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                            TOPS-20 User's Guide



                                AA-FP69B-TM





                                 June 1988



                  This document introduces  users  to  the
                  TOPS-20  operating system.  It describes
                  how to use  the  system,  obtain  system
                  information and run programs.

                  This document supersedes the document of
|                 the same name, order number, AA-FP69A-TM
|                 and also the  document  Getting  Started
|                 with TOPS-20, order number AA-4187D-TM.

                  Change bars in margins indicate material
                  that has been added or changed since the
                  previous  printing   of   this   manual.
                  Bullets  indicate that material has been
                  deleted.



                  Operating System:  TOPS-20 (KL Model B) Version 7.0

                  Software:  TOPS-20 EXEC Version 7.0









                                           First Printing, September 1985
                                                       Revised, June 1988



      c Digital Equipment Corporation 1985, 1988. All Rights Reserved.


   The information in this document is subject to change  without  notice
   and  should  not  be  construed  as  a commitment by Digital Equipment
   Corporation.  Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no  responsibility
   for any errors that may appear in this document.

   The software described in this document is furnished under  a  license
   and  may  only  be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such
   license.

   No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on
   equipment that is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.

   The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:

        digital
        DEC                 MASSBUS             RSX
        DECmate             PDP                 RT
        DECsystem-10        P/OS                UNIBUS
        DECSYSTEM-20        Professional        VAX
        DECUS               Q-BUS               VMS
        DECwriter           Rainbow             VT
        DIBOL               RSTS                Work Processor

   The postage-prepaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last  page  of  this
   document  requests  the  user's  critical  evaluation  to assist us in
   preparing future documentation.


                                      CONTENTS



   PREFACE


   CHAPTER 1       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM

           1.1     RECOGNIZING KEYBOARD SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
           1.2     DIALING IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
           1.3     GETTING THE ATTENTION OF THE SYSTEM  . . . . . . . 1-4
           1.4     GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR TERMINAL  . . . . . 1-5
           1.5     DECLARING THE TERMINAL TYPE  . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
           1.5.1     Controlling Terminal Output  . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
           1.5.2     Setting the Terminal Speed . . . . . . . . . .  1-10
           1.6     STARTING A JOB WITH LOGIN  . . . . . . . . . . .  1-11
           1.6.1     User Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1-14
           1.6.2     Passwords  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1-14
           1.6.2.1     Selecting Secure Passwords . . . . . . . . .  1-14
           1.6.2.2     Keeping Your Password a Secret . . . . . . .  1-15
           1.6.3     Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1-15
           1.6.4     Session-Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1-16
           1.7     EXECUTING COMMANDS AUTOMATICALLY DURING LOGIN  .  1-16
           1.8     ENDING A JOB WITH LOGOUT . . . . . . . . . . . .  1-18
           1.9     SETTING ADDITIONAL TERMINAL PARAMETERS . . . . .  1-19
           1.9.1     Setting the Terminal Page Length . . . . . . .  1-19
           1.9.2     Setting the Terminal Line Width  . . . . . . .  1-19
           1.9.3     Using Formfeeds  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1-19


   CHAPTER 2       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM

           2.1     USING TOPS-20 COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
           2.2     OBTAINING A LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS . . . . . . . 2-5
           2.3     OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTS OF A COMMAND 2-6
           2.4     TYPING COMMANDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
           2.4.1     Full Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
           2.4.2     Recognition Input  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
           2.4.3     Abbreviated Input  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
           2.4.4     Combined Recognition and Abbreviated Input . .  2-11
           2.4.5     What Are Defaults  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-12
           2.5     CONTINUING COMMANDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-12
           2.6     ADDING COMMENTS TO COMMAND LINES . . . . . . . .  2-12
           2.7     CORRECTING INPUT ERRORS  . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-13
           2.7.1     DELETE - Erasing a Character . . . . . . . . .  2-14
           2.7.2     CTRL/U - Erasing an Entire Line  . . . . . . .  2-14
           2.7.3     CTRL/W - Erasing a Word  . . . . . . . . . . .  2-14
           2.7.4     CTRL/R - Reprinting a Command Line . . . . . .  2-14
           2.7.5     CTRL/H - Reprinting Part of an Erroneous 
                     Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-14
           2.8     SETTING ALERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2-15


                                    iii


           2.9     OPERATING SYSTEM STOPPAGE  . . . . . . . . . . .  2-16


   CHAPTER 3       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS

           3.1     GETTING A LIST OF USERS ON THE SYSTEM  . . . . . . 3-1
           3.2     LINKING WITH OTHER TERMINALS . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
           3.3     READING MAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
           3.3.1     System Mail  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
           3.3.2     User Mail  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
           3.4     SENDING MAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
           3.5     SENDING QUICK MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
           3.6     COMMUNICATING WITH THE OPERATOR  . . . . . . . . . 3-9
           3.7     CONTROLLING MESSAGES AND TERMINAL LINKS  . . . .  3-10
           3.7.1     System Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-10
           3.7.2     User Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-11
           3.7.3     Terminal Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-11
           3.7.4     Inhibiting All Non-Job Output  . . . . . . . .  3-12
           3.7.5     Mail Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-13
           3.7.6     Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3-14


   CHAPTER 4       FILE SPECIFICATIONS

           4.1     TOPS-20 FILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION . . . . . . . . . 4-1
           4.2     COMPLETE FORM OF A FILE SPECIFICATION  . . . . . . 4-1
           4.2.1     Device Names - dev:  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
           4.2.2     Directory Names - <DIR>  . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
           4.2.3     Project-Programmer Numbers - [PPN] . . . . . . . 4-4
           4.2.4     Filenames - name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
           4.2.5     File Types - .typ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
           4.2.6     Generation Numbers - .gen  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
           4.2.7     File Attributes - ;A, ;P, ;T . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
           4.3     USING WILDCARDS TO SPECIFY FILES . . . . . . . . . 4-9
           4.4     SPECIFYING SPECIAL CHARACTERS - CTRL/V . . . . .  4-10
           4.5     TYPING FILE SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .  4-11
           4.6     USING LOGICAL NAMES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4-13
           4.6.1     The Device DSK:  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4-15
           4.6.2     The Device POBOX:  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4-16


   CHAPTER 5       CREATING AND EDITING FILES

           5.1     SELECTING AN EDITOR  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
           5.1.1     EDIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
           5.1.2     TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
           5.2     DEFINING THE LOGICAL NAME EDITOR . . . . . . . . . 5-4
           5.3     CORRECTING TYPING ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4






                                     iv


   CHAPTER 6       USING DISK FILES

           6.1     USING FILE STRUCTURES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
           6.2     PROTECTING DIRECTORIES AND FILES . . . . . . . . . 6-4
           6.2.1     Directory Protection Numbers . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
           6.2.2     File Protection Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
           6.2.3     Checking Protection Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
           6.2.4     Changing a Directory Protection Number . . . . . 6-8
           6.2.5     Changing a File Protection Number  . . . . . . . 6-8
           6.3     CONNECTING TO DIRECTORIES  . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
           6.4     ACCESSING DIRECTORIES  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-11
           6.5     COPYING FILES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-13
           6.6     RENAMING FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-14
           6.7     APPENDING FILES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-14
           6.8     LISTING FILES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-15
           6.9     PRINTING FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-15
           6.9.1     Modifying a PRINT Request  . . . . . . . . . .  6-18
           6.9.2     Canceling a PRINT Request  . . . . . . . . . .  6-18
           6.9.3     Setting Defaults for the PRINT Command . . . .  6-19
           6.10    DELETING AND RESTORING FILES . . . . . . . . . .  6-20
           6.11    CREATING TEMPORARY FILES . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-21
           6.12    REGULATING DISK FILE STORAGE . . . . . . . . . .  6-22
           6.13    LONG TERM OFF-LINE FILE STORAGE  . . . . . . . .  6-25
           6.13.1    Archiving Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-25
           6.13.2    Getting Information about Archive Status of 
                     Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6-25
           6.13.3    Canceling an Archive Request . . . . . . . . .  6-26
           6.13.4    Retrieving an Archived File  . . . . . . . . .  6-26
           6.13.5    Deleting an Archived File  . . . . . . . . . .  6-27
           6.13.6    Archiving Expired Files Automatically  . . . .  6-27
           6.14    VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE FILES  . . . . . . . . . .  6-29


   CHAPTER 7       USING MAGNETIC TAPE

           7.1     USING MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE  . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
           7.2     USING UNLABELLED TAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
           7.2.1     Using Unlabelled Tapes with Tape Allocation 
                     Enabled  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
           7.2.2     Using Unlabeled Tapes with Tape Allocation 
                     Disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
           7.2.3     Setting Tape Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
           7.2.4     Positioning the Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
           7.3     USING LABELLED TAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4


   CHAPTER 8       RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS

           8.1     RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
           8.2     GIVING COMMANDS TO SYSTEM PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . 8-2
           8.2.1     Example: Using a System Program  . . . . . . . . 8-3
           8.3     GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT SYSTEM FEATURES  . . . . 8-5


                                     v


           8.4     RUNNING USER PROGRAMS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
           8.5     CONTROLLING PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
           8.5.1     Typing CTRL/C to Halt Execution  . . . . . . . . 8-7
           8.5.2     Typing CTRL/O to Stop Output to Your Terminal  . 8-8
           8.5.3     Typing CTRL/T to Print the Run Status  . . . . . 8-9
           8.6     RUNNING PROGRAMS WITHOUT DESTROYING MEMORY . . .  8-12
           8.7     RUNNING MULTIPLE PROGRAMS  . . . . . . . . . . .  8-13
           8.7.1     Saving Forks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8-15
           8.7.2     Changing the Current Fork  . . . . . . . . . .  8-16
           8.7.3     Creating Background Forks  . . . . . . . . . .  8-16
           8.7.4     Deleting Forks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8-17


   CHAPTER 9       PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS

           9.1     PRODUCING A SIMPLE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
           9.1.1     The Source Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
           9.1.2     Executing the Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
           9.1.3     Debugging the Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
           9.1.4     Saving the Program for Future Use  . . . . . . . 9-4
           9.2     PREPARING A MULTI-MODULE PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . 9-5
           9.2.1     Writing and Entering Modules into Files  . . . . 9-5
           9.2.2     Executing the Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
           9.2.3     Producing a Cross-Reference Listing  . . . . . . 9-6
           9.2.4     Using Subroutine Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
           9.2.4.1     Entering the Subroutines into Files  . . . . . 9-9
           9.2.4.2     Compiling the Subroutines  . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
           9.2.4.3     Creating the Library File  . . . . . . . . .  9-10
           9.2.4.4     Using the Library File . . . . . . . . . . .  9-11
           9.2.4.5     Changing a Subroutine in the Library . . . .  9-12
           9.2.5     Loading and Saving the Program for Future Use   9-13
           9.2.6     Saving Arguments in Indirect Files . . . . . .  9-14
           9.2.7     Comparing Changes in Files . . . . . . . . . .  9-14
           9.3     USING THE LOAD-CLASS COMMANDS  . . . . . . . . .  9-15
           9.3.1     Object (Relocatable) and Executable Programs .  9-16
           9.3.1.1     Using Relocatable Object Programs  . . . . .  9-18
           9.3.2     Selecting a File and Recognizing the 
                     Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9-18
           9.3.2.1     Using Nonstandard File Types . . . . . . . .  9-20
           9.3.2.2     Setting a Default Compiler . . . . . . . . .  9-20
           9.3.2.3     Using the File Type .REL . . . . . . . . . .  9-20
           9.3.2.4     Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9-21
           9.3.3     Compiling Only Out-of-Date Object Programs . .  9-21
           9.3.4     Remembering Arguments to LOAD-Class Commands .  9-22
           9.3.5     Concatenating Files to Produce One Source 
                     Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9-23
           9.3.6     Specifying Special Actions with Switches . . .  9-23


   CHAPTER 10      USING BATCH

           10.1    PREPARING A BATCH JOB  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10-1


                                     vi


           10.1.1    Creating a Control File  . . . . . . . . . . .  10-3
           10.1.2    Monitoring Your Batch Job  . . . . . . . . . .  10-3
           10.1.3    Submitting a Control File to Batch . . . . . .  10-3
           10.1.3.1    Setting Defaults for the SUBMIT Command  . .  10-4
           10.1.4    Checking a Batch Job . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10-4
           10.1.5    Examining the Output from a Batch Job  . . . .  10-5
           10.2    MODIFYING A BATCH JOB  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10-6
           10.3    CANCELING A BATCH JOB  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10-7


   APPENDIX A      TOPS-20 COMMANDS

           A.1     SYSTEM ACCESS COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
           A.2     FILE SYSTEM COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
           A.3     DEVICE HANDLING COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
           A.4     PROGRAM CONTROL COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
           A.5     INFORMATION COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
           A.6     TERMINAL COMMANDS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
           A.7     BATCH COMMAND  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7


   APPENDIX B      STANDARD FILE TYPES


   APPENDIX C      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT

           C.1     ENTERING YOUR FORTRAN PROGRAM  . . . . . . . . . . C-1
           C.2     EDITING YOUR FORTRAN PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
           C.2.1     Starting EDIT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
           C.2.2     Printing a Line  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3
           C.2.3     Inserting a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4
           C.2.4     Deleting a Line  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5
           C.2.5     Replacing a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6
           C.2.6     Changing a Line Without Completely Retyping It . C-6
           C.2.7     Saving a File  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7
           C.3     RERUNNING A FORTRAN PROGRAM  . . . . . . . . . . . C-7
           C.3.1     Typing Out Your Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8


   APPENDIX D      USING BASIC

           D.1     STARTING BASIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
           D.2     ENTERING YOUR PROGRAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
           D.3     SAVING YOUR PROGRAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
           D.4     RUNNING YOUR PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
           D.5     EDITING YOUR PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
           D.6     RENAMING YOUR PROGRAM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
           D.7     RERUNNING YOUR PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4
           D.8     LISTING YOUR PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4
           D.9     RUNNING AN EXISTING PROGRAM  . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
           D.10    LEAVING BASIC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5



                                    vii


   INDEX


   FIGURES

           2-1     Fields of a Command  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
           8-1     Methods of Running Multiple Programs . . . . . .  8-14
           9-1     Source, Object, and Executable Programs  . . . .  9-17


   TABLES

           1-1     Special Function Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
           2-1     Special Command Abbreviations  . . . . . . . . .  2-10
           4-1     System Device Names  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
           4-2     Special System Programs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
           4-3     Symbolic Generation Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
           6-1     Directory Protection Digits  . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
           6-2     File Protection Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
           8-1     CTRL/T Status Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8-10
           8-2     Unexpected Process Termination Messages  . . . .  8-11
           9-1     LOAD-Class Command Standard File Types . . . . .  9-19
           10-1    Illegal Commands in Batch Jobs . . . . . . . . .  10-2
           B-1     Standard File Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1






























                                    viii














                                  PREFACE



   The TOPS-20 User's Guide describes the functions that you can  perform
|  with  the TOPS-20 operating system.  This manual is the first document
|  of two TOPS-20 user-oriented manuals.  The audience  for  the  TOPS-20
   User's  Guide  ranges  from  the  entry  level  first-time user to the
   experienced higher level language programmer.

|  Descriptions of how to use  the  system,  obtain  system  information,
|  enter  programs, run programs, and modify programs have been excerpted
|  from Getting Started with TOPS-20 and incorporated  into  the  TOPS-20
|  User's  Guide.  This information is not designated with change bars in
|  the TOPS-20 User's Guide.  Only new TOPS-20 operating system  features
|  are highlighted with change bars.

|  Once you learn about the functions described  in  the  TOPS-20  User's
|  Guide,  you  can  refer  to  the  second and more advanced manual, the
   TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual, for complete descriptions of all of
   the TOPS-20 commands and how to use them.

   The following suggests a list of chapters to  read  according  to  the
   level of information you need to do your job.

         o  If you are a first time user, such as a librarian, clerk,  or
            data entry person, read Chapters 1, 2, 3, 8, 10.

         o  If you are a system administrator, or a  new  operator,  read
            Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7.

         o  If you are a programmer, read Chapter 9.










                                     ix


   Following is a list of manuals referenced in this manual:

         o  TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual

         o  TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide

         o  TOPS-20 Tape Processing Manual

         o  TOPS-20 System Manager's Guide

         o  EDIT User's Guide

         o  EDIT Reference Manual

         o  TV Editor Manual

         o  EDT-20 Primer

         o  TOPS-10/TOPS-20 Batch Reference Manual

         o  TOPS-10/TOPS-20 DECmail/MS Manual


                      Conventions Used in This Manual

        Underlined text     indicates what  the  user  types  in  command
                            examples.

        ^letter             means press the keys  labeled  CTRL  and  the
                            specified  letter simultaneously, for example
                            ^C.

        Ellipsis ...        means that items in a  command  line  can  be
                            optionally repeated.

        <RET>               is implied in command examples.

        <ESC>               indicates when you should  press  the  ESCape
                            (or ALTmode) key.















                                     x











                                 CHAPTER 1

                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM



   This chapter describes:

         o  Recognizing keyboard symbols (Section 1.1)

         o  Dialing In (Section 1.2)

         o  Getting the attention of the system (Section 1.3)

         o  Getting information about your terminal (Section 1.4)

         o  Declaring the terminal type (Section 1.5)

         o  Controlling terminal output (Section 1.5.1)

         o  Setting the terminal speed (Section 1.5.2)

         o  Starting a job with LOGIN (Section 1.6)

         o  Executing commands automatically during LOGIN (Section 1.7)

         o  Ending a job with LOGOUT (Section 1.8)

         o  Setting additional terminal parameters (Section 1.9)



   1.1  RECOGNIZING KEYBOARD SYMBOLS

   You use a terminal to communicate  with  the  system.   Although  many
   different  types  and models of terminals exist, they all have similar
   keyboards, which resemble typewriter keyboards.

   Before you begin using the system, become familiar with  the  keyboard
   on  the  terminal.   In  addition to the standard characters (letters,
   numbers, and punctuation) and the  space  bar,  there  are  keys  that
   perform  special  functions.  Table 1-1 describes these keys and their
   functions.


                                    1-1
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   Table 1-1:  Special Function Keys

   ____________________________________________________________________

        Key                            Function
   ____________________________________________________________________

       CTRL      The CTRL (or control) key initiates a number of system
     (Control)   functions when it is used in conjunction with  another
                 character.

                 To type a control character, hold down the  CTRL  key,
                 and  at  the  same  time press the character you want.
                 For example:  to type a CTRL/C, hold down the CTRL key
                 and  at  the  same  time  press the letter C.  In most
                 cases this prints (echoes) on your terminal as ^C.

     DELETE      The DELETE key erases characters.  On  some  terminals
                 this key is labeled DEL, RUBOUT, RUB CHAR OUT, or with
                 a special symbol.

       ESC       The  ESC  (or  escape)  key  initiates  a  variety  of
     (Escape)    different functions.

                  o  Completes an abbreviated command and  prompts  you
                     with a guideword

                  o  Completes an abbreviated argument

                  o  Ends input to some system programs

                  o  Causes special functions to be performed  by  some
                     programs

                 At TOPS-20 command level, the ESC key

                  o  Does not echo on your terminal

                  o  Displays an error message  if  you  have  made  an
                     error

                  o  Rings the terminal bell when you try to use it  to
                     complete   a   command  and  you  have  not  typed
                     sufficient information

                 At system program level, depending  upon  the  program
                 you  are  running, the ESC key sometimes echoes on the
                 terminal as a dollar sign.

                 On some terminals this key is labeled ESCAPE, ALT,  or
                 ALTMODE.



                                    1-2
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


                 If there is no escape key on your terminal, use CTRL/[
                 (press  the  CTRL  and the left square bracket keys at
                 the same time) to duplicate the function of the escape
                 key.

     RETURN      The RETURN key confirms to the system  that  you  have
                 completed  a  line and causes the terminal's cursor or
                 printing head to go to the beginning of the next line.

                 Unless you are told otherwise, terminate  all  command
                 lines by pressing the RETURN key.

                 On some terminals this key is labeled CR or RET.

       SP        Creates a blank space by moving the terminal printing
     (Space Bar) head one space to the right.

       TAB       The TAB key causes the cursor or printing head to move
                 to  the  right  to  the  next tab stop.  Tab stops are
                 normally every  eight  spaces.   This  is  useful  for
                 aligning columns of data and for formatting programs.

                 If there is no TAB key on your terminal, use CTRL/I to
                 duplicate the function of the TAB Key.
   ____________________________________________________________________



   1.2  DIALING IN

   Some terminals are connected to the computer by telephone.  If you are
   using  such a terminal, find out the computer phone number and use the
   following procedure:

        1.  Turn on the terminal.

        2.  Check the  speed  setting.   (Refer  to  Section  1.5.2,  for
            information on setting your terminal speed.)

        3.  Dial the computer telephone number.

        4.  Wait  for  a  steady  tone  or  a  high-pitched  beep,  which
            indicates  that  the telephone connection to the computer has
            been made.

        5.  Place the telephone receiver  in  the  slots  in  either  the
            terminal  or the acoustic coupler.  (An acoustic coupler is a
            device to connect  the  telephone  with  a  terminal  if  the
            terminal does not have a built-in telephone receptacle.)

        6.  Wait for the carrier detect light to come on.



                                    1-3
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   Your terminal is now connected to the computer.  The system  prints  a
   system identification message similar to the following:

        KL2102, TOPS-20 Development Sys., TOPS-20 Monitor 7(7)
        @

   The @ character, which is the TOPS-20 prompt, indicates  that  TOPS-20
   is ready to accept a command.



   1.3  GETTING THE ATTENTION OF THE SYSTEM

   Press any key on the keyboard to signal the system that  you  want  to
   log  in.   After  you press a key, a system identification message and
   the TOPS-20 prompt, @, are printed on the terminal.

