-425
   RETRIEVE command, 2-322             Spooled output
   RETRIEVE keyword, 2-43                information about, 2-206
   REVERSE subcommand, 2-132           SPOOLED-OUTPUT argument, 2-359
   REWIND command, 2-327               /SPOOLED-OUTPUT switch, 2-46,
   /RONLY switch, 2-83, 2-150              2-277, 2-289, 2-298
   RUN command, 2-329                  SPOOLED-OUTPUT-ACTION argument,
   /RUN switch, 2-83, 2-150                2-206
                                       START argument, 2-124
               -S-                     START command, 2-383
                                       /START switch, 2-83, 2-150, 2-257
   /SAIL switch, 2-57, 2-107, 2-173,   Starting programs, 2-383
       2-224                           STATE subcommand, 2-403
   SAVE command, 2-331                 STATUS-WATCH argument, 2-359
   /SAVE switch, 2-83, 2-150           /STAY Switch, 2-58
   Scratch                             /STAY switch, 2-65, 2-107, 2-173,
     tapes, 2-256                          2-224, 2-383
   /SCRATCH switch, 2-257              /STEP switch, 2-83, 2-151
   Screen                              Structure
     clearing, 2-24                      mount count, 2-258
   Scrolling                           STRUCTURE argument, 2-206
     with remote host, 2-376           /STRUCTURE-ID switch, 2-142,
   /SEARCH switch, 2-58, 2-107,            2-257
       2-173, 2-224                    Structures
   Secure directories, 2-346             dismounting, 2-141
   Secure files, 2-348, 2-350            information about, 2-206


                                  Index-21
                                        



   SECURE subcommand, 2-34               mounting, 2-253




















































                                  Index-22
                                        



   Structures (Cont.)                              -T-
     removing, 2-142
     renaming files between, 2-318     TABS argument, 2-425
     transferring files within,        /TAG switch, 2-393
         2-317                         TAKE command, 2-412
     unavailable for mounting, 2-261   TALK command, 2-415
   Subcommands, 1-4                    Tape
     See also individual subcommands     density, 2-254
   Subdirectories                        drives, 2-254
     creating, 2-26                      labels, 2-254
     default file protection for,        protection, 2-256
         2-29                            setnames, 2-258
     deleting, 2-26                    TAPE argument, 2-362
     files-only, 2-30                  Tape drives
     modifying, 2-26                     assigning, 2-17
     working disk storage for, 2-36    Tape sets
   Subdirectory                          unloading, 2-143
     group rights, 2-34                Tape-parameters
     groups, 2-30                        displaying, 2-209
   Subdirectory parameters             TAPE-PARAMETERS argument, 2-209
     listing, 2-31                     Tapes
   SUBDIRECTORY-USER-GROUP               assigning tape drives, 2-17
       subcommand, 2-35                  backspacing, 2-22
   SUBMIT command, 2-388                 creating new file set, 2-255
   Subsystem statistics                  dismounting, 2-141
     displaying, 2-207                   forwarding, 2-380
   SUBSYSTEM-STATISTICS argument,        load point, 2-327
       2-207                             mounting, 2-253
   SUPERIOR argument, 2-207              rewind with open files, 2-327
   Superior process, 2-279               rewinding, 2-327, 2-444
   SUPERSEDE subcommand, 2-74            setting density, 2-362
   SWITCH.INI file, 2-84, 2-151          setting format, 2-362
   Switches, 1-3                         setting parity, 2-363
     default, 1-4                        setting record-length, 2-363
     positioning, 1-4                    single volume tape sets, 2-261
   Symbol table, 2-107                   skipping records and files,
     rebuilding, 2-177                       2-380
   /SYMBOLS switch, 2-58, 2-107,         unloading, 2-444
       2-173, 2-224                      volume identifier, 2-257
   SYSTAT command, 2-401                 write-enabled mode, 2-258
   System mail                           writing end-of-file on, 2-161
     reading, 2-199                    TDIRECTORY command, 2-419
   System messages                     Temporary files, 2-348, 2-350
     receiving, 2-307                  Terminal
     refusing, 2-312                     connecting to remote node,
   SYSTEM MESSAGES argument, 2-312           2-374
   System status, 2-401                  displaying characteristics of,
     displaying, 2-207                       2-209
   SYSTEM subcommand, 2-404              freeing hung, 2-438
   SYSTEM-DEFAULT argument, 2-428        linking to another, 2-415
   SYSTEM-MESSAGES argument, 2-307       setting options, 2-337