   If you do not receive the system identification message,  one  of  the
   following conditions exists:

         o  The system is down

         o  Your terminal is set at the wrong speed for the line you  are
            connected  to  (refer  to  Section  1.5.2  for information on
            setting the terminal speed)

         o  The system is not available for your use

         o  The system is full

         o  Your terminal is not connected to the system

   If the system is not available for your use,  you  receive  a  message
   similar to the following:

        ?LOGGING IN ON LOCAL TERMINALS IS CURRENTLY NOT ALLOWED

   This message means that the operator has set  the  system  to  prevent
   timesharing.   The system notifies you when it resumes its timesharing
   operation by printing a message similar to the following:

        SYSTEM RESTARTING, WAIT...

   and after a pause,

        [FROM OPERATOR:  SYSTEM IN OPERATION]

   If the system is full, you receive the following message:

        ?FULL reason




                                    1-4
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   Wait a few minutes; then press a key.  Repeat this until  you  receive
   the system identification message.  The explanation that follows ?FULL
   is meaningful to the system manager and to system programmers.  If you
   must  wait an excessive length of time before successfully logging in,
   you might want to bring the error message to the attention of  one  of
   these people.



   1.4  GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR TERMINAL

   Terminals have different  characteristics  for  printing  information,
   depending  on their type and speed.  Because you have not yet told the
   system the kind of terminal you are using,  the  system  automatically
   sets  defaults for the terminal.  These defaults are based on the most
   common type of terminal at your site.   The  defaults  set  parameters
   such  as the terminal page length at 66 lines and the line width at 72
   characters,  in  addition  to  setting  lowercase   and   tabs.    The
   INFORMATION TERMINAL command displays the settings of these parameters
   or values, along with other characteristics of your terminal.

   After the system prints the  system  identification  message  and  the
   TOPS-20  prompt (@), you are at TOPS-20 command level and you can give
   commands  to  the  system.   Type  the  TOPS-20  command   INFORMATION
   TERMINAL-MODE  and  press  RETURN.   The system prints the information
   about your terminal.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE (FOR TERMINAL)
         TERMINAL SYSTEM-DEFAULT
         TERMINAL SPEED 9600
         TERMINAL NO INHIBIT (NON-JOB OUTPUT)
         RECEIVE LINKS
         REFUSE ADVICE
         RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
         RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES
         TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) COMMAND
         TERMINAL NO PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE
         TERMINAL LENGTH 66
         TERMINAL WIDTH 72
         TERMINAL LOWERCASE
         TERMINAL RAISE
         TERMINAL NO FLAG
         TERMINAL INDICATE
         TERMINAL NO FORMFEED
         TERMINAL NO TABS
         TERMINAL NO IMMEDIATE
         TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX







                                    1-5
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   Note that you can specify  a  terminal  line  number  after  the  (FOR
   TERMINAL)  guidewords.   This  allows  you to obtain information about
   another user's terminal.  The system uses your terminal line number as
   the  default  when  you  do  not  specify  one.   The  SYSTAT  command
   (discussed in Section 3.1) shows the line numbers for all users on the
   system.



   1.5  DECLARING THE TERMINAL TYPE

   Once you are at TOPS-20 command level, you can inform  the  system  of
   the type of terminal you are using.

                       _________________________________

                                 Terminal Types
                             Recognized by the System
                       _________________________________

                         HARD COPY            VIDEO

                         MODEL 33             H19
                         MODEL 35             TERMINET
                         MODEL 37             TI
                         EXECUPORT (TI)       VT05
                         LA30                 VT50
                         LA36                 VT52
                         LA38                 VT100
                         LA120                VT102
                                              VT105
                                              VT200-SERIES
|                                             VT300-SERIES       
                       ___________________________________


                                    NOTE

           Installations  can  add  other  terminals   to   their
           individual systems.

   To declare the terminal type, give the TERMINAL command, and  type  in
   the  type  of  your terminal.  In this example, the terminal type is a
   VT100.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) VT100








                                    1-6
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   After you identify the terminal type to  the  system,  all  subsequent
   output  conforms  to  preset  terminal  parameters for that type.  The
   terminal type specifies the proper values for:

        Formfeed
        Tab
        Outputting lowercase characters
        Line width
        Page length

   If you do not set the proper parameters for the terminal, you may find
   the output format undesirable for your work.

   After  you  identify  the  terminal  type,  you  can  again  give  the
   INFORMATION  TERMINAL-MODE command to see the parameters that were set
   as a result of your TERMINAL command.

   Tell the system you are using a VT100 by giving the TERMINAL  command;
   then give the INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE command.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) VT100
        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE (FOR TERMINAL)
         TERMINAL VT100
         TERMINAL SPEED 9600
         TERMINAL NO INHIBIT (NON-JOB OUTPUT)
         RECEIVE LINKS
         REFUSE ADVICE
         RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
         RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES
         TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) COMMAND
         TERMINAL NO PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE
         TERMINAL LENGTH 24
         TERMINAL WIDTH 80
         TERMINAL LOWERCASE
         TERMINAL NO RAISE
         TERMINAL NO FLAG
         TERMINAL INDICATE
         TERMINAL NO FORMFEED
         TERMINAL TABS
         TERMINAL NO IMMEDIATE
         TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX

   Setting the terminal  type  changes  only  the  following  parameters:
   terminal   type,   length,   width,   lowercase,  formfeed,  and  tab.
   Therefore, when you identify the  terminal  as  a  VT100,  the  output
   conforms  to the parameters for that type of terminal, that is, a page
   length of 24 lines, a line width of 80 characters, lowercase  letters,
   no mechanical formfeed, and no mechanical tabs.

   Identifying the terminal type for a video terminal additionally allows
   more  effective  use  of  the  DELETE key.  The system erases the last
   character you typed on the screen  rather  than  print  the  character
   followed by a backslash, as it does on a hard-copy terminal.

                                    1-7
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   1.5.1  Controlling Terminal Output

   The following commands control output to terminals:

        TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) COMMAND

        TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE

        TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) CHARACTER x (AND UNPAUSE ON) y

        TERMINAL NO PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE

   The TERMINAL PAUSE COMMAND allows you to stop output to  the  terminal
   at  any  time  by typing CTRL/S, and continue output by typing CTRL/Q.
   This command is the default for all terminal types.   You  can  define
   your  own  characters  to  stop  and continue output with the TERMINAL
   PAUSE CHARACTER command discussed below.

   TERMINAL PAUSE END-OF-PAGE automatically stops output to the  terminal
   when  the  output  is  equal  to  the  current page length set for the
   terminal.  When the system stops the output,  it  rings  the  terminal
   bell and waits for you to type CTRL/Q.  The CTRL/Q resumes the output.
   This prevents the output from rolling off a video terminal  screen  so
   rapidly  that  you  cannot  read it.  However, if you want to stop the
   output before the end of the page, type CTRL/S.  This command  is  the
   default  if  you  declare  your  terminal  to be a video terminal, for
   example a VT100.

   TERMINAL NO PAUSE END-OF-PAGE prevents the output from stopping at the
   end  of  the  page.   This  command is the default if you declare your
   terminal to be a hard-copy terminal, for example an LA36.

   If TERMINAL PAUSE END-OF-PAGE is not set, and you  need  the  terminal
   output to stop at the end of a page, give the following command:

        @TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE

   If TERMINAL PAUSE END-OF-PAGE is set, and you do not want the terminal
   to stop output at the end of the page, give the following command:

        @TERMINAL NO PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE

   TERMINAL PAUSE CHARACTER x y allows you to choose your own  pause  and
   continue  characters.  These characters are alternatives to the CTRL/S
   and CTRL/Q  default  characters.   (To  specify  your  own  pause  and
   continue  characters,  TERMINAL  PAUSE  END-OF-PAGE and TERMINAL PAUSE
   COMMAND must be in effect.)







                                    1-8
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   You can specify the pause and continue  characters  in  several  ways.
   Some of the more common forms are:

         o  an ASCII code in octal

         o  a character within double quotation marks (" ")

         o  the word SPACE to specify the space bar

   Octal ASCII codes for the keyboard characters are  listed  in  several
   TOPS-20  manuals.   The  TOPS-10/TOPS-20  Batch  Reference Manual, for
   example, lists these codes.

   To specify the space bar as both the  pause  and  continue  character,
   give the following command:

        @TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) CHARACTER SPACE (AND UNPAUSE ON) SPACE

   To see the characters that you may  have  specified  in  the  TERMINAL
   PAUSE CHARACTER command, give the INFORMATION TERMINAL-MODE command:

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE (FOR TERMINAL)
         TERMINAL VT100
           .
           .
           .
         TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) COMMAND
         TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) END-OF-PAGE
         TERMINAL PAUSE (ON) CHARACTER SPACE
           .
           .
           .

   In this example, the continuation character is not displayed,  because
   it  is  the same as the pause character (SPACE).  Also, if you specify
   the TERMINAL NO PAUSE COMMAND or the  TERMINAL  NO  PAUSE  END-OF-PAGE
   command,  or  if the system default characters, CTRL/S and CTRL/Q, are
   in effect, the TERMINAL PAUSE CHARACTER line does not  appear  in  the
   information display.

                                   NOTES

           Several terminal types require  that  you  change  the
           pause  and continue characters to something other than
           CTRL/S and CTRL/Q.  For example,  the  VT125  and  the
           VT100  with  the  printer port option do not recognize
           these characters.

           When you use the SET HOST  command  to  log  in  to  a
           remote  system, CTRL/S and CTRL/Q are reserved by your
           host system; they are not passed to the remote system.
           CTRL/A  is  the  default  character  for  pausing  and
           continuing output coming from a remote system.

                                    1-9
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   1.5.2  Setting the Terminal Speed

   Terminals can transmit and receive data at various speeds.  This  rate
   of  speed  is  called  a  baud  rate.  Baud rates range from 10 to 960
   characters per second:  10 characters per  second  is  110  baud;  960
   characters per second is 9600 baud.

   There are actually two different  speeds:   terminal  speed  and  line
   speed.   The  terminal  speed  is  the  speed  at  which your terminal
   receives characters from and transmits characters to the system.  This
   speed  is  set by switches or keys that are physically located on your
   terminal.  The line speed is the speed at which  the  system  receives
   characters  from  and transmits characters to your terminal.  The line
   speed is set with the TERMINAL SPEED command.  The terminal speed  and
   the  line  speed  must match for your terminal to communicate with the
   system.

   Your system can have two types of terminal lines, those that  are  set
   to   a   certain   speed  and  "autobaud"  lines.   An  autobaud  line
   automatically sets a  line  speed  that  matches  the  speed  of  your
   terminal when you initially type any key on the keyboard.

   Your system manager presets line speeds  when  the  type  of  terminal
   connected  to  the terminal line is constant.  For example, a terminal
   line connected to a VT220 video terminal may be set to 9600 baud while
   a  line  connected  to a slower LA100 hard-copy terminal may be set to
   300 baud.  Terminal lines are autobaud when the line can be  connected
   to  various types of terminals.  For example, terminal lines which are
   reserved  for  telephone  connections  to  the  computer  are  usually
   autobaud.

                                    NOTE

           If your terminal  is  connected  by  telephone  to  an
           autobaud  terminal  line, an initial character enables
           the system to determine  your  terminal's  baud  rate,
           provided  the  rate is 300, 1200, 1800, 2400, or 9600.
           If the  baud  rate  is  110  or  150,  type  a  second
           character.   If  you press a character and fail to get
           the system identification message, press the BREAK key
           twice followed by another character.

           Do not set the line speed to a speed your terminal (or
           modem)  does  not  support.   If you should do this by
           mistake, contact the operator for assistance.

   To change your terminal and line speeds, first change your line  speed
   with  the  TERMINAL  SPEED  command.   Then, manually change the speed
   settings on your terminal.





                                    1-10
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   For example, to change the line speed for input  and  output  to  2400
   baud, give the TERMINAL SPEED command:

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) SPEED (OF INPUT) 2400


                                    NOTE

           On some hard-copy terminals, the switch to change  the
           baud rate is located at the left of the keyboard.

           On some video terminals, the switch to change the baud
           rate  is  located  on the underside or the back of the
           terminal.   On  others,  special  keys  on  the   main
           keyboard are used to change the baud rate.

   If you set only the input speed for the line and do  not  specify  the
   output  speed, the system assumes that the output speed is the same as
   the input speed.

   If you are using a hard-copy terminal  and  accidentally  set  a  line
   speed incompatible with your terminal, you cannot correct it.  Contact
   the operator, give your terminal line number, and ask him to set  your
   line at the speed you want.

   If you are using a video terminal and accidentally  set  an  incorrect
   line  speed,  you  may  be  able  to  correct the speed by setting the
   terminal speed to the current line speed and then, resetting the  line
   and terminal speeds.

   After you start a job on the system,  you  may  find  there  are  more
   terminal  parameters  you  need  to  set  in addition to those already
   described.  Section 1.6 describes starting a work session with  LOGIN.
   Section 1.9 explains the additional parameters you can set.



   1.6  STARTING A JOB WITH LOGIN

   Before using TOPS-20 for the first time, you must obtain the following
   from the staff at your installation.

        1.  Your user name

        2.  Your password

        3.  Your account

   Your user name, password, and account identify you so that you can use
   the computer and be charged appropriately.




                                    1-11
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   To start working on the system, you must first  identify  yourself  to
   the system by typing the LOGIN command, which validates you as a user,
   creates your job, and begins charging your account.  The LOGIN command
   requires  your  user  name,  password,  and account.  The command also
   allows  you  to  add  remarks  concerning  the  work  session.    This
   identification  procedure  is  called  logging in.  After you give the
   LOGIN command, the system creates a job and prints a  line  containing
   the job number, the terminal number, the current date and time and the
   date and time of your last login.  The system prints an @ on the  next
   line; you are now at TOPS-20 command level.

                               TYPING ERRORS

           If, in the process of logging in, you  make  a  typing
           error,  type  CTRL/U.  This tells the system to ignore
           everything you have typed on that  line,  because  you
           have  made  a mistake and want to start the line over.
           After you type a CTRL/U, the  system  prints  XXX  and
           then prints @ on the next line.

   After the @ prompt, do the following:

        1.  Type LOGIN, and press the key labeled ESC (for ESCape).

                     <ESC>
                       |
                 @LOGIN (USER)

        2.  After you see the guideword (USER), type your user  name  and
            press the ESC key.

                     <ESC>          <ESC>
                       |              |
                 @LOGIN (USER) SARTINI (PASSWORD)

        3.  After you see the guideword (PASSWORD), type  your  password,
            and  press  the ESC key.  Because your password is secret, it
            does not print on  the  terminal.   This  safeguard  prevents
            other  people  from using your name and account.  Even though
            your password is not printed, it is given to  the  system  as
            part of your identification.

                     <ESC>          <ESC>      <ESC>
                       |              |          |
                 @LOGIN (USER) SARTINI (PASSWORD) (ACCOUNT)

                                        NOTE

                    On some terminals, the  guideword  (PASSWORD)
                    may   be  followed  by  a  nonsense  word  or
                    message.  If this is the case, when you  type
                    your  password  over this word, your password
                    is illegible.

                                    1-12
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


        4.  After you see the guideword (ACCOUNT), type your account and,
            instead  of  pressing  the  ESC  key,  press  the key labeled
            RETURN.  You use the RETURN key to tell the system  you  have
            finished  typing  the  lines.   TOPS-20  will print a message
            similar to the one below.

                 @LOGIN (USER) SARTINI (PASSWORD) (ACCOUNT) 341
                  Job 40 on TTY127 6-Feb-88 08:42:47
                 @

   This message gives you:

         o  Your system assigned job number (40).

         o  Your terminal number (127).

         o  The current date and time (6-Feb-88).

         o  A system message of the day, if any.  Installations  use  the
            message  of the day to inform users of new programs or system
            changes.

                                    NOTE

           Some systems do not require you to  enter  an  account
           when  logging in.  If you don't have an account, press
           the RETURN key after you type your password.  You will
           be logged in.

   The following example shows the entire logging-in process:

        AURORA, Research and Development, TOPS-20 Monitor 7(7)
        @LOGIN (USER) SARTINI (PASSWORD) (ACCOUNT) 341
        Job 57 on TTY127 23-Jul-88 09:48:40, Last Login 22-Jul-88
        09:30:27
        @

                                    NOTE

           You do not have to use the ESC key  when  logging  in.
           However,  the  ESC key provides guidewords that prompt
           you for  user  name,  password  and  account.   Spaces
           between  arguments  are  sufficient if you do not need
           the help of guidewords.  For example:   LOGIN  SARTINI
           password 341.









                                    1-13
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   1.6.1  User Names

   Your user name identifies you to the system and  to  other  users.   A
   user  name  may  contain  up to 39 alphanumeric characters, as well as
   period (.) and hyphen (-).  Your user name is also the  name  of  your
   login directory.



   1.6.2  Passwords

   To provide security,  you  must  give  a  password  when  logging  in.
   Depending  on  the  procedures  at  your  site,  you may be assigned a
   password or allowed to select one for your first login.  When you type
   your  password,  it  is  not  displayed on the terminal; this prevents
   others from learning it  and  logging  into  your  area  without  your
   authorization.



   1.6.2.1  Selecting  Secure   Passwords - Use   these   guidelines   in
   selecting a password:
|  
|        o  Use a minimum of six characters.  Unless your system  manager
|           sets  a  greater  minimum  password  length, a password of at
|           least six characters is recommended.  Passwords can be up  to
            39 characters long and include hyphens.

         o  Use  a  password  that  cannot  easily  be  guessed.    Avoid
            passwords  that  have  a  personal association to you such as
            your name or initials, the name of a family  member  or  pet,
            the  make of your car, or any name associated with your work,
            such as your company or special project.

         o  Avoid words found  in  the  dictionary.   By  avoiding  words
            readily  found in the dictionary your password choice is less
            subject to discovery by a program  that  successively  enters
            the  words in the dictionary, searching for one that produces
            a successful login.  Use a  nonsense  word  or  a  word  from
            another language.

         o  Include digits in a password.  The content of a  password  is
            more  important  than  the  length.   Using digits as well as
            letters provides the most secure passwords.  For example, for
            a  six-character  password  using letters only, there are 300
            million combinations, while  a  six-character  password  with
            digits has 2 billion combinations.







                                    1-14
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   1.6.2.2  Keeping  Your  Password  a  Secret - Often   illegal   system
   accesses  involving  the  use  of  a correct password can be traced to
   disclosure of the password by its owner.  Do not be unconcerned  about
   protecting  your  password  because  you  do  not  keep  any sensitive
   information on the system.  A system breaker could use  your  password
   to  gain more information about the system and break into other areas,
   or a malicious user could destroy your files or steal computer time.

   Use these guidelines to prevent others from learning your password:

         o  Never write down your password.

         o  Do not include your password in any file, including the  body
            of an electronic mail message.  (If anyone else reveals their
            password to you in  this  fashion,  be  sure  to  delete  the
            information promptly.)

         o  Never give your password to other  users  except  under  very
            unusual   circumstances,  and  then  be  sure  to  change  it
            immediately after the need for sharing has passed.

         o  Avoid using the same password for your accounts  on  multiple
            systems.   The  system  breaker's first step after learning a
            password for one system is to try that username and  password
            on other systems.

         o  Note the date and time of your last login.   After  you  give
            the  LOGIN  command, the system displays the date and time of
            your last login.   Check  this  message  routinely.   If  you
            observe  a  login that you did not make, change your password
            immediately and notify your system manager.

         o  Change your  password  frequently.   Changing  your  password
            every  3 to 6 months is sufficiently frequent on most systems
            where there have been no password compromises and no  sharing
            of   passwords.    DIGITAL   discourages  sharing  passwords;
            however, if passwords are shared, the frequency  of  password
            changes  should  be every month or two.  To change your login
            password use the SET DIRECTORY PASSWORD command:

                 @SET DIRECTORY PASSWORD <login-directory-name>



   1.6.3  Accounts

   To log in to the system, you must give a valid account.  Your  account
   is billed for central processor unit (CPU) usage and for file storage.






                                    1-15
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   Once you log in, all charges are made to the account you give  in  the
   LOGIN  command  unless you specify otherwise.  If your login directory
   has a default account, you do not have to specify an account when  you
   login.   If  you  must  change your account during a job, give the SET
   ACCOUNT command or include the ;A attribute in the file specification.
   (Refer to Section 4.2.7, file attributes.)  However, you can change it
   only to another valid account.



   1.6.4  Session-Remark

   The LOGIN command allows  for  an  optional  argument  following  your
   account.   If  you  press  the  ESC key after typing your account, the
   system prints the guidewords (SESSION-REMARK).  You can then type  one
   line  of  text  to  identify  a  specific  work session for accounting
   purposes.   This  session  remark  cannot   exceed   39   alphanumeric
   characters,  including  hyphens and spaces.  If you need to change the
   SESSION-REMARK during a job, give the SET SESSION-REMARK command.

   You can see the current session-remark for your job when you give  the
   INFORMATION JOB-STATUS command.



   1.7  EXECUTING COMMANDS AUTOMATICALLY DURING LOGIN

   You can create a LOGIN.CMD file that contains the TOPS-20 commands you
   want  executed  when  you log in.  The system automatically reads this
   command file every time you log in.  After executing  these  commands,
   the system prints any output from the commands followed by the message
   End of LOGIN.CMD and the TOPS-20 prompt (@).

   For example, if you always use a VT100 terminal,  you  can  include  a
   TERMINAL  VT100  command  in a LOGIN.CMD file.  Every time you log in,
   the system reads the LOGIN.CMD file and recognizes the terminal  as  a
   VT100.   All output to the terminal conforms to the parameters set for
   a VT100.  Below is an example of a typical LOGIN.CMD file.  Note  that
   comments  are  preceded by an exclamation mark (!).  (Refer to Section
   2.6 for information on adding comments.) The commands in this file are
   discussed in the following chapters.

   TERMINAL VT100                        !Set the parameters for a VT100
   TERMINAL PAUSE CHARACTER SPACE SPACE  !Set the space bar to stop and
                                         ! start terminal output
   TERMINAL PAUSE END-OF-PAGE            !Stop scrolling output at end
                                         ! of page

   DEFINE WK: WORK:<LEOPOLD>             !Define a logical name for a
                                         ! directory
   DEFINE EDITOR: SYS:EDT.EXE            !Define a logical name for
                                         ! an editor


                                    1-16
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   DEFINE PB: PS:PHONE.BOOK              !Define a logical name for a file
   INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES             !Display the logical names defined
                                         ! in the three previous commands
   MOUNT STRUCTURE WORK: /NOWAIT         !Mount the structure WORK:
   SET PROGRAM DSR KEEP CONTINUE         !Keep program DSR when it's
                                         ! started
   SET ALERT 16:25 VANPOOL IN 5 MINUTES  !Set a daily reminder
   DAYTIME                               !Display the date and time

   If there is an error with one of the commands,  the  system  processes
   the  commands  up to the one in error.  When the system encounters the
   error, it stops reading the file and prints the following message:

        %Error while reading LOGIN.CMD.1, file aborted.

   followed by the message produced by the command in error.

   You can also create  a  COMAND.CMD  file  that  contains  any  TOPS-20
   commands  you  want  executed  when  you  log in.  The COMAND.CMD file
   differs from the LOGIN.CMD file because the system automatically reads
   the  COMAND.CMD file whenever you give a PUSH command as well as every
   time you log in.  (Refer to Section 8.6 for an example using the  PUSH
   command.)   After  executing  the commands in the COMAND.CMD file, the
   system prints any output from the commands followed by the message End
   of COMAND.CMD and the TOPS-20 prompt.

   Note that the system reads the LOGIN.CMD  file  before  it  reads  the
   COMAND.CMD  file.  If there are conflicting commands in the two files,
   the last command executed (that is, the one in  the  COMAND.CMD  file)
   takes precedence.

                                    NOTE

           The system processes the LOGIN  command  line  or  the
           PUSH command before it reads the LOGIN.CMD file or the
           COMAND.CMD   file.    Therefore,   you    are    still
           successfully  logged  into  the  system  or  the  PUSH
           command is still in effect, even if the  command  file
           contains an error.

   Your system manager can create system-wide  LOGIN.CMD  and  COMAND.CMD
   files.   Like  your  own  command  files,  the  system  LOGIN.CMD  and
   COMAND.CMD files are executed  automatically  when  you  login.   Each
   system command file is executed before your own file of the same name:

        1.  SYSTEM:LOGIN.CMD

        2.  LOGIN.CMD

        3.  SYSTEM:COMAND.CMD

        4.  COMAND.CMD


                                    1-17
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   If your site has  system-wide  LOGIN.CMD  and  COMAND.CMD  files,  you
   should  examine the commands in these files to avoid putting duplicate
   commands in your own command files.  To display the  system  LOGIN.CMD
   file give the command:

        @TYPE SYSTEM:LOGIN.CMD

   Refer to Chapter 5 for information on how to create files.



   1.8  ENDING A JOB WITH LOGOUT

   When you want to leave the system, you should not just turn  off  your
   terminal  and  walk  away; you should tell the system you are leaving.
   To leave the system, type LOGOUT after the @,  and  press  the  RETURN
   key.   This  terminates  your  communication  with  the  system.  This
   procedure is called logging out.

        @LOGOUT

   After you press the RETURN key, you will see a message similar to:

        Killed Job 57, User SARTINI, Account 341, TTY 127,
         at 23-Mar-88  09:49:36,  Used 0:0:14 in 1:25:56

   This message indicates that  you  have  successfully  logged  off  the
   system.   Your  job  number  was  57, your user name was SARTINI, your
   account was 341, the terminal you were using was connected to terminal
   line  127.   You  left  the system at 09:49:36 on March 23, 1988.  The
   last part of the message indicates how long the system actually worked
   for  you  (14  seconds)  and  how  long you were logged in (1 hour, 25
   minutes, and 56 seconds).

   If you do not log off the system, your terminal will not be  free  for
   another  user.  Also, someone can come along and do work on the system
   under your identification, and you will be charged  for  the  computer
   use.

   If you type a character to get the system's attention and fail to  log
   in  within 5 minutes, the system automatically logs you off the system
   and prints the  LOGOUT  message.   This  message  is  similar  to  the
   following:

         Autologout
        Killed Job 8, TTY 26, 
         at 23-Mar-88   10:50:35,   Used 0:0:0 in 5:15

   If you are on a dial up line, the system hangs up the line.





                                    1-18
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   1.9  SETTING ADDITIONAL TERMINAL PARAMETERS

   After you log in  to  the  system,  you  may  find  you  need  to  set
   additional  terminal parameters for your work.  The following sections
   describe more parameters you can set.  For a complete  description  of
   all  parameters  you  can  set with the TERMINAL command, refer to the
   TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual.  If you are reading this manual for
   the first time, you can skip these sections until later.



   1.9.1  Setting the Terminal Page Length

   When you declare the terminal type, the system sets a page length  for
   the  terminal.  The length of the page varies depending on the type of
   terminal.  To  change  the  page  length,  give  the  TERMINAL  LENGTH
   command.

   The system uses the page length to determine where  to  stop  terminal
   output  when  TERMINAL  PAUSE  END-OF-PAGE is set.  The page length is
   also important when using formfeeds.

   To change the page length to 30, give the following command.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) LENGTH (OF PAGE IS) 30



   1.9.2  Setting the Terminal Line Width

   The system sets a line width for the terminal when  you  identify  the
   terminal  type.   To  change  the  line width, give the TERMINAL WIDTH
   command.  The width can be set at a minimum of 8 characters  per  line
   to  a maximum of 255 characters per line.  To change the line width to
   50, give the following command.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) WIDTH (OF LINE IS) 50

   If a line of input or output on your terminal exceeds  the  width  set
   for  the  terminal, the system prints the maximum number of characters
   on one line and continues printing on the following lines.   This  can
   affect the number of lines the system prints when page mode is set.



   1.9.3  Using Formfeeds

   On a  hard-copy  terminal  with  a  mechanical  formfeed,  the  system
   advances  the  paper  to  the  top  of  the  next page by outputting a
   formfeed character  (CTRL/L).   On  a  hard-copy  terminal  without  a
   formfeed  mechanism,  the system can simulate a formfeed by outputting
   the proper number of linefeeds.  Usually the system prints ^L  instead
   of advancing the paper.

                                    1-19
                       GETTING ON AND OFF THE SYSTEM


   To advance the paper to the top of the next page and  prevent  the  ^L
   from  printing,  give  the  TERMINAL  NO  INDICATE  command.  Use this
   command to print a memo, report,  or  information  that  you  want  to
   appear on individual pages.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) NO INDICATE (FORMFEED)

   When you declare the terminal type, the system simulates formfeeds  if
   they  are  required by the terminal.  You can also use the TERMINAL NO
   FORMFEED command to force the system to simulate formfeeds  regardless
   of the terminal type.











































                                    1-20











                                 CHAPTER 2

                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM



   This chapter describes:

         o  Using TOPS-20 commands (Section 2.1)

         o  Obtaining a list of TOPS-20 commands (Section 2.2)

         o  Obtaining information about the parts of a  command  (Section
            2.3)

         o  Typing commands (Section 2.4)

         o  Continuing commands (Section 2.5)

         o  Adding comments to command lines (Section 2.6)

         o  Correcting input errors (Section 2.7)

         o  Setting alerts (Section 2.8)

         o  Operating system stoppage (Section 2.9)



   2.1  USING TOPS-20 COMMANDS

   A TOPS-20 command is an instruction that specifies  the  function  you
   want  the  TOPS-20  operating  system  to  perform.  By giving TOPS-20
   commands you accomplish your work through the operating system.











                                    2-1
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   Each TOPS-20 command contains one or more of the following parts:

        1.  Command name

        2.  Guidewords

        3.  Arguments

        4.  Switches

        5.  Subcommands

        6.  Command terminator

   The command name identifies the command and its function.   Guidewords
   can   assist   you  in  identifying  the  argument  you  should  type.
   (Guidewords are always printed within parentheses.)   An  argument  is
   the  response  you  enter  after  a  guideword.  This argument further
   identifies the information the system needs to  process  the  command.
   Switches and subcommands allow you to select more precise options to a
   given command.  Using a switch or a subcommand, you can also  override
   default  options  that are part of the command.  Use a carriage return
   to end a command.

   Before doing anything more, try typing a few easy  commands.   TOPS-20
   recognizes many commands, but this manual discusses only some commonly
   used commands.  Appendix A contains a list of  TOPS-20  commands,  and
   their  meanings.   The TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual describes all
   of the commands available to the nonprivileged user of TOPS-20.

   You type a TOPS-20 command directly after  the  system  prints  the  @
   prompt;  you  end  a TOPS-20 command by pressing the RETURN key.  With
   some commands, you must type one or more arguments  before  you  press
   the  RETURN  key.   For  example,  the LOGIN command described earlier
   requires your user name, your password, and your account as arguments.
   The  system  tells  you  that  it  requires  an argument by printing a
   guideword in parentheses after you press the ESC key.  Some  commands,
   such as DAYTIME, do not require arguments.

   To find out today's date and time, type DAYTIME after you see  the  @,
   and then press the RETURN key.

        @DAYTIME
         Thursday, May 26, 1988 08:41:21
        @

   The system prints the date in the format:

        day-of-the-week, month day-of-the-month, year





                                    2-2
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   The system prints the time of day in the format:

        hours:minutes:seconds

   The hours are given using a 24-hour clock.   The  time  shown  in  the
   above  example  (08:41:21)  is  21  seconds after 8:41 in the morning.
   Twelve midnight is displayed as 00:00:00, twelve noon is displayed  as
   12:00:00; and seven o'clock in the evening is displayed as 19:00:00.

   Other commands require  one  or  more  arguments.   Arguments  can  be
   letters,  numbers,  or  a combination of both.  A common argument is a
   file specification.  (Refer to Section 4.2 for a description  of  file
   specifications.)  To  find out which kind of argument you should type,
   press  ESC  after  you  give  the  command.   The  system  prints  the
   guideword,  prompting  you  for  the kind of argument to type.  If the
   command does not need an argument, when  you  press  ESC,  the  system
   rings  the  terminal  bell.   The  following  example  illustrates the
   DIRECTORY command followed  by  the  guidewords  (OF  FILES)  and  the
   filename TEST.FOR as the argument:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) TEST.FOR

   Some commands accept switches while others accept  subcommands.   With
   switches and subcommands, you can be more specific about what you want
   the command to do.

   A switch is a slash followed by an option.  The option may be followed
   by a colon and an argument.  Switches specify details about the action
   of the given command.  You can give one or more switches to a  command
   by  typing them on the same line as the command.  To include a switch,
   type a slash (/), followed by the option.  Some options require that a
   value,  preceded  by  a  colon,  also be given.  The following example
   shows the use of a single switch and its value to print four copies of
   the file TEST.FOR.3:

        @PRINT (FILES) TEST.FOR.3/COPIES:4
        [Job TEST Queued, Request-ID 41, Limit 27]

   A subcommand resembles a  switch  in  its  function.   The  difference
   between  switches  and  subcommands  is  the  syntax.  While you enter
   switches on the same line as the command, you enter each subcommand on
   a separate line following the command line.












                                    2-3
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   To include subcommand(s), end the command line by typing a comma,  and
   press  RETURN.   The system prints the subcommand level prompt, @@, to
   indicate that you can now type subcommands.  Subcommands, like TOPS-20
   commands, contain subcommand names, guidewords, and arguments of their
   own.  You can give several subcommands, but each one must be typed  on
   a  separate  line.   To  end each subcommand, press RETURN.  After you
   type your last subcommand, press RETURN; the system prints  @@;  press
   RETURN   again.   The  system  then  processes  the  command  and  its
   subcommand(s).  When the system prints the single @ you  are  back  at
   TOPS-20  command level.  The following example demonstrates the use of
   a single subcommand to the DIRECTORY command:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES),
        @@DELETED (FILES ONLY)
        @@

           PS:<PORADA>
          TEST.FOR.2
              .QOR.1
              .REL.3
        Total of 3  files

   Each part of a TOPS-20 command or subcommand is referred to as a field
   and  is  separated  from  each  adjacent field by a space.  Figure 2-1
   shows the fields of the LOGIN command.


   @LOGIN (USER) user name (PASSWORD) password (ACCOUNT) account<RET>
      ^      ^       ^          ^         ^        ^     ^        ^
      |      |       |          |         |        |     |        |
      |      |       |          |         |        |     |        |
      |      |       |          |         |        |     |   terminator
      |      |       |          |         |        |     argument
      |      |       |          |         |        guideword
      |      |       |          |         argument
      |      |       |          guideword
      |      |       argument
      |      guideword
      command name


   Figure 2-1:  Fields of a Command












                                    2-4
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   2.2  OBTAINING A LIST OF TOPS-20 COMMANDS

   After the system outputs an @, you can type a  question  mark  (?)  to
   print the list of TOPS-20 commands.

         GIDNEY, TOPS-20 Development System, TOPS-20 Monitor (6012)
        @? Command, one of the following:
         ACCESS        ADVISE         APPEND        ARCHIVE     ASSIGN
         ATTACH        BACKSPACE      BLANK         BREAK       BUILD
         CANCEL        CLOSE          COMPILE       CONNECT     CONTINUE
                       .
                       .
                       .
|        TAKE          TALK           TDIRECTORY    TERMINAL    TRANSLATE
         TYPE          UNATTACH       UNDECLARE     UNDELETE    UNKEEP
         UNLOAD        VDIRECTORY
          or system program name

   To stop the printing of this list, type two CTRL/Cs, which returns you
   to TOPS-20 command level.

   Appendix A gives a brief description of  each  command.   The  TOPS-20
   Commands  Reference  Manual  contains  a  complete  description of all
   TOPS-20 Commands available to the nonprivileged user.

   If you remember that  a  command  begins  with  a  certain  letter  or
   letters,  type  the letters that you recall, and then type ?.  TOPS-20
   prints the list of commands you could type using  those  letters.   It
   then prints what you have typed so far and waits for you to finish the
   command.  In the example below, you remember that the command you want
   begins  with  the  letter A.  You type A, followed by a question mark.
   TOPS-20 prints the names of all the commands beginning with the letter
   A  and  possible filenames from the (SYS:) system directory, and waits
   for you to complete the command or filename.

        @A? Command, one of the following:
         ACCESS    ADVISE     APPEND     ARCHIVE    ASSIGN     ATTACH
          or system program name
         @ACCESS (TO DIRECTORY) <MORRILL>
         Password:
         @^C

   When typing a question mark, you are not limited to just  one  letter;
   you may type as many as you need.

        @CON? Command, one of the following:
         CONNECT    CONTINUE
          or system program name
         @CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) <MORRILL>
         Password:
         @

   The CONNECT command joins you to another user's files.

                                    2-5
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   2.3  OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT THE PARTS OF A COMMAND

   You can type a question mark following  a  command  or  subcommand  to
   print a list of possible arguments for the command.  For example, type
   the TERMINAL command followed by a question mark.  You do not have  to
   press  the  RETURN  key.  TOPS-20 lists the possible arguments, prints
   the command up to the point at which you typed ?, and waits for you to
   enter a valid argument.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) ? one of the following:
         FLAG             FORMFEED           FULLDUPLEX      HALFDUPLEX
         HELP             IMMEDIATE          INDICATE        INHIBIT
         LENGTH           LINE-HALFDUPLEX    LOWERCASE       NO
         PAGE             PAUSE              RAISE           RECEIVE
         SPEED            TABS               TYPE            WIDTH
          or one of the following:
         33               35                 37              EXECUPORT
         H19              LA120              LA30            LA36
         LA38             SYSTEM-DEFAULT     TERMINET        TI
         VK100            VT05               VT100           VT102
|        VT125            VT131              VT200-SERIES    VT300-SERIES
         VT50             VT52
        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE)

   Give the LENGTH argument, and press ESC.  The system prints  (OF  PAGE
   IS):

        @TERMINAL LENGTH (OF PAGE IS)

   Type another question mark to  find  out  which  argument  the  system
   expects  you  to  give.  The system prints "Length of page in decimal"
   and reprints the command.

        @TERMINAL LENGTH (OF PAGE IS) ?  Length of page in decimal
        @TERMINAL LENGTH (OF PAGE IS)

   Choose a number (the example uses 20); type it in and press RETURN.

        @TERMINAL LENGTH (OF PAGE IS) 20

   Some commands do  not  require  arguments.   If  you  type  a  command
   followed  by a question mark and that command does not require further
   arguments, the  system  prints  the  message  "Confirm  with  carriage
   return."  This  informs  you  that  you are at the end of the command.
   Press RETURN to confirm the command and to have the system perform the
   function you requested.

        @DAYTIME ? Confirm with carriage return
        @DAYTIME





                                    2-6
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   In addition, the question mark can be used to list the subcommands and
   switches  of  a command.  To list the subcommands of a command, type a
   question mark at subcommand  level  (indicated  by  @@).   The  system
   prints  the  list  of  subcommands.   For  example, type the DIRECTORY
   command followed by a comma, and press RETURN.  When you  receive  the
   @@, type a question mark.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) ,
        @@? confirm with carriage return
          or one of the following:
         ACCOUNT                      ALPHABETICALLY
         ARCHIVE                      BEFORE
             .
             .
             .
         SMALLER                      TIMES
         USER
        @@

   To list the switches of a command, type  the  command;  type  a  slash
   followed  by  a question mark.  The system prints the list of switches
   for that command.  Remember that all switches begin with a slash.  For
   example,  type  the  PRINT command, followed by a slash and a question
   mark.

        @PRINT (FILES) /? /SPOOLED-OUTPUT
          or Job switch, one of the following:
         /ACCOUNT:           /AFTER:               /DESTINATION-NODE:
             .
             .
             .
         /REPORT:      /SPACING:
        @PRINT (FILES)/



   2.4  TYPING COMMANDS

   You can type TOPS-20 commands to  the  system  by  using  either  full
   input, recognition input, abbreviated input, or a combination of these
   methods.

   The LOGIN command, which identifies you to  the  system,  is  used  in
   Sections  2.4.1  through  2.4.3  to demonstrate full, recognition, and
   abbreviated input.









                                    2-7
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   2.4.1  Full Input

   To give a command using full input, type the complete command, using a
   space to separate the fields.  To log in using full  input,  type  the
   complete LOGIN command line.

        @LOGIN SARTINI     341



   2.4.2  Recognition Input

   To give a command using recognition  input,  type  a  portion  of  the
   command  and  press  ESC.  In order for the system to distinguish this
   command from other commands, you must type enough of  the  command  to
   make it unique.  The system responds in one of the following ways:
|  
|       1.  Prints as much of the command as the system can recognize.

        2.  Prints the remainder of the command name.

        3.  Prints a guideword.

        4.  Prints the remainder of the argument.

        5.  Rings the terminal bell, indicating that  you  need  to  type
            more information.

        6.  Prints an error message.

   Continue typing and  pressing  ESC  until  the  command  is  complete.
   Recognition  input  requires  less  typing than full input, so you are
   less likely to make a mistake.

   To log in using recognition input, type LOG and press ESC; the  system
   finishes  the  LOGIN  command by printing IN and the guideword (USER).
   You can also use recognition on your user name.  (Here the  user  name
   is  SARTINI.)   Type  SAR  and press ESC; the system finishes the user
   name by printing TINI and the guideword (PASSWORD).  Type the complete
   password  (it  is  not  printed)  and  press  ESC;  the  system prints
   (ACCOUNT).  Type the account (here it is 341) and press RETURN.

   In the following example, type the underlined portions of the command.
   At the point where the underlining stops, press ESC.

          <ESC>        <ESC>             <ESC>
            |            |                 |
        @LOGIN (USER) SARTINI (PASSWORD)   (ACCOUNT) 341

   If you use recognition where it is ambiguous,  the  system  rings  the
   terminal  bell.   Type  more  information,  or type a question mark to
   determine what the system wants you to type.


                                    2-8
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   Use recognition with the INFORMATION command.   Type  INFO  and  press
   ESC;  the  system prints RMATION (ABOUT).  Type a T and press ESC; the
   system rings the  terminal  bell  because  you  did  not  give  enough
   information.  To find out what information the system needs, type a ?.
   The system prints TAPE-PARAMETERS and TERMINAL-MODE.  This  tells  you
   that  the  system  could  not complete the argument beginning with the
   letter T because there are two possibilities to choose from,  and  you
   did  not  type  enough  of  the  argument to distinguish which one you
   wanted.  Type an  E  and  press  ESC;  this  time  the  system  prints
   RMINAL-MODE (FOR TERMINAL).  Press RETURN to end the command.

           <ESC>            <ESC>
             |                |
        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) T? one of the following:
         TAPE-PARAMETERS  TERMINAL-MODE

                             <ESC>
                               |
        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE (FOR TERMINAL)

   If you use recognition where it is not appropriate (such as at the end
   of a command), the system rings the terminal bell.

   You can use recognition in typing  arguments,  subcommands,  and  file
   specifications.   When  typing  file  specifications, you can also use
   CTRL/F to  complete  individual  portions  of  a  file  specification.
   (Refer  to  Chapter  4  for more information on using recognition with
   file specifications.)

   Recognition input offers several advantages:

         o  You can double-check  the  accuracy  of  your  typing.   When
            TOPS-20  types  the  completed  command,  it verifies that it
            correctly interpreted your typing.

         o  You can  minimize  the  amount  of  typing.   When  typing  a
            filename  you need to type only enough characters to uniquely
            identify that file.

         o  TOPS-20 prompts your next response by printing a guideword.



   2.4.3  Abbreviated Input

   To give a command using abbreviated input, type  only  enough  of  the
   command to distinguish it from any other command.  Usually, typing the
   first three letters is sufficient  to  distinguish  one  command  from
   another.  Abbreviated input requires the least amount of typing of the
   various methods of input.