                                  Index-23
                                        



   SYSTEM-STATUS argument, 2-207         setting speed of, 2-431




















































                                  Index-24
                                        



   Terminal (Cont.)                    UNKEEP command, 2-442
     talking to another, 2-415         Unkept fork, 2-442
     to modify characteristics for,    UNLOAD command, 2-444
         2-426                         /UNSEQUENCE switch, 2-83, 2-151
   TERMINAL command, 2-420             /UPPER switch, 2-83, 2-151
   Terminal lines                      /UPPERCASE switch, 2-249, 2-286
     displaying available, 2-193       /USE-SECTION switch, 2-95, 2-186,
   TERMINAL-MODE argument, 2-209           2-238, 2-305, 2-329
   TERMINET argument, 2-429            User messages
   TI argument, 2-429                    receiving, 2-307
   TIME                                  refusing, 2-312, 2-334
     to display, 2-94                    sending, 2-333
   Time                                User name, 2-229
     entering in commands, 1-8         USER subcommand, 2-133, 2-404
   Time arguments                      /USER switch, 2-45, 2-249, 2-286,
     formats of, 1-8                       2-296
     relative time, 1-10               USER-MESSAGES argument, 2-307,
   Time limit                              2-312
     removing CPU, 2-353               USER-OF-GROUP subcommand, 2-35
     setting batch, 2-393              UUO simulation
     setting CPU, 2-363                  disabling, 2-354
   TIME subcommand, 2-404              UUO-SIMULATION argument, 2-366
   /TIME switch, 2-249, 2-393
   TIME-LIMIT argument, 2-363, 2-366               -V-
   TIMES subcommand, 2-133
   Timesharing jobs                    VDIRECTORY command, 2-446
     ending, 2-235                     VERSION argument, 2-211
     starting, 2-229                   Visible files, 2-14, 2-350
   TOPS-20 commands in files, 2-412    VK100 argument, 2-429
   TOPS10-PROJECT-PROGRAMMER           Volid, 2-258
       subcommand, 2-35                /VOLIDS switch, 2-257
   /TPLOT switch, 2-249                Volume identifier, 2-258
   TRANSLATE command, 2-434            Volumes
   TRAP argument, 2-363                  information about, 2-211
   Trapping                            VOLUMES argument, 2-211
     continuing after, 2-364           VT05 argument, 2-429
     disabling, 2-353, 2-364           VT100 argument, 2-430
     setting, 2-364                    VT102 argument, 2-430
   .typ, 1-1                           VT125 argument, 2-430
   TYPE argument, 2-426                VT200-SERIES argument, 2-430
   TYPE command, 2-436                 VT300-SERIES argument, 2-430
   TYPEOUT argument, 2-364             VT50 argument, 2-429
                                       VT52 argument, 2-430
               -U-
                                                   -W-
   UDDT program, 2-96
   UNATTACH command, 2-438             /WARNINGS switch, 2-107, 2-224
   Undeletable files, 2-350            WHAT subcommand, 2-404
   UNDELETE command, 2-440             WHEEL subcommand, 2-35
   /UNIQUE switch, 2-249               WHERE subcommand, 2-404
   /UNIT switch, 2-249, 2-275, 2-286,  WHO subcommand, 2-404


                                  Index-25
                                        



       2-296                           WIDTH argument, 2-426




















































                                  Index-26
                                        



   /WINDOW switch, 2-83, 2-151                     -X-
   WORKING subcommand, 2-35
   /WRITE-ENABLED switch, 2-258        XDDT program, 2-95


















































                                  Index-27