                                    2-9
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   To log in using abbreviated input, type LOG and a space; type the full
   user  name  (here  it  is SARTINI) and a space; type the password (the
   password is not displayed); type the account  (here  it  is  341)  and
   press RETURN.

        @LOG SARTINI  341

   There are a few cases  where  non-unique  abbreviations  stand  for  a
   frequently  used  command.   For  example, DIS is the abbreviation for
   DISABLE,  even  though  other  commands   begin   with   the   letters
   DIS - DISCARD and DISMOUNT.


   Table 2-1:  Special Command Abbreviations

   ________________________________________________

     Special
     Abbreviation       Command
   ________________________________________________

     C                  CONTINUE

     D                  DEPOSIT

     DIS                DISABLE

     E                  EXAMINE

     INFORMATION F      INFORMATION FILE-STATUS

     LOG                LOGIN (When not logged in)

     LOG                LOGOUT (When logged in)
   ________________________________________________


   Some commands can be distinguished by typing only one or two  letters.
   For  example,  several  TOPS-20  commands  begin  with  the  letter A:
   ACCESS, ADVISE, APPEND, ASSIGN, and ATTACH.  You can give any of these
   commands,  by  typing  only the first two letters.  To give the APPEND
   command you need only type AP; to give the ACCESS  command,  you  need
   type only AC.

                                    NOTE

           When using one or two letters to distinguish commands,
           keep in mind that as the system develops, new commands
           will be added and existing abbreviations  may  require
           more letters to identify a unique command.




                                    2-10
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   The same method  of  using  abbreviated  input  for  TOPS-20  commands
   applies  for  the arguments and subcommands to those commands.  In the
   INFORMATION command, there are two arguments beginning with the letter
   T:   TAPE-PARAMETERS  and TERMINAL-MODE.  To get information about the
   terminal parameters, just type E to complete the abbreviation TE.

        @INFORMATION T? one of the following:
         TAPE-PARAMETERS  TERMINAL-MODE

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TE

   In the DIRECTORY command, there are four  subcommands  beginning  with
   the letter S:  SEPARATE, SINCE, SIZE, and SMALLER.  To print a list of
   files in your directory, including the number of pages of  each  file,
   use  the  subcommand  SIZE.   Type  DIRECTORY followed by a comma; the
   system prints the subcommand prompt, @@, ; type the abbreviation SIZ.

        @DIRECTORY,
        @@SIZ
        @@

           PUBLIC:<LEOPOLD>
                           PGS

         PROG1.PAS         3
           .TXT.14         3
         LOGIN.CMD.2       1
         MAIL.TXT.1        2
         NATTACH.TST.1     1
         VERCBL.BAT.1      2
           .CBL.1          1

         Total of 13 pages in 7 files

   You can type more letters than are required  to  uniquely  identify  a
   command.  Abbreviated input simply makes the system more convenient to
   use.



   2.4.4  Combined Recognition and Abbreviated Input

   You can mix these two methods of  typing  commands.   Use  abbreviated
   input  for  the parts of the command you know, and use recognition for
   the parts of the command you are uncertain of.  You can give the LOGIN
   command using the combination of input methods.

        @LOG SARTINI (ACCOUNT) 341

   To give this command, type LOG and a space; type the user  name  (here
   it  is  SARTINI)  and a space; type the password and press ESC.  After
   the system prints (ACCOUNT), type the account (here  it  is  341)  and
   press RETURN.

                                    2-11
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   2.4.5  What Are Defaults

   A default is the value supplied by the operating system  when  you  do
   not  specify  one  yourself.   For instance, if you do not specify the
   number of copies in a PRINT command, the system uses the default value
   of  1.   By  not  explicitly stating the value, the system assumes you
   have chosen the default.  TOPS-20 supplies default values  in  several
   areas.   The  defaults  used with individual commands are specified in
   each command's description in the TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual.



   2.5  CONTINUING COMMANDS

   Occasionally it is necessary to type a command that is longer than the
   maximum line length allowed by your terminal.  You can continue typing
   commands past the end of the line and  onto  the  next  line,  without
   pressing  RETURN.   The  system  accepts  fields of a command that are
   split between two lines.

   In the following example, note that the  filename,  MANUFACTURING,  is
   split between two lines:

        @PRINT (FILES) CONCERNS.TXT.1, DESIGN-REVIEWS.MEM.1, MANUFACT
        URING.PLAN.1 /AFTER:18:00

   If you want to avoid splitting a command field, type a space  followed
   by  the  continuation  character, a hyphen (-), at the end of the line
   and press RETURN.  Then, continue typing the command on the next line.

        @PRINT (FILES) CONCERNS.TXT.1, DESIGN-REVIEWS.MEM.1, -
        MANUFACTURING.PLAN.1 /AFTER:18:00

   Do not use the continuation character to divide a file  specification.
   (Refer  to  Section  4.2, Complete Form of a File Specification, for a
   description of file specifications.)



   2.6  ADDING COMMENTS TO COMMAND LINES

   You can include comments on the command line or on a separate line  by
   prefixing  the comment with a comment character, either a semicolon or
   an exclamation point.  The semicolon causes the remainder of the  line
   to  be  considered as a comment; the exclamation point causes only the
   text up to the next exclamation point or the end of  the  line  to  be
   considered as a comment.







                                    2-12
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   The following examples show the valid ways  to  add  comments  to  the
   TERMINAL command:

        @TERMINAL VT100  ;This comment follows the command

        @!This comment precedes the command! TERMINAL VT100

        @TERMINAL !This comment is within the command!  VT100

        @;This entire line is a comment

   If a comment exceeds one line, the same rules  applied  to  continuing
   commands (refer to the previous section) apply to continuing comments.

   The comment character is useful for placing comments in your LOGIN.CMD
   and  COMAND.CMD  files.   (Refer  to  Section  1.7 for an example of a
   LOGIN.CMD file with comments.)

   The comment character is also useful when conversing with another user
   while  linked  via  the  TALK  command.   (Refer  to  Section  3.2 for
   information on using the TALK command.)



   2.7  CORRECTING INPUT ERRORS

   Five keys help you correct input mistakes.   These  keys  are  DELETE,
   CTRL/R, CTRL/U, CTRL/W, and CTRL/H.  Except for CTRL/H, these keys are
   effective only before you press RETURN to end  the  command.   If  you
   press  the RETURN key before noticing that a command is incorrect, the
   system tries to execute it.  Usually the command is  invalid  and  the
   system prints:

        ?Unrecognized command
        @


   This allows you to try  again.   If  you  typed  a  valid  command  by
   mistake, you can halt its execution by various means:

        1.  Stop EDIT by pressing ESC, typing EQ and pressing the  RETURN
            key.

        2.  Stop printout on your terminal by typing CTRL/O.

        3.  Stop system programs (such as FILCOM) by typing CTRL/C.

        4.  Stop any program or command by typing two CTRL/C's.

   In each case you are returned to the TOPS-20  operating  system.   You
   can then give any valid TOPS-20 command.



                                    2-13
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   2.7.1  DELETE - Erasing a Character

   The DELETE key moves the cursor back one character  and  deletes  that
   character.    Most  video  terminals  actually  move  the  cursor  (an
   underline or block that marks your position) backward and  erases  the
   character when you press DELETE.  Hardcopy terminals print the deleted
   character followed by the backslash character /.



   2.7.2  CTRL/U - Erasing an Entire Line

   To erase the current command line, type CTRL/U.   CTRL/U  deletes  the
   line  and  performs  a  RETURN so that you can reenter an entire line.
   Most video terminals erase the line when you press  CTRL/U.   Hardcopy
   terminals print three Xs at the end of the command.



   2.7.3  CTRL/W - Erasing a Word

   To erase a word, type CTRL/W.  Most video terminals actually move  the
   cursor  backward  and  erase  the  last  word  when  you  type CTRL/W.
   Hardcopy terminals print an underscore after the word to indicate that
   the word has been deleted.



   2.7.4  CTRL/R - Reprinting a Command Line

   CTRL/R reprints the current command line.   You  commonly  use  CTRL/R
   when  editing  with  CTRL/W and DELETE on a hardcopy terminal has made
   the command difficult to read.

   In this example of the TERMINAL command,  you  mistakenly  type  WIDHT
   instead  of  WIDTH  and  correct the mistake with DELETE.  To make the
   command more readable by incorporating the correction, type CTRL/R.

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) WIDHT\T\HTH^R
        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) WIDTH



   2.7.5  CTRL/H - Reprinting Part of an Erroneous Command Line

   If you make an error in a command line and press  RETURN,  the  system
   prints  a  question mark (?) followed by an error message.  To reprint
   the command line up  to  the  erroneous  field,  type  CTRL/H  or  the
   BACKSPACE  key.   The system reprints the command line up to the field
   that is in error, and you can  now  complete  the  command  correctly.
   (CTRL/H  or  BACKSPACE  must  be the very next character pressed after
   pressing RETURN.  Also note that both CTRL/H and BACKSPACE print ^H on
   the terminal.)

                                    2-14
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   The following example illustrates the use of CTRL/H or BACKSPACE  with
   the TERMINAL command:

        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) LENGTH-WIDTH
        ?Does not match switch or keyword - "LENGTH-WIDTH"
        @^H
        @TERMINAL (FEATURE OR TYPE) LENGTH 66

   To try this example, type TER and press ESC; the system  prints  MINAL
   (FEATURE  or  TYPE).   Type LENGTH-WIDTH and press RETURN.  The system
   prints  the  error  message  ?Does  not  match  switch  or  keyword  -
   "LENGTH-WIDTH".   (There is no TERMINAL command argument LENGTH-WIDTH.
   The argument is  LENGTH  or  WIDTH  but  not  both.)  Type  CTRL/H  or
   BACKSPACE;  the  system  reprints the command line up to the erroneous
   field.  You can finish the command correctly by typing LENGTH 66.



   2.8  SETTING ALERTS

   You can arrange for the system to ring your terminal bell and issue  a
   one-line  message  at  any future time.  You do this by giving the SET
   ALERT command.

        @SET ALERT (AT TIME) 9:45:00 (MESSAGE) PREPARE FOR 10:00 MEETING

        [09:45:00 alert - PREPARE FOR 10:00 MEETING]

   You can also be notified at a time that is  relative  to  the  current
   time.   The  following  example  sends  an  alert  10 minutes from the
   current time:

        @SET ALERT (AT TIME) +00:10:00 (MESSAGE) END OF COFFEE BREAK!

        [10:02:26 alert - END OF COFFEE BREAK!]

   If you wish to be alerted at the same times, include  the  appropriate
   SET  ALERT commands in your LOGIN.CMD file.  This file is discussed in
   Section 1.7.  Refer to  the  TOPS-20  Commands  Reference  Manual  for
   complete information on SET ALERT.

   To obtain a listing  of  all  outstanding  alert  requests,  give  the
   INFORMATION ALERTS command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) ALERTS (PENDING)
         Next alert at 1-Mar-88 11:25:00 - Project meeting 5 mins
         Other alerts set for:
           1-Mar-88 13:00:00 - Call for ajax specs
           1-Mar-88 16:55:00 - Almost time to go home!
           2-Mar-88 00:09:00 - Submit weekly report by noon
           14-Mar-88 09:00:00 - Going away luncheon for manager today

         Alerts are automatic

                                    2-15
                       COMMUNICATING WITH THE SYSTEM


   The line "Alerts are  automatic"  indicates  that  alerts  are  issued
   whether  or  not  you  are running a program.  Your issuing of the SET
   AUTOMATIC or the SET NO AUTOMATIC command determines  whether  or  not
   the  system  interrupts  programs  to  issue  you  alerts.   If SET NO
   AUTOMATIC is in effect, you are notified only when your terminal is at
   TOPS-20 command level.

   Note that when you log out, all pending alerts are cleared.  You  have
   to reset them when you log in again, unless they are specified in your
   LOGIN.CMD or COMAND.CMD command file.



   2.9  OPERATING SYSTEM STOPPAGE

   The TOPS-20 Operating  System  may  stop  unexpectedly  because  of  a
   malfunction.   When  the operating system stops, the terminal does not
   print or receive any characters you type.   This  indicates  that  the
   part of the computer controlling input from and output to the terminal
   is malfunctioning.  If the system can  recover  from  this  error,  it
   prints:

        [DECSYSTEM-20 continued]

   You may lose a few seconds of typing, but after this message prints on
   the terminal, you can continue your work.

   When a fatal error occurs (the entire  computer  stops  working),  the
   system outputs the message:

        %DECSYSTEM-20 not running

   When the system resumes operation, it outputs the message:

        System restarting, wait...

   and after a few moments, it prints another  message,  similar  to  the
   following:

        [From OPERATOR on line 6:   SYSTEM IN OPERATION]

   Once the system restarts after a fatal error, you must log in  to  the
   system  again.   If  you  have changed the speed of your line with the
   TERMINAL SPEED command, you may have to  reset  the  speed,  depending
   upon the default speed set by the system manager.

   After a fatal error, some of your files may be missing or  incomplete.
   Contact  the  operator  to  have  these files restored from the system
   backup tapes.





                                    2-16











                                 CHAPTER 3

                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS



   This chapter describes:

         o  Getting a list of users on the system (Section 3.1)

         o  Linking with other terminals (Section 3.2)

         o  Reading mail (Section 3.3)

         o  Sending mail (Section 3.4)

         o  Communicating with the operator (Section 3.6)

         o  Controlling messages and terminal links (Section 3.7)



   3.1  GETTING A LIST OF USERS ON THE SYSTEM

   To get a list of users currently  on  the  system,  type  the  command
   SYSTAT,  and  press the RETURN key.  The SYSTAT command reports on the
   status of the system:

        @SYSTAT
         Mon 26-May-88 15:25:55  Up 6:09:39
         12+5 Jobs   Load av   0.13   0.10   0.06

        Job  Line Program  User
          9   120  EMACS   TAMBUR
         11   251  MACRO   GUNN
         12   131  FILDDT  MARTIN
         13   176  EXEC    GREEN
         14   140  MS      SULLIVAN
         26    63  SYSDPY  DEUFEL
         27   173  EXEC    BERRY
         33   DET  EXEC    MORIL
         34    65  EMACS   WORLEY
         45   142  EXEC    HARAMUND


                                    3-1
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


         50*  210  SYSTAT  MORIL
         51   105  EXEC    BRANNON

          1   232  PTYCON  OPERATOR
          2   233  JNPGPD  OPERATOR
          3   234  EXEC    OPERATOR
          4   235  NMLT20  OPERATOR
          5   236  MCBNRT  OPERATOR

   The first line of output gives the day of the week,  date,  time,  and
   the  length  of  time since the system was last started.  In the above
   example, the date is Monday, May 26, 1988 at 3:25:55 PM.   The  system
   has been up just over six hours.

   The second line gives the number of  user  jobs  plus  the  number  of
   operator  jobs.   There  are 12 timesharing jobs, plus the operator of
   the system who is running 5 programs.  The last three numbers on  this
   line  indicate  the  load  average on the system over a one, five, and
   fifteen minute period.  The  load  average  is  a  measure  of  system
   demand.

   The third line contains the column headings for the  job  number,  the
   line number, the program, the user, and the user's originating system.
   The number of the job attached to your own terminal (in this case  you
   are job 50) appears with an asterisk (*) next to it in the job column.

|  To display information about the jobs  on  a  specified  node  in  the
|  TOPS-20 cluster, include the NODE keyword and node name argument.
|  
|       @SYSTAT NODE KL2102
|        Thu 13-Aug-88 13:08:12
|        THEP Up    0:10:33 17+6 Jobs   Load av   0.11   0.12
|        Job  Line Program  Node    User             Origin
|        231   DET  DTRSRV  KL2102 Not logged in
|        232   DET  RMSFAL  KL2102 Not logged in
|        233   DET  RMSFAL  KL2102 Not logged in
|        234   434  EXEC    KL2102 LOMARTIRE         LAT1(LAT)
|         .
|         .
|         .
|        228   235  MAILS   KL2102 OPERATOR
|        229   236  WATCH   KL2102 OPERATOR
|        230   237  EXEC    KL2102 OPERATOR
|  
|  If you specify an asterisk  as  the  node  name,  the  SYSTAT  command
|  displays information on all nodes in the TOPS-20 cluster.
|  
|       @SYSTAT SYSTEM NODE *
|        Thu 13-Aug-88 13:02:00
|        DISNEY Up 223:12:12 17+6 Jobs  Load av  0.3    0.27   0.14
|        THUP   Up   0:10:33 11+5 Jobs  Load av 10.36  10.27  10.14
|        CLYDE  Up  26:34:31  6+8 Jobs  Load av  1.33   1.21   0.99
|        CONRO  UP  12:13:14  2+5 Jobs  Load av  5.01   4.95   4.99

                                    3-2
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   3.2  LINKING WITH OTHER TERMINALS

   One way to communicate with a user that is logged-in to the system  is
   by   linking   terminals.   This  allows  you  to  conduct  a  two-way
   conversation.  To link terminals, give the TALK  command  followed  by
   the name of the user you want to talk to.  The system prints a message
   informing you that the terminals are linked, and prints the @ sign  on
   the following line.  Now, everything you type, or the system prints on
   your terminal is also printed on the terminal you are linked with.

        @TALK (TO) MAYO

        LINK FROM SARTINI, TTY26

   After you see the @ sign, you can conduct your conversation using  one
   of the following options:  an exclamation mark, the REMARK command, or
   a combination of both options.

   Begin each line you type with an exclamation  point  (!).   After  you
   press  RETURN,  the  system prints an @ sign on the following line and
   you can continue typing,  beginning  each  line  with  an  exclamation
   point.   If  you  do  not begin the line you type with an !, after you
   press RETURN, the system prints the message ?UNRECOGNIZED COMMAND.

        @TALK (TO) MAYO

        LINK FROM SARTINI, TTY26
        @! This is a test.

   To avoid typing the exclamation point  on  each  line  when  you  have
   several  lines  of  text, give the REMARK command.  After you give the
   REMARK command, the system prints a message advising you to  type  the
   remark,  and  end it with CTRL/Z.  The system does not print an @ sign
   when you use REMARK.  After you type the message and end with  CTRL/Z,
   the system prints the @ sign on the next line.

        @TALK (TO) MAYO

        LINK FROM SARTINI, TTY26
        @REMARK
        Type remark. End with CTRL/Z

        PER YOUR REQUEST, A NEW COPY OF THE
        UPDATED LIST OF MANUALS IS AVAILABLE
        IN THE DIRECTORY <NEW-MANUALS>. ^Z









                                    3-3
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   You can use a combination of the  exclamation  point  and  the  REMARK
   command  when  you  TALK  with another user.  Use REMARK for a several
   line comment and the !  for a shorter comment.  To end the  link  with
   another  user's  terminal, give the BREAK command.  The other user can
   also give the BREAK command to end the link with your terminal.

        @TALK (TO) MAYO

        LINK FROM SARTINI, TTY26
        @REMARK
        Type remark. End with CTRL/Z.

        PER YOUR REQUEST, A NEW COPY OF THE
        UPDATED LIST OF MANUALS IS AVAILABLE
        IN THE DIRECTORY <NEW-MANUALS>. ^Z
        @!THANKS, I HAVE SEVERAL ITEMS TO ADD TO THE LIST.
        @!SEND MAIL TO HOLLAND WITH THE INFO.
        @BREAK (LINKS)

   When you are linked to another user's terminal, the other  user's  job
   is  not  affected  by  what you type.  For example, if another user is
   running a program that is waiting for a command, and you TALK to  that
   user, the system does not interpret what you type as a command to that
   user's program.  Anything output to one  terminal  is  output  to  the
   other  as  well.   Thus  you  can  show another user the output from a
   program by running it, or the contents of a file by typing it.

   If the user you want to TALK to does not want to  receive  links  from
   another  terminal,  the  system rings the bells on both terminals five
   times, then prints the following message on your terminal:

        ?Refused, Send mail to user instead

   Refer to Section 3.7, Controlling Messages  And  Terminal  Links,  for
   information on refusing and receiving links.

   If the user you want to TALK to is not logged in,  the  system  prints
   the following message:

        ?User is not logged in
         Send mail to the user instead



   3.3  READING MAIL

   There are two types of mail that you can  receive  at  your  terminal:
   mail  from  the  system  and  mail  from other users.  You can receive
   system and user mail when you are logged in or logged off the system.





                                    3-4
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   3.3.1  System Mail

   System mail is sent to all users on the system by the  operator  or  a
   privileged  user.   This  type  of  mail  automatically prints on your
   terminal when you log in.

        TOSCA, Computer Engineering, TOPS-20 Monitor 7.0(7)
        @LOGIN (USER) SARTINI (PASSWORD)    (ACCOUNT) 341
         Job 57 on TTY127 16-MAR-88 09:49:24
         Date:  16-MAR-1988 0842-EST
         From:  OPERATOR at TOSCA
         To:  SYSTEM
         Subject:  SYSTEM SHUTDOWN

        The system will not be available tomorrow from noon to 2:00  p.m.
        due to scheduled maintenance.

   When system mail is sent while you are logged  in,  you  are  notified
   with the message:

        [New message-of-the day available]

   To read the new message of the day, use the  INFORMATION  MAIL  SYSTEM
   command:

        @INFORMATION MAIL SYSTEM
        Sender: OPERATOR
        Date: 23 Jul 88, 1033-EST
        From: OPERATOR
        To: SYSTEM at KL2102
        Subject:  Lineprinter paper

        A new shipment of lineprinter paper is now available  for  anyone
        who needs to replenish paper.

           ========



   3.3.2  User Mail

   User mail is mail sent to you by another user  on  your  system  or  a
   system in your network.  When you log in, you are notified of new mail
   with a message similar to:

        You have mail from COMBS at 08:18:13

   When user mail arrives while you are logged in, you are notified  with
   a message similar to:
|  
|       [You have netmail from COMBS@GIDNEY at 14:40:56]



                                    3-5
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


|  The program that you can use to read messages sent to you  by  another
|  user  is  DECmail/MS.   (For  complete  information  on the DECmail/MS
|  program, refer to the TOPS-10/TOPS-20 DECmail/MS Manual).
|  
|  To start the DECmail/MS program, type MS and press RETURN.  The system
|  prints:
|  
|       @MS
|        Last read:23-Apr-88 13:00.  24 messages, 5 pages.
|        Message 19 flagged.
|       MS>
|  
|  The lines that appear between the MS command and the MS>  prompt  give
|  you the status of your mail file.
|  
|  To read any unread messages in the current message file, use the  READ
|  NEW command:
|  
|       MS>READ (MESSAGE SEQUENCE) NEW
|       Message 24 (261 chars), received 23-Apr-88 22:46:35
|       Date: 23 Apr 1988 2248-EDT
|       From: MORRILL at KL2102
|       To: RANDERSON at KL2102
|       Subject: Project Meeting
|       Message-ID: <"MS10(2055)+GLXLIB1(1056)" 11818792562.11.542.18243
|       at KL2102)
|  
|       There will  be  a  project  meeting  today  at  4  p.m.   in  the
|       Engineering Conference Room.
|          ========
|       MS read>>
|  
|  This command displays all messages in the current  message  file  that
|  you  have  not  read.   After  the READ command displays a message, it
|  leaves your terminal at read-command level, as indicated  by  the  "MS
|  read>>" prompt.  Press the RETURN key to read the next new message (or
|  to return to the MS> prompt if there are no other new messages).
|  
|  To read any of the messages again, use the READ  command  at  the  MS>
|  prompt or at read-command level.
|  
|       MS>READ (MESSAGE SEQUENCE) message sequence
|  
|       or
|  
|       MS READ>>READ
|  
|  where:
|  
|  message  sequence  specifies  the  messages  you  want  to  read.   At
|  read-command  level, it is assumed that you want to reread the current
|  message.


                                    3-6
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   Mail you receive from other  users  is  contained  in  a  file  called
   MAIL.TXT.   Although the mail program locates this file automatically,
   you should be aware of its location.  This  is  described  in  Section
   4.6.2, The Device POBOX:.



   3.4  SENDING MAIL

|  Another way to communicate with a  user  is  to  send  mail  with  the
|  DECmail/MS  program.  DECmail/MS handles local and network mail, which
|  goes to  users  of  different  (remote)  computers.   DECmail/MS  also
|  provides  facilities for filing, retrieving, editing and deleting mail
|  messages.
|  
|  You can send mail to a user currently on the system, or to a user  who
|  is  not  logged  in.   The  DECmail/MS program can also send mail to a
|  group of users.  To start the DECmail/MS program, type  MS  and  press
|  RETURN; the system prints MS>.  Type the SEND command.  After you give
|  the SEND command, the DECmail/MS system  prompts  you  for  the  "To".
|  Type  the  user  name  or  names  (if  you type a group of user names,
|  separate them with commas); the system prints cc:.  Type  the  name(s)
|  of  the  user  or  users  you  want to receive a copy of the mail; the
|  system prints Subject:.  Type a one-line heading for the message.
|  
|       MS>SEND
|       To: PORADA, MORRILL, MCELMOYLE
|       cc: BROPHY
|       Subject: SYSTEM CHANGES
|  
|  Now, the DECmail/MS system types the following help  message  on  your
|  terminal:
|  
|      Message (ESC  to  enter  Send  level, ctrl/Z  to  send, ctrl/K to
|              redisplay, ctrl/B to insert file, ctrl/E to enter editor):
|  
|  After the DECmail/MS system types the help message, anything you  type
|  (other  than ESC and the control characters) is assumed to be the text
|  of your message.
|  
|  Type a line of text and issue CTRL/Z to send the message:
|  
|       THERE IS A LIST OF THE NEW SYSTEM
|       CHANGES AVAILABLE IN THE PROJECT
|       ROOM.
|       ^Z
|  
|  The DECmail/MS system types  information  similar  to  the  following,
|  letting you know that the message was successfully sent:
|  
|       Processing mail...
|       Mail queued for delivery by MX
|       MS>

                                    3-7
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


|  If you send mail frequently to a group of users,  store  the  list  of
|  names  in  a file.  Then, when you run the DECmail/MS program, instead
   of typing the entire list of names after the To:,  you  can  type  the
   name  of  the  file,  preceded  by an @ sign.  (Refer to Chapter 4 for
   information on specifying files and to Chapter 5  for  information  on
   creating files.)
|  
|       MS>SEND
        To: @USERS.LST
        CC:
        Subject:

|  For a complete description of the DECmail/MS  program,  refer  to  the
|  TOPS-10/TOPS-20 DECmail/MS Manual.



   3.5  SENDING QUICK MESSAGES

   Another way to communicate with a user who is logged in to the  system
   is  to  send a message with the SEND command.  To send a message, give
   the SEND command followed by the user name and a message  with  up  to
   six  80-character  lines  of  text.  The system prints your user name,
   terminal line number and message on the receiving terminal.

   SEND does not detect the status of the receiving terminal.  So, if the
   receiving  terminal  is  turned  off or the user is not logged in, the
   message cannot be received.  Before you SEND a message, use the SYSTAT
   command to verify that the receiver is logged in to the system.

   The following example illustrates the  SYSTAT  command  and  the  SEND
   command:

        @SYSTAT KISTLER
          10    11  EXEC     KISTLER
        @SEND KISTLER Are you on the North project interest list?

   To type a multiple line message, just keep typing past the end of  the
   line  and  onto the next line without typing RETURN.  SEND reorganizes
   your message so that words split between two  lines  appear  correctly
   formatted on the receiver's terminal.

        @SEND KISTLER The North project team meets every Friday at 9 in 
        the Lunar Conference Room.

   The message appears on the receiver's terminal as:

        From LEOPOLD on line 11:
        [The North project team meets every Friday at 9 in the Lunar
         Conference Room.]




                                    3-8
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


|  To send a message to a user on a remote node in the  TOPS-20  cluster,
|  specify the /NODE:  switch:
|  
|       @SEND /NODE:THUP ANDERSON Don't forget the meeting!



   3.6  COMMUNICATING WITH THE OPERATOR

   To communicate with the  operator  on  your  system,  use  the  PLEASE
   program.   This  program  allows you to conduct a two-way conversation
   with the operator or send the operator a one-way message.

   To use the PLEASE program, type PLEASE and press RETURN.  PLEASE  then
   prints  a message instructing you to type your message and end it with
   CTRL/Z or ESC.  Now, type your message.  If you need a  response  from
   the  operator, end your message by typing CTRL/Z.  If you just want to
   send a one-way message to the operator and do not need a response, end
   your message by pressing ESC.

   In the following example, you need a response from  the  operator,  so
   you  end  your  message  with CTRL/Z.  Then, when your dialog with the
   operator is finished, press ESC.

        @PLEASE
        Enter text, terminate with CTRL/Z to wait for response,
        or ESCape to send message and exit
        What happened to the RP07?<CTRL/Z>
        [PLSOPN Operator at GIDNEY has been notified at 11:18:32]

        11:36:04 From Operator at terminal 2
             => Just aligning the heads - back up in 10 minutes

        Enter new text (Same terminators)

        Thanks<ESC>

   In this example you don't need a response from  the  operator  so  you
   press ESC after your message:

        @PLEASE
        Enter text, terminate with CTRL/Z to wait for response,
        or ESCape to send message and exit
        The laser printer is out of paper<ESC>
        [PLSOPN Operator at GIDNEY has been notified at 11:18:32]
        @

   If your PLEASE message exceeds one line, press RETURN at  the  end  of
   the line and continue typing on the next line.





                                    3-9
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   If no operator is in attendance, PLEASE warns you before you can  type
   your  message.   Your message is still sent and can be answered by the
   operator when he returns.  However you should end  your  message  with
   ESC,  since  it may be a long wait before it is answered.  To find out
   if the operator is in attendance before you use  the  PLEASE  program,
   give the INFORMATION SYSTEM-STATUS command.

   For a complete description of the PLEASE program, refer to the TOPS-20
   User Utilities Guide.



   3.7  CONTROLLING MESSAGES AND TERMINAL LINKS

   Several types of messages can appear on your terminal  while  you  are
   running  a  program  or  executing  a  TOPS-20  command.  In addition,
   another user can link his terminal to yours with  an  ADVISE  or  TALK
   command.   You  can  allow  or suppress types of messages and terminal
   links.  This lets you work without interruption or print a clean  copy
   of a file on a hard copy terminal.



   3.7.1  System Messages

   System messages are messages of general interest to all users.   These
   messages  are  sent by the system, by the operator, or by a privileged
   user.  Some examples of system messages are:

        [Caution -- disk space is low]
        [System going down in 1 minute!]
        [Deleted files will be expunged in 30 seconds]
        [System expunge completed]

   You can specify if you want to receive or refuse  system  messages  on
   your  terminal  with  the  RECEIVE or REFUSE SYSTEM-MESSAGES commands.
   Note that these commands also control the notice of new mail.

   To see if your terminal is set to RECEIVE or  REFUSE  SYSTEM-MESSAGES,
   give   the   INFORMATION  TERMINAL  command.   Then  give  the  REFUSE
   SYSTEM-MESSAGES command to suppress system messages.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE
            .
            .
         REFUSE LINKS
         REFUSE ADVICE
         RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
         RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES
            .
            .
        @REFUSE SYSTEM-MESSAGES


                                    3-10
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


                                  CAUTION

           Since some system messages  report  important  events,
           you should use the REFUSE SYSTEM-MESSAGES command only
           when you need to produce uninterrupted output (such as
           on  a  hard-copy  terminal).   Remember  to  set  your
           terminal back to  RECEIVE  SYSTEM-MESSAGES  after  the
           output is complete.



   3.7.2  User Messages

   User messages occur when another user issues a SEND command to send  a
   message to your terminal:

        From SMITTY on line 24:
        [Going to lunch?]

   You can specify if you want to receive or refuse user messages on your
   terminal  with  the  RECEIVE or REFUSE USER-MESSAGES commands.  In the
   following example, check to see if your terminal is set to RECEIVE  or
   REFUSE USER-MESSAGES with the INFORMATION TERMINAL command.  Then give
   the RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES command to accept user messages.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE
         TERMINAL VT100
            .
            .
            .
         RECEIVE LINKS
         REFUSE ADVICE
         RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
         REFUSE USER-MESSAGES
            .
            .
            .
         TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX
        @RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES



   3.7.3  Terminal Links

   Terminal links occur when another user gives a TALK or ADVISE  command
   to link his terminal to yours:

        LINK FROM PRATT, TTY 123
        !Do you still have my pack?





                                    3-11
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   You can stop another user from linking his terminal to yours with  the
   REFUSE  LINKS command.  In the following example, check to see if your
   terminal is set to  RECEIVE  or  REFUSE  LINKS  with  the  INFORMATION
   TERMINAL command.  Then give the REFUSE LINKS command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE
         TERMINAL VT100
            .
            .
            .
         RECEIVE LINKS
         REFUSE ADVICE
         RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES
         REFUSE USER-MESSAGES
            .
            .
            .
         TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX
        @REFUSE LINKS

   Note that if you set your terminal to REFUSE LINKS  and  another  user
   attempts  to  TALK  to you, the system signals you by ringing bells on
   your terminal five times.



   3.7.4  Inhibiting All Non-Job Output

   The TERMINAL INHIBIT command stops your terminal from accepting links,
   system-messages  and  user-messages;  in  other words, all output that
   does not originate from your own job.  Use this command when you  need
   to  protect  your  terminal  from  unwanted  output, for example, when
   printing a file on a hard copy terminal.

   TERMINAL INHIBIT essentially has the same function  as  REFUSE  LINKS,
   SYSTEM-MESSAGES  and  USER-MESSAGES.  However, TERMINAL INHIBIT blocks
   all links and messages before they can be rejected or accepted by your
   REFUSE  and  RECEIVE settings.  Therefore, when TERMINAL INHIBIT is in
   effect, your REFUSE and RECEIVE settings are disabled.  Note  that  in
   the  INFORMATION  TERMINAL-MODE display below, a "IS DISABLED" comment
   follows each REFUSE and RECEIVE setting.

   To block all terminal output that does not originate  with  your  job,
   give  the  TERMINAL  INHIBIT command.  Then, check the result with the
   INFORMATION TERMINAL command.

        @TERMINAL INHIBIT 
        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TERMINAL-MODE
         TERMINAL VT100
            .
            .
            .


                                    3-12
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


         TERMINAL INHIBIT (NON-JOB OUTPUT)
         REFUSE LINKS IS DISABLED
         REFUSE ADVICE IS DISABLED
         RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES IS DISABLED
         RECEIVE USER-MESSAGES IS DISABLED
            .
            .
            .
         TERMINAL FULLDUPLEX

   Use the TERMINAL NO INHIBIT command to restore your REFUSE and RECEIVE
   settings.



   3.7.5  Mail Messages

   Mail messages appear on your terminal when another user sends you mail
   or  when you have unread mail.  These messages come from two different
   sources.  The first type of mail message is  a  notice  of  new  mail.
   This  message  comes from the mail program and is printed whenever new
   mail arrives:

        [You have a message from PRATT]

   You can specify if you want to receive notice  of  new  mail  on  your
   terminal with the RECEIVE or REFUSE SYSTEM-MESSAGES commands.

   The second type of mail message  results  from  your  giving  the  SET
   MAIL-WATCH command.

        [You have mail from PRATT at 16:07:05]

   SET MAIL-WATCH causes the system to check your MAIL  file  for  unread
   mail  every five minutes.  If the system finds unread mail it prints a
   message when your terminal is at TOPS-20 command  level.   This  means
   that  if,  for  example, you are using an editor, the notice of unread
   mail is not printed until you exit the editor and  return  to  TOPS-20
   command level.

   You can control the notice of unread mail with the SET MAIL-WATCH  and
   SET NO MAIL-WATCH commands.  SET NO MAIL-WATCH is the default.

   The SET AUTOMATIC command allows the SET MAIL-WATCH  command  to  send
   you a message any time, no matter what you are doing at your terminal.
   The SET NO AUTOMATIC command is the default.

   If you want to be reminded of unread mail no matter what you are doing
   at your terminal, give the SET MAIL-WATCH and SET AUTOMATIC commands.

        @SET MAIL-WATCH
        @SET AUTOMATIC


                                    3-13
                       COMMUNICATING WITH OTHER USERS


   To see if you have any new mail, give the  INFORMATION  MAIL  command.
   The  system lists the name of the sender and the time received for the
   last unread message in your MAIL file.

        @INFORMATION MAIL
         Mail from PRATT at 16:07:05



   3.7.6  Alerts

   An alert results from your giving a SET ALERT command:

        [08:55:00 alert - Group meeting in 5 minutes]

   Unless you have given the SET AUTOMATIC  command,  alerts  are  issued
   only when your terminal is at TOPS-20 command level.  If you do give a
   SET AUTOMATIC command, alerts will interrupt you no  matter  what  you
   are doing at your terminal.

   You can cancel alerts with the SET NO ALERTS command or you  can  stop
   alerts  from  appearing  when  you  are  running a program with SET NO
   AUTOMATIC.

   This command cancels alerts for the next hour:

        @SET NO ALERT +01:00

   Check pending alerts with the INFORMATION ALERTS command.

























                                    3-14











                                 CHAPTER 4

                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS



   This chapter describes:

         o  TOPS-20 File System Organization (Section 4.1)

         o  Complete form of a file specification (Section 4.2)

         o  Using wildcards to specify files (Section 4.3)

         o  Specifying special characters - CTRL/V (Section 4.4)

         o  Typing file specifications (Section 4.5)

         o  Using logical names (Section 4.6)



   4.1  TOPS-20 FILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

   When you enter a program, data or text into the computer, it is stored
   in a file.  A computer file system has an organization similar to that
   of an office file cabinet system.  You create and label  a  file  then
   store the file in your drawer of the file cabinet.  Your drawer of the
   file cabinet is called your directory on TOPS-20.



   4.2  COMPLETE FORM OF A FILE SPECIFICATION

   The "label" on a file  is  called  a  file  specification.   A  file's
   specification  tells the system where to locate and identify the file.
   The complete form of a file specification is:

        dev:<dir>name.typ.gen;attribute






                                    4-1
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   where:

        dev:           is a device name, a  file  structure  name,  or  a
                       defined logical name.  (A file structure is a name
                       used to reference specific disk devices.   Logical
                       names are described in Section 4.6.)

        <dir>          is a  directory  name,  or  in  special  cases,  a
                       project-programmer  number  that specifies an area
                       on the disk.  You must enclose the directory  name
                       in angle brackets <> or square brackets [].

        name           is a filename that specifies a particular file  in
                       the directory.

        .typ           is a file type that helps identify the contents of
                       a file.

        .gen           is a generation number that specifies  the  number
                       of times the file has been changed.

        ;attribute     is  a  modifier  for  the  file  and  specifies  a
                       distinctive characteristic for the file.



   4.2.1  Device Names - dev:

   A device name designates the location of  the  file  on  a  particular
   device  or file structure.  (Refer to Section 6.1 for a description of
   file structures.)

   A device name consists of alphabetic characters that indicate the type
   of device, a number specifying a particular device (when more than one
   of a particular device is available), and a colon terminating the name
   of  the  device.  Table 4-1 lists some common DECSYSTEM-20 devices and
   their device names.

















                                    4-2
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   Table 4-1:  System Device Names

   ____________________________________________________________________

                   Device                            Device Name        
   ____________________________________________________________________

       Your Connected Structure and Directory       DSK:                
       Your Terminal                                TTY:               
       The structure that receives                  POBOX:             
         your mail messages                                            
       A Particular Terminal                        TTYn:              
       A Particular Magnetic Tape                   MTAn:              
       Any Line Printer                             LPT:               
       A Particular Line Printer                    LPTn:              
       Any Card Reader                              CDR:               
       A Particular Card Reader                     CDRn:              
       Receptacle for unwanted program output       NUL:               
         or supplier* of null input                                   
                                                                       
       The number n indicates a particular unit when the device has    
       multiple units.                                          

   *  For example, COPY (FROM) NUL: (TO) TEST.FIL erases the contents 
      of the file TEST.FIL.                                           
   ____________________________________________________________________


   A colon terminates the device name.  With some TOPS-20  commands,  the
   colon  following  the  device  name is optional.  Refer to the TOPS-20
   Command Reference Manual.

   Examples of device names are:

        TTY20:                   the terminal connected to line 20
        MTA0:                    the magnetic tape unit numbered 0
        LPT:                     a line printer
        ADMIN:                   a file structure

   If you omit a device name from a file specification, the system  uses,
   as a default, the device or file structure you are presently using.



   4.2.2  Directory Names - <DIR>

   One area of disk  storage  allocated  for  your  use  is  your  log-in
   directory.   You  reference your log-in directory by using a directory
   name, which is your user name, enclosed in angle brackets <> or square
   brackets  [].   Therefore,  if  your user name is KIRSCHEN, you have a
   directory named <KIRSCHEN>.  You can use other directories in addition
   to your log-in directory.


                                    4-3
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   If you have access to the directory of another user and  you  want  to
   use  a file from that directory, insert the directory name enclosed by
   angle brackets, immediately before  the  filename.   The  illustration
   below  shows  how  to access the file LIZARD.DAT from the directory of
   user HODGES.

        <HODGES>LIZARD.DAT.3

   A directory  name  consists  of  up  to  39  alphanumeric  characters,
   including  the  special  characters  dollar  sign, period, hyphen, and
   underline.  You can use the * and % wildcard characters to  specify  a
   group  of  directories,  though it is not actually part of a directory
   name.  (Refer to Section 4.3 for more information  on  using  wildcard
   characters.)  Directory  names are always enclosed in brackets and are
   used only when the device is a disk.  Examples of directory names are:

        <PORADA>
        <MCELMOYLE>
        <MORRILL>
        <NEXT-RELEASE>



   4.2.3  Project-Programmer Numbers - [PPN]

   Most programs and commands allow you to type a directory name,  but  a
   few  require  a similar designator called a project-programmer number.
   Table 4-2 lists the TOPS-20 system programs that require you to type a
   project-programmer  number  instead  of  a  directory  name  when  you
   reference files in directories.  Your installation may also have other
   system programs with this requirement.


   Table 4-2:  Special System Programs

   ___________________________________

     ALGOL              LIBARY  
     CREF               LINK
     FILCOM             MAKLIB
     ISAM
   ___________________________________












                                    4-4
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   A project-programmer number consists of two  numbers  separated  by  a
   comma and enclosed in square brackets.  To find the project-programmer
   number  corresponding  to  a  particular  directory  name,  give   the
   TRANSLATE  command.   The  following  example  shows  how  to find the
   project-programmer number associated with the directory <KIRSCHEN>:

        @TRANSLATE (DIRECTORY) <KIRSCHEN>
        PS:<KIRSCHEN> (IS) PS:[4,516]

   The FILCOM program, for example, requires a project-programmer number.
   If  you  want  to compare your version of the file PLEASE.MAC with the
   version of the same  file  in  user  KIRSCHEN's  directory,  give  the
   following commands:

        @FILCOM

        *TTY:=PLEASE.MAC[4,516],PLEASE.MAC/A

   Refer to the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for a  complete  description
   of the FILCOM program.



   4.2.4  Filenames - name

   Each file in your directory is identified by a filename consisting  of
   up  to  39 alphanumeric characters, including hyphen, dollar sign, and
   underline.  You choose the filename.  A  filename  that  reflects  the
   contents  of  the  file  will  help  you remember what is in the file.
   Examples of filenames are:

        TEST
        COMPUT
        ACCTS
        DATA-ITEM
        10-MEM

   Although  most  programs  and  commands  allow  filenames  up  to   39
   characters  long,  some  programs do not support this extended length.
   If you are using any of the programs listed in Table 4-2, the  maximum
   length  of  a  filename  is six characters; $, -, and _ characters are
   invalid in a filename; and the wildcard characters * and  %  are  used
   for specifying a group of filenames where permitted by the program.











                                    4-5
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   4.2.5  File Types - .typ

   To help identify the contents of a file or give the same  filename  to
   more  than  one  file,  specify  a  file  type  consisting of a period
   followed by up to 39 alphanumeric characters, including $,  -  and  _.
   The  wildcard  characters can be used to specify a group of files with
   the same file type, but  is  not  actually  part  of  the  file  type.
   Examples of some standard file types that contain programs are:

        ________________________________

        File Type    Program Language
        ________________________________

        .ALG           ALGOL       
        .BAS           BASIC
        .CBL           COBOL
        .FOR           FORTRAN
        .MAC           MACRO
        ________________________________


   Other file types include:

         o  DAT - a data file

         o  RNO - the input file to the system program RUNOFF

         o  MEM - the output file for the system program RUNOFF

   Refer to Appendix B for a list of standard file types.

   In addition to the standard file types, you  may  use  your  own  file
   types.

   Although most  programs  and  commands  allow  file  types  up  to  39
   characters  in  length,  some  software programs do not recognize this
   extended length.  If you are using any of the programs listed in Table
   4-2,  the maximum length of a file type is three characters; the $, -,
   and _ characters  are  invalid  in  a  file  type;  and  the  wildcard
   characters  are  used  for  specifying  a  group  of  file types where
   permitted by the program.



   4.2.6  Generation Numbers - .gen

   The generation number identifies modified or  additional  versions  of
   the  same  file.  The operating system increases the generation number
   by one when you change the file.  You can create a new file and assign
   a generation number to it.



                                    4-6
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   When you type a file  specification,  you  can  include  a  generation
   number.   At  times  you  may have more than one generation of a file,
   especially if you previously gave the  SET  FILE  GENERATION-RETENTION
   COUNT command.  The system always assumes that the most recent file is
   the one with the highest generation number.  If you create a new  file
   with  a  generation  number  lower than an existing file with the same
   filename and type, you may have trouble saving  and  restoring  it  on
   tape using DUMPER or using it with the LOAD-class commands (unless you
   delete the version with the higher generation number).  Refer  to  the
   TOPS-20  User Utilities Guide for a description of the DUMPER program,
   and to Section 9.3 of this manual for information  on  the  LOAD-class
   commands.

   When you do not specify a generation number, the  system  selects  one
   according to the way you use the file:

        1.  If you create a new file, the system gives  the  new  file  a
            generation number of 1.

        2.  If you use an existing file, the system selects the one  with
            the highest generation number.

        3.  If you create a new version of an existing file,  the  system
            adds one to the highest generation number for that file.

        4.  If you delete or  restore  a  file,  the  system  deletes  or
            restores all versions of the file.

   When you do specify a particular generation number,  the  system  uses
   the  file  with  that  generation  number.   You can give a generation
   number as a positive number or as a symbol.  There are  four  symbolic
   generation  numbers.  Refer to Table 4-3 for a list and description of
   the four symbolic generation numbers.


   Table 4-3:  Symbolic Generation Numbers

   ____________________________________________________________________

     Generation Number           Represents
   ____________________________________________________________________

     .0                    the highest existing generation number.

     .-1                   one  greater  than  the   highest   existing
                           generation number.

     .-2                   the lowest existing generation number.

     .-3 or *              all existing generations.
   ____________________________________________________________________



                                    4-7
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   For example, if you have three  generations  (.1,.2,.3)  of  the  file
   BACKUP.DAT, .0 is the symbolic generation number for BACKUP.DAT.3, .-2
   is the symbolic generation number for BACKUP.DAT.1,  and  .-1  is  the
   symbolic  generation  for  BACKUP.DAT.4.   Refer to Section 6.5 for an
   example of how the system uses symbolic generation numbers.

   Some installations limit the number of generations of any one file you
   can  keep.   Therefore,  if  the  limit  is  3 and you create a fourth
   generation of the file, the system deletes the file  with  the  lowest
   generation  number.   If  you have the files BRKING.CBL.3,4,5, and you
   create   BRKING.CBL.6,   the   system   deletes   the   oldest    file
   (BRKING.CBL.3).  The system always assumes that the oldest file is the
   one with the lowest generation number, and the most recent file is the
   one with the highest generation number.

   If you are using a file with any of the programs listed in Table  4-2,
   you  cannot  include  a  generation  number in the file specification.
   These programs always use the highest existing generation  number  for
   files  if  you  are  reading  or  the  generation  number 1 if you are
   creating a file.



   4.2.7  File Attributes - ;A, ;P, ;T

   File  attributes  specify  distinctive  characteristics  for  a   file
   specification.    More  than  one  attribute  may  appear  in  a  file
   specification.  The three most common attributes are:  ;A for account,
   ;P for protection, and ;T for temporary.

   The account descriptor takes the form:

        ;Adescriptor

   The descriptor is an account  consisting  of  up  to  39  alphanumeric
   characters.   All charges for file storage are billed to this account.
   If you do not specify an account  for  your  file  specification,  the
   system  uses  the  account you specified in your LOGIN command or your
   last SET ACCOUNT command.

   The file protection code takes the form:

        ;Pprotection

   Protection is a TOPS-20  protection  code.   (Refer  to  Section  6.2,
   Protecting Directories and Files.)

   A temporary file specification contains the file descriptor ;T  and  a
   generation  number  of  100000 plus the number of the job that created
   the file.  (Refer to Section 6.11 for more  information  on  temporary
   files.) Temporary  files  are  deleted  from  your login and connected
   directories when you log off the system.


                                    4-8
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   You can display a list of files with the same attribute by  using  the
   DIRECTORY  command.   This  command prints a list of all files with an
   account of 17:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.*;A17

                                    NOTE

           You can specify other file attributes when working  in
           a  DECnet  or  magnetic  tape  environment.   Refer to
           Appendix C of the TOPS-20  Commands  Reference  Manual
           for  the  complete  list of attributes.  The DECnet-20
           User's Guide further describes the DECnet-related file
           attributes.



   4.3  USING WILDCARDS TO SPECIFY FILES

   You can use a wildcard character in a file  specification  to  specify
   files  that  have part or all of a directory name, filename, file type
   or generation number that is the same in each file specification.  The
   characters are valid wildcard characters.

   The * wildcard matches any number of characters in a field of  a  file
   specification  that  uniquely  identifies  the  file.   The  following
   example illustrates using the wildcard character * to list  all  files
   in the directory <SMITH> with the file type .TXT:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.TXT

           PS:<SMITH>
         DATA.TXT.7
         MAIL.TXT.5
         TEST.TXT.1

         Total of 3 files

   If you give the  command  DIRECTORY  L*,  the  system  lists  all  the
   filenames beginning with the letter L.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) L*

           PS:<SMITH>
         LAST.TXT.10
         LEVEL.DAT.1
         LOOP.TXT.6
         LOST.DAT.4

         Total of 4 files




                                    4-9
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   If you give the  command  DIRECTORY  *T,  the  system  lists  all  the
   filenames ending with the letter T.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *T

           PS:<SMITH>
         ACCTST.FOR.1
         CKACCT.FOR.1
         NEWACT.FOR.1
         TEST.FIL.1

         Total of 4 files

   The % wildcard matches a  single  character  in  a  field  of  a  file
   specification  that uniquely identifies the file.  You cannot use % in
   a generation number.  The following example  illustrates  using  %  to
   list  all  files in the directory <SMITH> containing four letters, and
   beginning with the letter L and ending with the letters ST:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) L%ST

           PS:<SMITH>
         LAST.TXT.10
         LIST.FOR.3
         LOST.DAT.4

         Total of 3 files

   If you are using a file with any of the programs listed in Table  4-2,
   you  must  use  a different convention for specifying groups of files.
   The * wildcard designates a group of filenames or file types, but must
   either entirely replace the filename or file type, or occur at the end
   of the filename or file type.  Therefore, the  construction  TEST*  is
   valid but the construction *TEST is not.

                                    NOTE

           Not  all  programs  in  Table  4-2   accept   wildcard
           characters   in   a  file  specification.   Also,  the
           commands, COMPILE, DEBUG, EXECUTE,  and  LOAD  do  not
           accept wildcard characters in file specifications.



   4.4  SPECIFYING SPECIAL CHARACTERS - CTRL/V

   If you need to include a special character,  that  is,  any  character
   other  than  an  alphanumeric, $, - or _ in a file specification, type
   CTRL/V directly before the special character.

   If you are using a file with any one of the programs listed  in  Table
   4-2, do not use the CTRL/V feature.


                                    4-10
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   4.5  TYPING FILE SPECIFICATIONS

   There are two methods of typing a file  specification  in  a  command:
   full  input  and  recognition  input.   For  full  input, you type the
   complete file specification.  If you are using  any  of  the  programs
   listed  in  Table  4-2, you must always use full input; recognition is
   not available.

|  When you are unsure of a file specification, type a question  mark  to
|  obtain  a  list  of possible file names, extensions (including nulls),
|  and file versions.  For example:
|  
|       @DIRECTORY E? FILE NAME
|            EXTRA
|            EXTUSR
|            EMACS
|       @DIRECTORY EMACS.? FILE NAME
|            INIT
|            VARS
|       @DIRECTORY EMACS.INIT.? FILE NAME
|            1
|            2

   Recognition input makes it easier for you to type file specifications.
   You  can make the system recognize file specifications by using either
   CTRL/F or ESC.  For file specifications, CTRL/F  recognizes  only  the
   current  field  of  the  specification,  for  example  it  completes a
   directory name, filename, file type, generation number.  The  ESC  key
   recognizes  as  many  subsequent  fields  as  possible,  including any
   defaults.  Many commands set up defaults so that you can press the ESC
   key  at  the  beginning of a file specification, causing the system to
   print the full default file specification on your terminal.

   The following example illustrates a way to use CTRL/F to  recognize  a
   portion  of  a  default file specification.  If you want to change the
   file type of the file PROG1.OAS, give the RENAME command  followed  by
   the  file  name  PROG1 and press the ESC key; the system prints .OAS.*
   (TO BE).  Now type CTRL/F; the system prints PROG1.  Type the new file
   type, .PAS.

                          <ESC>         <CTRL/F>
                            |             |    
        @RENAME (FILE) PROG1.OAS.* (TO BE) PROG1.PAS

   The system considers generation numbers in specific  ways.   When  you
   are  using an existing file, the system selects the highest generation
   number; when you are creating a file and a file with  that  same  name
   and  type  already  exists, the system assigns a generation number one
   higher than the highest existing generation number.





                                    4-11
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   The  following  examples  illustrate  the  way  the  system  considers
   generation  numbers.   If  you  have  two  files  in  your  directory,
   TEST.TXT.2 and TEST.TXT.3, and you give the TYPE command to print  the
   TEST.TXT file, the system selects the file with the highest generation
   number.  Give the TYPE command, followed by the filename TEST.TXT  and
   press ESC.  The system prints .3 (the highest generation number).

                           <ESC>
                             |
        @TYPE (FILE) TEST.TXT.3

   If you want to  copy  the  file  NEW.FIL.1  to  the  destination  file
   TEST.TXT.3,  give  the  COPY command, followed by the filename NEW.FIL
   and press ESC; the system prints  .1  and  (TO).   Type  the  filename
   TEST.TXT  and  press  ESC;  the system assigns a generation number one
   higher than  the  existing  generation  number.   In  this  case,  the
   destination file becomes TEST.TXT.4.

                          <ESC>           <ESC>
                            |               |            
        @COPY (FROM) NEW.FIL.1 (TO) TEST.TXT.4 !New generation!

                                    NOTE

           You can use  recognition  on  any  part  of  the  file
           specification  except the device name field.  When you
           use a device name, you must always type this  name  in
           full.   If  you  do not type a device name, the system
           uses DSK:  (your connected file structure),  but  does
           not print it on your terminal.

   When you type more than one file specification,  you  can  incorporate
   recognition  input  when typing each file specification.  You can also
   incorporate wildcards with recognition input when you type a group  of
   files.

   When you type more than one file specification  on  a  line,  separate
   each   file   specification  with  a  comma.   The  following  example
   illustrates using commas to separate file specifications  in  a  PRINT
   command.

        @PRINT (FILES) ATEST.LOG, BTEST.LOG, CTEST.LOG
        [Printer job ATEST queued, request #18, limit 9, 3 files]











                                    4-12
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   4.6  USING LOGICAL NAMES

   A logical name is a descriptive word used to establish a search  route
   for  locating files in other directories or on other structures.  When
   you define a logical name, you tell the system  where,  and  in  which
   order, to search for a file.

   A logical name comprises up to 39 alphanumeric  characters,  including
   -, $, and _. followed by a colon.  However, you can use an abbreviated
   word for the logical name when you define the search list.

   For example, you are a member of a team working on  a  project.   Your
   team  has  a  directory  called <TEAM> on the structure PS:  where the
   members store all the completed programs for the  project.   When  you
   are  looking  for a project file and you are not sure where it is, you
   must look through your own directory,  and  then  through  the  team's
   directory  to  find  it.   Instead  of  giving  two separate DIRECTORY
   commands for each directory, you can give one DIRECTORY command  using
   a logical name that will automatically search through both directories
   until it finds the file.  The example  below  illustrates  defining  a
   logical name to search your directory, (here your user name is KONEN),
   and then the team's directory.  Include the structure  name  with  the
   directory names.

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) ALL: (AS) PS:<KONEN>,PS:<TEAM>

   You now  have  the  logical  name  ALL:   defined  as  PS:<KONEN>  and
   PS:<TEAM>.   If  you  want  to  search for the file TEST.FOR in either
   directory, give the following command:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) ALL:TEST.FOR

           PS:<TEAM>
         TEST.FOR.5

   The system searches first in the directory <KONEN> where it  does  not
   find the file, and then in the directory <TEAM> where it does find the
   file.  If the file TEST.FOR exists  in  <KONEN>  and  in  <TEAM>,  the
   system  searches  only  until  it finds the first file.  In this case,
   finding the file in <KONEN>, it does not continue the  search  in  the
   directory  <TEAM>.   When  you  give the DIRECTORY command, the system
   always prints the name of the directory and the structure in which  it
   finds the file.

   The logical name you define applies only  to  your  current  job.   It
   remains  in  effect  until  you  either  remove it, or end your job by
   logging out.  If you want the same defined logical name every time you
   log  in, you can put the definition in your LOGIN.CMD file.  (Refer to
   Section 1.7 for information on LOGIN.CMD files.)





                                    4-13
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   To find out what  logical  name  you  are  using,  you  can  give  the
   INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES JOB command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES (OF) JOB
        ALL: => PS:<KONEN>,PS:<TEAM>

   There are also systemwide  logical  names  that  all  users  can  give
   without  having  to  define  them  for each job.  A systemwide logical
   name, like SYS:, is usually defined by each installation and  includes
   the  directories  that  contain  standard system software.  To print a
   list of systemwide logical names, give the  INFORMATION  LOGICAL-NAMES
   SYSTEM command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES (OF) SYSTEM
        ACCOUNT: => GIDNEY:<ACCOUNTS>
        DEFAULT-EXEC: => SYSTEM:EXEC.EXE
            .
            .
            .
        SYS: => PS:<SUBSYS>,PS:<NEW>
        TOOLS: => SNARK:<TOOLS>

   When you define a logical name, you can include an existing systemwide
   logical name in your definition.  Each directory name, device name, or
   other logical name you use  in  defining  the  logical  name  must  be
   separated  by  a comma.  For example, you can set up a search route to
   look for a file in the system directories, SYS:, then  in  <TEAM>  and
   <KONEN>.

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL-NAME) TEST: SYS:,PS:<TEAM>,PS:<KONEN>

   By defining the logical name TEST:, the system searches  SYS:   first,
   because that was the first area you specified, and if it does not find
   the file there, continues its search through <TEAM> next, and  finally
   through <KONEN>.

   If you copy a file to a logical name, the system places  the  file  in
   the  first area defined in the logical name.  For example, if you copy
   the file CHECK.TST to the logical name ALL:,  the  system  places  the
   file  in  the  directory <KONEN>, because that directory was the first
   area defined in ALL:.

        @COPY (FILE) CHECK.TST.1 (TO) ALL:CHECK.TST.1 !New file!
         CHECK.TST.1 => <KONEN>CHECK.TST.1 [OK]

   If you are defining a logical name for a program listed in Table  4-2,
   you  cannot include the characters - $ or _ in the logical name.  Also
   the logical name cannot exceed six characters, excluding the colon.






                                    4-14
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


   To remove a logical name you have defined, give  the  DEFINE  command,
   but  do  not type any definition.  After the DEFINE command, type only
   the logical name.  The following  example  shows  how  to  remove  the
   logical name TEST::

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL-NAME) TEST:

   You can also use the logical name as an abbreviation for all  or  part
   of  a  file  specification.   Using a logical name saves you typing if
   your file specification is lengthy.

   The following example shows defining a logical name  for  a  directory
   name, and then giving the DIRECTORY command using the logical name:

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) TS: (AS) PS:<TEST-SPECS>
        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) TS:

   The following example shows defining a logical name  for  a  filename,
   and  then  giving the EDIT command followed by the logical name to get
   the file.

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) PP:(AS) R4-PROJECT-PLAN.RNO
        @EDIT PP:

   Logical names can be  used  to  define  physical  device  names.   For
   example,  suppose you have a program that uses one tape drive to input
   data and another to receive output.   These  tape  drives,  physically
   named  MTA0:  and MTA1:, can be given the logical names IN:  and OUT:.
   By placing logical names for devices in  your  programs  and  defining
   them  at  runtime, you can eliminate the need to modify the program to
   refer to the devices that are currently available.



   4.6.1  The Device DSK:

   The system defines DSK:  to be your connected structure and  connected
   directory.   Any time a command or program wants to use a file in your
   connected directory, it follows the definition  of  the  logical  name
   DSK:   to  locate  the  file.  Thus, if you want to alter the way each
   system command and program searches for files, change  the  definition
   of the logical name DSK:.  The following type of definition:

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) DSK: (AS) DSK:,ADMIN:<TESTER>

   is most common and tells  the  system  to  search  in  your  connected
   directory first; then, if the file is not found, look in the alternate
   directory <TESTER> on your connected structure.






                                    4-15
                            FILE SPECIFICATIONS


                                    NOTE

           Make sure you  do  not  inadvertently  leave  out  the
           comma.   If  you do, DSK:  is defined as DSK:<TESTER>,
           and programs and  commands  will  look  only  in  this
           directory on the connected structure.

   Another example is:

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) DSK: (AS) DSK:,ADMIN:<RECORD>, -
        ADMIN:<GENLED>

   The system searches your  connected  structure  and  directory  first.
   Then,  if  the  file  is  not  found, it looks on structure ADMIN:  in
   directories <RECORD> and <GENLED>.

   When you create files, they are stored in your connected directory  or
   in the first item in your definition of the logical name DSK:.



   4.6.2  The Device POBOX:

   Every user has his own personal message file, called a mail file.  All
   your  incoming  messages  go  into your mail file.  This file is named
|  MAIL.TXT.  The system defines the logical name POBOX:  which defines a
|  search  list  that  points to structures where your mail files reside.
   When another user sends you mail or when you use  a  mail  program  to
   read  your mail, the mail program follows the definition of POBOX:  to
   locate MAIL.TXT.  To learn the name of  the  structure  that  contains
   your  directory  with your MAIL.TXT file, give the command INFORMATION
   LOGICAL-NAMES POBOX:.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES (OF) POBOX:
        System-wide:

        POBOX: => RANDOM:

   The directory name of your directory on the POBOX: structure  is  your
   user name, for example RANDOM:<DOE>.














                                    4-16











                                 CHAPTER 5

                         CREATING AND EDITING FILES



   This chapter describes:

         o  Selecting an editor (Section 5.1)

         o  Defining the logical name EDITOR:  (Section 5.2)

         o  Correcting Typing Errors (Section 5.3)



   5.1  SELECTING AN EDITOR

   The TOPS-20 Operating System allows you to create or change  files  by
   using  a  system  editor  program.  DIGITAL supports three editors for
   TOPS-20:  EDIT, TV, and EDT-20.  Other editors which are not supported
   by DIGITAL, such as EMACS and SED, may be installed on your system.



   5.1.1  EDIT

   EDIT is a line-oriented editor.  With a line-oriented editor, you  can
   change  a  line  by  referencing  the  line  number, then substituting
   characters, or  by  retyping  the  line.   Some  computer  programming
   languages  use  line numbers when giving error messages.  Line numbers
   are also used with some debuggers.

   EDIT has an easy-to-learn and simple-to-use command language.  You can
   use EDIT effectively on either a hard-copy or video terminal.

   You can use EDIT to create a program and enter it into a file.   There
   are two commands that call the EDIT program:

         o  The CREATE command - to create a file.

         o  The EDIT command - to change a file.



                                    5-1
                         CREATING AND EDITING FILES


   The following sequence shows how  to  use  EDIT  to  create  an  ALGOL
   program that calculates the square root of a number.  (If ALGOL is not
   available on your system, refer to Chapter 9,  Producing  And  Running
   Your Own Programs, and use the FORTRAN program for the examples).

        1.  Type CREATE and press the ESC key.  The system prints (FILE).

                      <ESC>
                        |
                 @CREATE (FILE)

        2.  Type the filename and file type that you have chosen for your
            file.  For this example, use SQRT.ALG.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.  EDIT prints the name of the input file
            and the first line number.

                      <ESC>
                        |
                 @CREATE (FILE) SQRT.ALG<RET>
                 Input:  SQRT.ALG.1
                 00100

                                        NOTE

                    If you already have a file with this name and
                    type,  the  generation  number will not be 1.
                    To change the filename, press  the  ESC  key;
                    the  editor  (EDIT) prints an asterisk.  Type
                    EQ (End and Quit), and press the RETURN  key.
                    The system prints the @.  You can then CREATE
                    a new file with a different filename and file
                    type.

        4.  Begin typing your program.  (If you make a mistake, refer  to
            Section 5.3, Correcting Typing Errors, for assistance.) Press
            the  return  key  after  each  line  of  the  program.   EDIT
            automatically  types  the next line number.  The line numbers
            that EDIT supplies give you reference points to use when  you
            want to edit your file.  (See Section C.2.1 in Appendix C).

                      <ESC>
                        |
                 @CREATE (FILE) SQRT.ALG<RET>
                 Input: SQRT.ALG.1
                 00100   BEGIN<RET>
                 00200   REAL X,Y;<RET>
                 00300   WRITE ("[2C] TYPE THE VALUE OF X: [B]");<RET>
                 00400   <TAB>  READ (X);<RET>
                 00500   <TAB>  Y :=SQRT(X);<RET>
                 00600   WRITE ("[C] THE SQUAREROOT OF ");<RET>
                 00700   <TAB>  PRINT (X,3,3);<RET>
                 00800   <TAB>  WRITE (" IS ");<RET>
                 00900   <TAB>  PRINT (Y,3,3);<RET>
                                    5-2
                         CREATING AND EDITING FILES


        5.  Press the ESC key after you type the last  character  in  the
            last  line of your program.  This indicates that your file is
            complete.  TOPS-20 returns the dollar sign then an asterisk.

                 01000   END<ESC>$

        6.  Type E (for End) and press the RETURN key.  EDIT  prints  the
            name  of  your  file,  saves  the file and returns you to the
            TOPS-20 operating system.

                 *E<RET>

                 [SQRT.ALG.1]
                 @

   EDIT is fully  described  in  the  EDIT  User's  Guide  and  the  EDIT
   Reference Manual.



   5.1.2  TV

   TV is a character-oriented editor.  With a character-oriented  editor,
   you  can  change one or more characters in a line without retyping the
   line.

   TV has a more powerful command language than EDIT.  With this  command
   language,  you  can  accomplish  complex  editing functions with fewer
   commands.

   For the most effective use of TV, you should use a video terminal.  TV
   is  described  in  the TV Editor Manual.  .hl2 EDT-20 EDT is DIGITAL's
   standard text editor.  It  is  available  on  many  DIGITAL  operating
   systems,   for   example,   TOPS-20,  VAX/VMS,  RSTS/E,  RSX-11M,  and
   RSX-11M-PLUS.  There are only minor differences in the features of EDT
   found on each of these operating systems.

   EDT-20 has three editing modes:  keypad, nokeypad, and  line.   Keypad
   and  nokeypad  modes  are  character-oriented editors for use on video
   terminals.  Line  mode  can  be  used  on  either  video  or  hardcopy
   terminals but is best used with hardcopy terminals.













                                    5-3
                         CREATING AND EDITING FILES


   EDT provides many features that are not available in EDIT or  TV.   To
   name  a few, EDT has an on-line help facility, it is customizable, and
   it allows you to work with  several  files  during  a  single  editing
   session.

   To learn how to use EDT on TOPS-20, refer to the EDT-20 Primer.  For a
   complete  description  of  EDT-20 commands and functions, refer to the
   EDT-20 Reference Manual.  Once you have begun using EDT, the EDT Quick
   Reference Guide is a summary of EDT commands and functions.



   5.2  DEFINING THE LOGICAL NAME EDITOR

   To run an editor, type the name of the editor (EDIT, TV  or  EDT)  and
   press  RETURN.   TOPS-20  also has three commands for running editors:
   EDIT, CREATE and PERUSE.   These  commands  run  the  editor  that  is
   defined  by  the  logical  name  EDITOR:.   To determine your system's
   definition of EDITOR:  give the INFORMATION LOGICAL-NAMES command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) LOGICAL-NAMES (OF) EDITOR:
        System-wide:

        EDITOR: => SYS:EDIT.EXE

   If the system definition of EDITOR:  is not the editor you have chosen
   to use, make your own definition of EDITOR:  with the DEFINE command:

        @DEFINE (LOGICAL NAME) EDITOR:  (AS) SYS:EDT.EXE

   Because this command is only in effect until you  LOGOUT,  you  should
   place it in your LOGIN.CMD file so that it will take effect every time
   you log in.



   5.3  CORRECTING TYPING ERRORS

   As you type your program, you may need to correct typing errors.   You
   can  correct  your  program  lines by typing CTRL/U or by pressing the
   DELETE key.

         o  CTRL/U - Use CTRL/U when you want to delete the line that you
            are currently typing.  CTRL/U deletes the line and allows you
            to start over again.

            When you type CTRL/U, EDIT responds with the  number  of  the
            line you just deleted.  Retype the line, and press the return
            key.





                                    5-4
                         CREATING AND EDITING FILES


         o  The DELETE Key -  Use  the  DELETE  key  to  erase  incorrect
            characters in the current line.

                                        NOTE

                    On some terminals, the DELETE key is  labeled
                    RUBOUT or DEL.

            Each time you press this key, you erase  the  last  character
            that  you  typed.   When  the  system deletes a character, it
            responds with the deleted character, followed by a  backslash
            for each deleted character.

                  Correcting a Mistake When You Make It -
                  Suppose that while typing the word READ, you press  the
                  E  key  twice.   If you notice your mistake right away,
                  you can erase the second E by pressing the  DELETE  key
                  once.   The  system  responds  by  printing the deleted
                  character (E) and a backslash.  You can  then  continue
                  typing the line.

                       00400   REEE\AD (X)

                  Correcting a Mistake After You Make It -
                  In the example below, you notice  that  you  misspelled
                  SQUAREROOT,  after  you  typed the word OF.  To correct
                  the error, delete the last six characters  by  pressing
                  the  DELETE  key  six  times.   (A  space  counts  as a
                  character.) You can then continue typing the line.

                       00600   WRITE ("[C] THE OFF\O\ T\O\OEROOT OF ")

            You CANNOT use the DELETE key to correct characters on a line
            once  you  have  pressed the RETURN key.  The manual for your
            editor explains how to correct errors on previous lines.

   Section 2.7 describes other ways to correct typing errors.

   You CAN use the DELETE key to correct mistyped TOPS-20  commands.   If
   you  incorrectly  type  LOGOUT,  for  example,  but notice the mistake
   before you press the RETURN key, you can use the DELETE key to fix the
   error.   Section  2.7.1  contains further information about correcting
   commands with the DELETE key.











                                    5-5











                                 CHAPTER 6

                              USING DISK FILES



   This chapter describes:

         o  Using file structures (Section 6.1)

         o  Protecting directories and files (Section 6.2)

         o  Connecting to directories (Section 6.3)

         o  Accessing directories (Section 6.4)

         o  Copying files (Section 6.5)

         o  Renaming files (Section 6.6)

         o  Appending files (Section 6.7)

         o  Listing files (Section 6.8)

         o  Printing files (Section 6.9)

         o  Deleting and restoring files (Section 6.10)

         o  Creating temporary files (Section 6.11)

         o  Regulating disk file storage (Section 6.12)

         o  Long term off-line file storage (Section 6.13)

         o  Visible and invisible files (Section 6.14)










                                    6-1
                              USING DISK FILES


   6.1  USING FILE STRUCTURES

   A file structure comprises one or  more  disk  packs  containing  your
   files  and  other  user  files.   A  file  structure  name consists of
   alphanumeric characters followed by a colon.  Even if a file structure
   is  made  up of several disk packs, it is referenced by one name.  You
   create and reference files on a structure by specifying the  structure
   name in the device field (dev:) of a file specification.

|  One file structure, the public structure  (PS:),  also  known  as  the
|  system  structure,  is  the boot structure (BS:) by default and always
|  remains on  line  during  system  operation.   This  public  structure
   contains  a directory for every user of the system, and the necessary 
   accounting information to allow the users to log in.  When you log in,
   you  are  connected  to  your directory on the public structure.  This
   directory is referred to as your log-in directory and, in addition  to
   the accounting information, contains some or all of your files.

   Once you have entered your programs into  the  computer  and  executed
   them,  you  have several files in your directory.  To obtain a listing
   of the filenames, type the DIRECTORY command,  and  press  the  return
   key.

        @DIRECTORY<RET>     Request a list of your filenames.
            PS:<SARTINI>    The structure on which your directory resides
                            and your directory name.
         ADDTWO.FOR.2       The edited version of your FORTRAN file.
           .QOR.1           An unedited backup file, for protection.
           .REL.2           Translation of your edited FORTRAN file.
         SQRT.ALG.1         Your original ALGOL program.
           .REL.1           Translation of your ALGOL file.

         TOTAL OF 5 FILES
        @

   The files in your directory are listed in  alphabetical  order.   When
   two  or more files have the same name but different types, the name is
   listed only once, for the first file.  Subsequent entries for the name
   are  indented,  and  only  the  file  types and generation numbers are
   listed.

   If you use EDIT to edit an existing file  for  the  first  time,  EDIT
   changes  your  original,  unedited  file  into  a backup file.  In the
   process of making this backup file, EDIT changes the file type to Qxx,
   where  xx  are  the  last two letters of the original file type.  EDIT
   creates this backup file so that you have an unaltered  copy  of  your
   file.  Every time you edit the file after the first time, the Qxx file
   is given a new generation number.  In the example above,  ADDTWO.QOR.1
   is the backup file.





                                    6-2
                              USING DISK FILES


   You can have and  use  files  on  structures  other  than  the  public
   structure.   Like  the public structure, these structures also contain
   directories and files.  Unlike the public structure, you cannot log in
|  to  these  structures.   Although  the public structure (PS:) and boot
|  structure  (BS:)  remains  on  line  during  system  operation,  other
   structures may be mounted (put on line) and dismounted by the operator
   according to users' requests.  To request the mounting and dismounting
   of   structures,  use  the  MOUNT  STRUCTURE  and  DISMOUNT  STRUCTURE
   commands.

   The MOUNT STRUCTURE command informs the system that  you  require  the
   use  of  a  specific  file  structure (other than the public one).  It
   causes the system to increment a count, called the mount  count.   The
   mount  count for a structure is the number of users who have given the
   MOUNT command for that structure.   This  count  assures  you  that  a
   structure  will  remain  mounted  until  you  no  longer need it.  You
   usually have to give the MOUNT  command  before  using  files  on  any
   structure other than the public one.  (Structures that require a MOUNT
   command  are  termed  "regulated;"   other   structures   are   termed
   "unregulated.")

        @MOUNT STRUCTURE (NAME) MISC:
        Structure MISC: mounted

   The DISMOUNT STRUCTURE command informs the system that you  no  longer
   require the use of a structure and decrements the mount count for that
   structure.

        @DISMOUNT STRUCTURE (NAME) MISC:
        Structure MISC: dismounted

   After a structure is mounted, you can use the directories and files on
   that  structure,  depending  on  the  protection  codes  set for those
   directories and files.  (Refer to Section 6.2 for more information  on
   directory  and  file protection codes and Section 6.3 and 6.4 for more
   information on connecting to directories and accessing files).

   To  find  out  which  structures  are  presently  mounted,  give   the
   INFORMATION STRUCTURE * command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) STRUCTURE (NAME) *
        Status of structure BOSTON:
        Mount count: 4, open file count: 227, units in structure: 2
        Public Domestic
        Users who have MOUNTed BOSTON: SUSSMAN, TOMCZAK, LNEFF, DNEFF
        Users ACCESSing BOSTON: OPERATOR, R.ACE, SAMBERG, COMBS, SYLOR,
                KONEN, COHEN, ZIMA, JENNESS, BLOUNT, SUSSMAN, REILLY,
                CIRINO, 

                   .
                   .
                   .


                                    6-3
                              USING DISK FILES


        Status of structure PMH:
        Mount count: 1, open file count: 0, units in structure: 1
        Domestic
        Users who have MOUNTed PMH: HALL
        No users are ACCESSing PMH:
        Users CONNECTed to PMH: HALL



   6.2  PROTECTING DIRECTORIES AND FILES

   The TOPS-20 file system allows flexibility in sharing some or  all  of
   your  files  with other users.  Files and directories are protected at
   three levels:  owner, group member, and all users.  Usually files  are
   protected to prevent access from non-owners who are not group members.
   When you want to share files among a  known  set  of  users,  you  can
   arrange  to  share  files by asking your system manager to establish a
   group.  Members of a group can access  directories  belonging  to  the
   group,   and   use  files  in  those  directories.   (For  a  complete
   description of groups, refer to the TOPS-20 System Managers Guide.)

   The access to each directory and file is determined  by  a  protection
   number.   You  may  have  some files in your directory that you do not
   want to share.  By setting the proper file protection you can  prevent
   users  from  accessing  these  files, while allowing them to use other
   files in your directory.

   Each directory protection number and file protection number  comprises
   six  digits,  divided  into  three  distinct sections that contain two
   digits each.  The first two digits specify  the  owner's  access;  the
   second two digits specify the group members' access; and the third two
   digits specify all other users' (also called world) access.

                              PROTECTION CODE      

                          dd        dd        dd    

                         Owner    Group    All Users



   6.2.1  Directory Protection Numbers

   The digits in a protection number have different  meanings,  depending
   on  whether  they  are  in  a directory protection number or in a file
   protection number.  Table 6-1 lists the directory protection digits.








                                    6-4
                              USING DISK FILES


   Table 6-1:  Directory Protection Digits

   ___________________________________________________________________

     Digits                      Permit
   ___________________________________________________________________

       77         Full access to the directory is permitted.

       40         Access to files in the  directory  according  to  the
                  protection   number   on   the  individual  files  is
                  permitted.   To  delete  and   expunge   the   entire
                  directory (though these digits permit expunging files
                  on an individual basis), you  must  also  assign  the
                  digit  10.  To create files, you must also assign the
                  digit 04.

       10         Connecting  to  the  directory   without   giving   a
                  password,  undeleting  files,  expunging  the  entire
                  directory,  changing  times,  dates  and   accounting
                  information for files is permitted.  All other access
                  is governed by the protection on the individual file.

       04         Create files in the directory.

       00         Access to the directory is not permitted.
   ___________________________________________________________________


   You can add directory protection digits  together.   For  example,  if
   your  directory  protection  number is 774000, you have full access as
   the owner of the directory, you allow members of the group  to  access
   the directory according to the protection on individual files, and you
   prohibit all other users from accessing the directory.  If you want to
   allow  members of the group not only to access the directory, but also
   to  create  files  in  your  directory,  you  can  add  the  directory
   protection  code  04  to  the  40  to  get  44.  Your entire directory
   protection code then becomes 774400.



   6.2.2  File Protection Numbers

   Table 6-2 lists the file protection digits.










                                    6-5
                              USING DISK FILES


   Table 6-2:  File Protection Digits

   ____________________________________________________________________

     Digits                      Permit
   ____________________________________________________________________

       77         Full access to the file.

       40         Read the file.

       20         Write or delete the file.

       10         Execute the file.

       04         Append to the file.

       02         Find the file specification using wildcarding.

       00         Find the file  specification  only  if  the  file  is
                  specified explicitly and completely.  No other access
                  is allowed.
   ____________________________________________________________________


   The system default protection number for files  is  generally  777700.
   This  means  that the owner of a file and members of the owner's group
   have full access, and all other users have no access to the file.

   As with directory protection codes, you can construct file  protection
   codes  by  adding the protection digits together.  For example, a code
   of 44  allows  reading  and  appending,  but  prohibits  modifying  or
   deleting the file, or listing the file in a DIRECTORY command.



   6.2.3  Checking Protection Numbers

   To validate access to directories and  files,  the  system  scans  the
   protection  code beginning with the two digits to the right, and moves
   to the left until it has reached the highest level of access.

   The system  scans  a  file  or  directory  protection  number  in  the
   following way:

        1.  It scans the two digits to the far right  in  the  protection
            code to see if all users have access.

        2.  If all  users  have  access,  you  can  access  the  file  or
            directory.




                                    6-6
                              USING DISK FILES


        3.  If all users do not have access, the system moves to the  two
            digits  in  the  center  of  the  protection number to see if
            members of the group have access.

        4.  If members of a group have access, you can access the file or
            directory if you are in the group.

        5.  If members of a group do not have access, the system moves to
            the  two digits to the far left of the protection code to see
            if the owner has access.

        6.  If the owner has access, you can access the file or directory
            if you are the owner.

        7.  If the owner does not have access, the system prints an error
            message.

   The protection system works in the following way.   For  example,  you
   want  to  type  the  file TEST.TXT in user HOLLAND'S directory on your
   terminal.  Before printing the file you requested,  the  system  scans
   the  protection  code  on the directory <HOLLAND> to validate that you
   have access.  If you are not allowed  to  access  the  directory,  the
   system prints an error message and cancels the command.

        @TYPE (FILE) <HOLLAND>TEST.TXT
        ?Directory access privileges required - "<HOLLAND>TEST.TXT"

   If the directory protection allows you the access,  the  system  scans
   the  protection  on  the  individual  file  TEST.TXT.   If you are not
   allowed to access the file, the system prints  an  error  message  and
   cancels the command.

        @TYPE (FILE) <HOLLAND>TEST.TXT
        ?READ protection violation for:  "<HOLLAND>TEST.TXT.2"

   If the file protection allows you  to  access  the  file,  the  system
   prints the file on your terminal.

   To print a directory protection number, use the INFORMATION  DIRECTORY
   command  with the VERBOSE subcommand.  The directory protection number
   is in  the  field  "Protection  of  directory".   To  print  the  file
   protection  number,  use  the  VDIRECTORY  command  (or  the DIRECTORY
   command with the PROTECTION subcommand).

        @VDIRECTORY (OF FILES) TEST.FIL
           PS:<PORADA>
         TEST.FIL.1; P777700   1 110(7)   21-Mar-88 11:44:25 PORADA







                                    6-7
                              USING DISK FILES


   6.2.4  Changing a Directory Protection Number

   To change  a  directory  protection  number,  use  the  SET  DIRECTORY
   PROTECTION command.

        @SET DIRECTORY PROTECTION (OF DIRECTORY) <EMORRILL> (TO) 770000



   6.2.5  Changing a File Protection Number

   The system assigns a default  file  protection  number  to  all  files
   created  in  a  directory.  This default is usually 777700.  To change
   the default file protection  number  for  a  directory,  use  the  SET
   DIRECTORY FILE-PROTECTION-DEFAULT command.

        @SET DIRECTORY FILE-PROTECTION-DEFAULT <BLACK> 770000

   To change a file  protection  number,  use  the  SET  FILE  PROTECTION
   command.

        @SET FILE PROTECTION (OF FILES) TEST.FIL (TO) 774400
         TEST.FIL.1 [OK]

   To  print  a  directory's  default  file  protection  number  use  the
   INFORMATION DIRECTORY command, with the VERBOSE subcommand.



   6.3  CONNECTING TO DIRECTORIES

   When you log in, you are automatically connected to the  directory  on
   the  public  structure  that has the same name as your user name.  For
   example, user McElmoyle is connected  to  <MCELMOYLE>  on  the  public
   structure:

        @LOGIN (USER) MCELMOYLE (PASSWORD)   (ACCOUNT) 341

   If you need to work in another directory,  you  can  connect  to  that
   directory.  When you connect to a directory,  the system automatically
   disconnects you from the directory you are presently in and  uses  the
   new  directory  as  your default directory.  Your default directory is
   the one the system assumes when you omit a directory name  in  a  file
   specification.

   In addition, you have owner rights for that directory, just as if  you
   logged  in  to it.  The owner rights for a directory are valid as long
   as you are connected to that directory; the rights terminate when  you
   connect  to  another directory.  You always retain the owner rights to
   the files in your log-in directory.




                                    6-8
                              USING DISK FILES


   You can connect to a directory on the public structure or  on  another
   on-line  structure.  To connect to another directory, give the CONNECT
   command and the name of the  directory  you  want  to  use.   You  are
   prompted  for a password for the directory depending on your ownership
   and group rights for the directory.

   The  example  below  illustrates  the  effects  of  logging  in,  then
   connecting  to  another  directory  on the public structure.  When you
   (user MCELMOYLE) log in to the system, you are connected to  your  own
   directory  on  the  public  structure.  When you omit a directory name
   and/or structure name in a file specification, the system assumes your
   logged-in  directory  <MCELMOYLE>  on the public structure.  After you
   log in, connect to the directory  <BROWN>  on  the  public  structure.
   Now,  if  you  omit the directory name and/or structure name in a file
   specification, the system assumes your connected directory <BROWN>  on
   the public structure.

        @LOGIN (USER) MCELMOYLE (PASSWORD)   (ACCOUNT) 341
         Job 5 on TTY26 31-Mar-88 14:56:24, Last Login 30-Mar-88 08:24:13
        @CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) <BROWN>
        Password:___
                         _____PS:_____
                         |           |
                         |           |
                         |-----------|
   User MCELMOYLE------->| MCELMOYLE |
               C  -------|           |
               O  |      |-----------|
               N  |      |-----------| \           
               N  ------>|   BROWN   | | Connected 
               E         |           | | Directory
               C         |-----------| /
               T         |           |
                         -------------
                         \___________/
                           Connected 
                           Structure


   When you give the CONNECT command for a directory that is located on a
   different  structure, your default structure also changes.  The system
   assumes both the connected structure and the connected directory  when
   you omit them in a file specification.











                                    6-9
                              USING DISK FILES


   The example below illustrates the effects of logging in on the  public
   structure  and  then  connecting  to  a directory on another structure
   named MISC:.  When you (user MCELMOYLE) log in, you are  connected  to
   your  directory on the public structure.  After you log in, connect to
   the directory <BROPHY> on the structure MISC:.

        @LOGIN (USER) MCELMOYLE (PASSWORD)   (ACCOUNT) 341
         Job 28 on TTY26 31-Mar-88 12:02:46, Last Login 30-Mar-88 08:32:26
        @CONNECT (TO DIRECTORY) MISC:<BROPHY>
        Password:___


                         _____PS:_____              ____MISC:_____
                         |           |              |            |
                         |           |              |            |
                  LOGIN  |-----------|   CONNECT    |------------|
   User MCELMOYLE------->|<MCELMOYLE>|------------->|  <BROPHY>  |
                         |-----------|              |------------|  
                         |           |              |            |
                         |           |              |            |
                         -------------              --------------  
                                                   \______________/
                                                       Connected 
                                                       Structure


   If you later omit a structure name or a directory  name  from  a  file
   specification,   the   system  assumes  the  structure  MISC: and  the
   directory <BROPHY>.

   If you forget which directory or structure you are connected to,  give
   the  INFORMATION JOB-STATUS command.  If no directory name is printed,
   then you are connected to your logged in directory.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) JOB-STATUS
         Host AURORA
         Job 105, TTY46, User HIGGINS, SUMMIT:<HIGGINS>
         Account 341
















                                    6-10
                              USING DISK FILES


   6.4  ACCESSING DIRECTORIES

   To access another directory  and  remain  connected  to  your  present
   directory, give the ACCESS command.

   When you  access  a  directory,  you  are  actually  working  in  your
   connected  directory  but  you also have owner and group rights to the
   other directory.  This means  that  you  can  use  the  files  in  the
   directory  you  have accessed by specifying that directory in the file
   specification.  Unless you specify  otherwise,  any  file  you  create
   appears  in  your  connected  directory.   If  you want the file to be
   written into the directory you have accessed,  you  must  specify  the
   directory name in the file specification.  If the directory you access
   is located on a different structure than your connected directory, you
   must   specify   the   structure  and  directory  names  in  any  file
   specification.

   The  example  below  illustrates  the  effects  of  logging  in,  then
   accessing  another  directory on the public structure.  When you (user
   MCELMOYLE) log in to the system,  you  are  connected  to  your  login
   directory.   After  you  log  in,  access the directory <BROWN> on the
   public structure.  You now have owner and group rights  for  directory
   <BROWN>.

        @LOGIN (USER) MCELMOYLE (PASSWORD)   (ACCOUNT) 341
         Job 32 on TTY26 31-Mar-88 10:08:16, Last Login 30-Mar-88 11:36:44
        @ACCESS (TO DIRECTORY) <BROWN>
        Password:___


                         _____PS:_____
                         |           |                        
                         |           |
                         |-----------|\          \
   User MCELMOYLE------->| MCELMOYLE || Connected | Has "owner"
                A -------|           || Directory | rights only
                C |      |-----------|/          /
                C |      |-----------| \           
                E ------>|   BROWN   | | MCELMOYLE has 
                S        |           | | "owner" and
                S        |-----------| / "group" rights
                         |           |
                         -------------
                         \___________/
                           Connected 
                           Structure








                                    6-11
                              USING DISK FILES


   You can access more than one directory during a job session.  You  can
   access  a  directory on one structure and also access a directory on a
   different structure.  If each directory you access  is  located  on  a
   different  structure, the owner and group rights for these directories
   remain in effect throughout your entire job  session  (from  LOGIN  to
   LOGOUT)  or  until a structure is dismounted.  You can access only one
   directory per structure, however.  If you access a second directory on
   the  same  structure, your access to the first directory is cancelled.
   You always retain your owner rights to your log-in  directory  on  the
   public  structure.   However,  when  you  give the ACCESS command to a
   different directory on  the  public  structure,  you  lose  the  group
   privileges of your log-in directory.

   You can log in, access another directory on the public structure, then
   access  a  directory  on another structure, MISC:, as in the following
   example:

        @LOGIN (USER) MCELMOYLE (PASSWORD)   (ACCOUNT) 341
         Job 32 TTY26 31-Mar-88 10:08:14, Last Login 30-Mar-88 11:16:02
        @ACCESS (TO DIRECTORY) <BROWN>
        Password:___
        @ACCESS (TO DIRECTORY) MISC:<BROPHY>
        Password:___


               ____PS:____                          ___MISC:___
               |         |                          |         |
               |         |                          |         |
     User      |---------|\           \             |         |
   MCELMOYLE-->|         ||           | Has "owner" |         |
             --|         || Connected | rights only |---------|\ 
            A| |MCELMOYLE|| Directory /             |         || MCELMOYLE
            C| |         ||                 ACCESS  | BROPHY  || has "owner
            C| |    - - -|| - - - - - - - - - - - ->|         || and "group"
            E| |---------|/                         |         || rights
            S| |---------|\                         |---------|/
            S| |         || MCELMOYLE has           |         |
             ->| BROWN   || "owner and              |         |
               |         || "group" rights          |         |
               |---------|/                         |         |
               -----------                          -----------
               \_________/
                Connected 
                Structure










                                    6-12
                              USING DISK FILES


   6.5  COPYING FILES

   You can use the COPY command to reproduce one  of  your  files.   This
   procedure  is useful if you want to change a file without altering the
   original file.

   To copy a file to another file,  give  the  COPY  command.   The  COPY
   command copies the contents of an existing file (called a source file)
   to a destination file, and keeps the  original  file.   The  following
   example  shows  how  to  copy  the  existing  file  TEST1.DAT  to  the
   destination file 2TEST.DAT.

        @COPY (FROM) TEST1.DAT.1 (TO) 2TEST.DAT.2 !New generation!
         TEST1.DAT.1 => 2TEST.DAT.2 [OK]

   You can also use the COPY command to copy a file from  another  user's
   directory.   First  give  the  ACCESS  command  with  the other user's
   directory name and password.  (The password  does  not  print  on  the
   terminal.)  Then  type COPY, and press the ESC key.  The system prints
   (FROM).  Type the other  user's  directory  name  (enclosed  in  angle
   brackets), the name of the file you want to copy and the ESC key.  The
   system prints the generation number and the guideword (TO).  Press the
   RETURN  key.   The other user's file is copied to your disk area.  The
   file keeps the same name.

        @ACCESS<ESC>(TO DIRECTORY) <PORADA><RET>
        Password: <RET>

        @COPY<ESC>(FROM) <PORADA>TODAY.EXE<ESC>.3 (TO)<RET>
         <PORADA>TODAY.EXE.3  => TODAY.EXE.1 [OK]

   You can also copy a file from another user's directory  and  give  the
   file  a  different  filename.  To do this, use the procedure described
   above.  The system prints the generation number and guideword (TO):

        @COPY<ESC>(FROM) <PORADA>TODAY.EXE<ESC>.3 (TO)

   Instead of pressing the RETURN key, as in the previous  example,  type
   the  name that you want to give the new file.  When you have typed the
   new name, press the RETURN key.  The system prints a  message  telling
   you that it has copied the file.

        @COPY<ESC>(FROM) <PORADA>TODAY.EXE<ESC>.3 (TO) TEST.EXE<RET>
         <PORADA>TODAY.EXE.3  => TODAY.EXE.1 [OK]
        @









                                    6-13
                              USING DISK FILES


   You can copy multiple files by using a wildcard.  For example, if  you
   type COPY (FROM) *.FOR, the system places each file with the file type
   .FOR into a destination file.  If you type  COPY  (FROM)  TEST.*,  the
   system  places  each  file  with  the filename TEST into a destination
   file.

        @COPY (FROM) TEST.* (TO) NEWTST.*.-1
         TEST.FOR.1 => NEWTST.FOR.1 [OK]
         TEST.TXT.2 => NEWTST.TXT.1 [OK]

   If you use recognition input in the above example, when you press  ESC
   after  the filename NEWTST, the system rings the terminal bell, asking
   you to type more information.  In this example, type  a  period  after
   the  filename,  indicating  to the system the end of the filename; and
   press ESC.  The system prints the wildcard  character, *,  and  a  .-1
   generation  number.  The -1 generation number is a symbolic generation
   number and indicates to you that when the system processes the command
   line,  it  will  use one greater than the highest number of each file.
   (Refer  to  Section  4.2.6,  Generation  Numbers  -  .gen,  for   more
   information on symbolic generation numbers.)



   6.6  RENAMING FILES

   You can use the RENAME command to change the name of a file or to  put
   a  file  into  another  directory on the same structure.  When you use
   RENAME, the system simply changes the file  specification  instead  of
   actually duplicating the file.

        @RENAME (EXISTING FILE) TEST1.DAT.* (TO BE) TESTAL.DAT.-1
         TEST1.DAT.1 => TESTAL.DAT.2 [OK]

   To move files from one structure to another,  use  the  COPY  command.
   RENAME  will  not work across structures.  After copying the file, you
   can delete the original.

        @COPY (FROM) MISC:TEST.FIL.5 (TO) TEST.FIL.1 !New file!
         MISC:TEST.FIL.5 => TEST.FIL.1 [OK]
        @DELETE MISC:TEST.FIL.5



   6.7  APPENDING FILES

   To add the contents of one or more  source  files  to  the  end  of  a
   destination  file,  give the APPEND command.  The destination file can
   be an existing file or a new file.  The following example shows how to
   add  the contents of the source file STAT.TXT.5 to the end of the file
   CHECK.TXT:

        @APPEND (SOURCE FILE) STAT.TXT.5 (TO) CHECK.TXT
         STAT.TXT.5 [OK]

                                    6-14
                              USING DISK FILES


   You can append a series of files with the same filename or  file  type
   using a wildcard.  The following example shows how to append all files
   with the file type .FOR.  Notice that  these  files  are  appended  in
   alphabetical order when using a wildcard for the filename.

        @APPEND (SOURCE FILE) *.FOR (TO) ATEST.FOR.1 !New file!
         ACCOUN.FOR.2 [OK]
         ACCTST.FOR.1 [OK]
         NEWTST.FOR.1 [OK]
         TEST.FOR.1 [OK]

   You can append files from a directory on one structure to a  directory
   on  another  structure.   The  system  prints  the structure name, the
   directory name and the filename of the source file,  followed  by  the
   message [OK] when the file has been appended.

        @APPEND (SOURCE FILE) PS:<DOE>SMALL.FOR (TO) MISC:<DOE>LARGE.FOR
           PS:<LATTA>SMALL.FOR.2 [OK]

                                    NOTE

           Some programs, such as  COBOL  and  SORT,  cannot  use
           appended files.



   6.8  LISTING FILES

   To display a copy of  your  file  on  your  terminal,  type  the  TYPE
   command,  and  press the ESC key.  After (FILE), type the filename and
   file type of your file.  Press the RETURN key.

   To see a copy of ADDTWO.FOR type the following command:

        @TYPE (FILE) ADDTWO.FOR

   If you want TOPS-20 to stop printing a file after it  begins,  type  a
   CTRL/O.   CTRL/O  stops  the printout.  You can resume the printing by
   typing a second CTRL/O.



   6.9  PRINTING FILES

   To print a file or files, give the PRINT command.  The  PRINT  command
   places entries into the line printer output queue.

        @PRINT (FILES) UPDATE.CBL
        [Printer job UPDATE queued, request  57, limit 27]





                                    6-15
                              USING DISK FILES


   To see that your job is in the line printer  output  queue,  give  the
   INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS command.  The system lists all the jobs in
   the queue.  If you want only the entries of your job(s),  include  the
   /USER switch.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) OUTPUT-REQUESTS

        Printer Queue:
        Job Name  Req#  Limit            User
        --------  ----  -----  ------------------------
        * BOX       53    270  LYONS                      On Unit:0
           Started at 14:29:29, printed 122 of 270 pages
        * UPDATE    57     27  SARTINI                    On Unit:1
           Started at 14:38:18, printed 0 of 27 pages
          MIDAS     34     27  REILLY                     /Forms:NARROW
        There are 3 Jobs in the Queue (2 in Progress)

   You can control several conditions of  your  print  request  by  using
   switches with the PRINT command.

   To simply print a file, it  is  not  necessary  to  include  switches.
   However, you can include switches with the PRINT command.  To obtain a
   list of valid switches, type PRINT, followed by  a  ?.   The  list  of
   switches  the  system  prints  contains  both  job  switches  and file
   switches.

        @PRINT ?  /SPOOLED-OUTPUT
          or Job switch, one of the following:
|        /ACCOUNT:            /AFTER:               /CHARACTERISTIC:
         /DESTINATION-NODE:   /FORMS:               /GENERIC
         /JOBNAME:            /LIMIT:               /LOWERCASE
         /NOTE:               /NOTIFY:              /PRIORITY:
|        /REMOTE-PRINTER:     /SEQUENCE:            /UNIT:
         /UPPERCASE           /USER:
          or File switch, one of the following:
         /BEGIN:         /COPIES:        /DELETE           /FILE:
         /HEADER         /MODE:          /NOHEADER         /PRESERVE
         /REPORT:        /SPACING:
|        or ","
|        or File specification
        @PRINT

   If you include a job switch with the PRINT command, the entire job  is
   affected by the switch.  For example, if you print three files and you
   add the /AFTER: switch, all three files will be printed after the time
   you specify.

        @PRINT (FILES) LARGE.DAT, MYTEST.DAT, TEST1.DAT /AFTER:15-MAR-88
        [Printer job LARGE queued, request #58, limit 27]





                                    6-16
                              USING DISK FILES


   If you include a file switch with the PRINT  command,  only  the  file
   directly  before  the  switch  is affected.  For example, if you print
   three files and you add the /COPIES:6 switch after the first filename,
   the system prints six copies of the first file only.

        @PRINT (FILES) LARGE.DAT/COPIES:6, MYTEST.DAT, TEST1.DAT

   A file switch can act as a job switch when placed before all files  in
   a  command.   For  example,  if  you print three files and you add the
   /COPIES:6 switch before the first  filename,  the  system  prints  six
   copies of each of the three files.

        @PRINT (FILES)/COPIES:6,LARGE.DAT,MYTEST.DAT,TEST1.DAT

|  
|  You can direct a PRINT request to a remote  destination  by  including
|  the  /REMOTE-PRINTER  switch.  The destination is either a VMS printer
|  queue for DQS  printers  or  a  LATserver  PORT  or  SERVICE  for  LAT
|  printers.  To specify a string that communicates file features such as
|  layout or lettering type, include the /CHARACTERISTIC switch.
|  
|  The following example shows how to print a  job  with  a  PORTRAIT  90
|  characteristic on a XEROX 8700 printer on a VMS system.
|  
|       @PRINT FILE4.MEM/REMOTE-PRINTER:XEROX/CHARACTERISTIC:P90
|       [Printer job FILE4 queued, request #33, limit 1 files]
|  
|  You can direct a PRINT request to a  remote  node  by  specifying  the
|  /DESTINATION-NODE switch.  The remote node can be either an IBM remote
|  station, a node  in  a  TOPS-20  cluster,  a  VMS  remote  node  or  a
|  LATserver.
|  
|  The following example shows how to PRINT a job on  a  printer  service
|  named XEROX on a LATserver named LAT97.
|  
|       @PRINT FILE.DAT/REMOTE-PRINTER:XEROX/DESTINATION-NODE:LAT97
|       [Printer job FILE queued, request #45, limit 1 files]
|  
|  You can specify the SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER command  to  establish
|  the  /REMOTE-PRINTER  queue  and  characteristic  parameters.  The SET
|  REMOTE-PRINTING command can be invoked at command level  or  within  a
|  command file.
|  
|  The following example shows how to define the name of a remote printer
|  queue on node OURVAX.
|  
|       @SET REMOTE-PRINTING PRINTER XEROX SI$8700 OURVAX
|       @
|  





                                    6-17
                              USING DISK FILES


|  Now, to direct a print request to the remote printer queue:
|  
|       @PRINT MYFILE.MEM/REMOTE-PRINTER:XEROX
|       @
|  
|  For  more  information  about  directing  print  requests  to   remote
|  destinations, refer to the TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual.



   6.9.1  Modifying a PRINT Request

   To change and/or add one or more switches to a previously issued PRINT
   command,  give the MODIFY command.  After you give the MODIFY command,
   type PRINT, followed by the first six letters of the jobname,  or  the
   request ID, then type the switch you want to change or add.

   You can modify almost all PRINT command switches.  To obtain a list of
   switches you can modify, give the MODIFY PRINT/ command, followed by a
   question mark (?).

   The following example shows  how  to  modify  the  PRINT  request  for
   LARGE.DAT by including the /AFTER:  switch:

        @MODIFY (REQUEST TYPE) PRINT (ID) LARGE /AFTER:25-MAR-88
        [1 Job modified]

   After you give the command, the system prints a message informing  you
   that the job was modified.  If the system is processing the entry when
   you give the MODIFY command, it does not modify the job and prints the
   message [No Jobs modified].



   6.9.2  Canceling a PRINT Request

   To cancel or remove entries you have previously  placed  in  the  line
   printer  output  queue,  give  the CANCEL command.  After you give the
   CANCEL command, type PRINT, followed by the first six letters  of  the
   jobname or the request ID of the job you want to remove.

   Once the CANCEL command removes the entry from the line printer output
   queue,  the system prints the message [1 Job Canceled].  If the system
   is processing the entry when you give the CANCEL command, it stops the
   job and prints the message, [1 Job Canceled (1 was in progress)].

   The following example shows  how  to  cancel  the  PRINT  request  for
   TEST.FOR.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) PRINT (ID) TEST
        [1 Job canceled]



                                    6-18
                              USING DISK FILES


   If you have several PRINT jobs in the lineprinter  output  queue,  you
   can cancel them all by using an asterisk.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) PRINT (ID) *
        [3 Jobs canceled]

|  You can cancel a PRINT request to a remote printer in the same TOPS-20
|  cluster  as  the  requesting  node by including the /DESTINATION-NODE:
|  switch in the command.  This switch cancels only  the  print  requests
|  that  were made from the local node.  Other print requests made on the
|  remote node are not affected.
|  
|  The following example shows how to cancel a remote print request.
|  
|       @CANCEL PRINT SUM7/DESTINATION-NODE:KL2102
|       [1 print request cancelled]
|  
|  Note that PRINT requests directed to a remote node  not  in  the  same
|  cluster as the requesting node cannot be cancelled from the requesting
|  node.



   6.9.3  Setting Defaults for the PRINT Command

   If you want the PRINT command to always contain certain switches, give
   the  SET  DEFAULT  PRINT  command, followed by the switch or switches.
   Whenever you give a PRINT command, the switches you specified  in  the
   SET DEFAULT command are automatically included in the PRINT command.

   To give the /NOTE switch with  PRINT  commands,  place  the  following
   command in COMAND.CMD.

        @SET DEFAULT (FOR) PRINT /NOTE:FLOOR4

   Every time you give the PRINT command, the system includes the  switch
   /NOTE:FLOOR4 in the command.

   To avoid having to type the SET DEFAULT PRINT command every  time  you
   log  in  to the system, put this command in a COMAND.CMD file.  (Refer
   to Section 1.7 for information about a COMAND.CMD file.)

   To see which  defaults  you  set  for  the  PRINT  command,  give  the
   INFORMATION DEFAULTS PRINT command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) DEFAULTS (FOR) PRINT
         SET DEFAULT PRINT /NOTE:FLOOR4







                                    6-19
                              USING DISK FILES


   6.10  DELETING AND RESTORING FILES

   When you no longer need to keep a file, you can delete  it  by  giving
   the  DELETE  command.  The DELETE command marks the file for automatic
   deletion; it does not actually erase the file.

   The deleted files in your logged-in or connected directory are  erased
   (expunged) when one of the following occurs:

         o  You give the EXPUNGE command for the directory.

         o  The operator gives the EXPUNGE command for all directories in
            the structure.

         o  You (or another user connected to your directory) log off the
            system.

   The EXPUNGE command erases all files marked  for  deletion  since  the
   last  time the directory was expunged.  Deleting and erasing files are
   separate operations.  Therefore, once you delete a file, it  does  not
   immediately  disappear.  If you delete a file by mistake, you can type
   the UNDELETE command to restore the file to your directory.  Type this
   command  as soon as you detect your mistake; otherwise, you may not be
   able to restore the file.  You cannot restore a file once you log  off
   the system.

   To delete the file TEST.FIL from your directory,  give  the  following
   command:

        @DELETE (FILES) TEST.FIL
         TEST.FIL.5 [OK]

   You can give the DIRECTORY command with the deleted subcommand to list
   all the files that have been deleted but not yet expunged.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) TEST.FIL.5,
        @@DELETED
        @@

           PS:<PORADA>
         TEST.FIL.5

   To restore TEST.FIL, give the UNDELETE command.

        @UNDELETE (FILES) TEST.FIL.5
         TEST.FIL.5 [OK]

   If you give the DIRECTORY command again, you will see  that  the  file
   has been restored in your directory.





                                    6-20
                              USING DISK FILES


   If you delete a file and give the EXPUNGE command, the file is  erased
   immediately.

        @DELETE (FILES) TEST.FIL
         TEST.FIL.5 [OK]
        @EXPUNGE (DELETED FILES)
           PS:<PORADA> [3 pages freed]

   If you expunge a file by mistake, contact the operator.  Most  systems
   keep  backup  tapes  from which you can obtain an older version of the
   file.  If you expunge a newly-created file,  one  that  has  not  been
   backed-up on tape, you cannot recover it.

                                  CAUTION

           Do not delete files and plan to  undelete  them  at  a
           later  time,  because deleted files may be expunged by
           the system at any time.



   6.11  CREATING TEMPORARY FILES

   When you have a file that you  need  only  for  the  current  terminal
   session,  such as a scratch file, give the file the ;T attribute.  The
   ;T attribute indicates that the file is temporary.  When you  log  off
   the  system,  the  system  deletes and expunges any temporary files in
   your logged-in and/or connected directories.

   One way to create a temporary file is to use the COPY  TTY:   command.
   This command simulates the action of the CREATE command by copying the
   text you type on your terminal (device TTY:) to a file.

   Give the COPY TTY:  command, type the contents of  the  file  and  end
   your input with a CTRL/Z:

        @COPY (FROM) TTY:  (TO) TEMP.FIL;T
         TTY:  => TEMP.FIL.100160;T

        ESCAPE 031
        EXTENDED
        OPAQUE
        PAGE
        ^Z

   To give an existing file the ;T attribute, use the RENAME command.

        @RENAME (EXISTING FILE) SCRATCH.FIL (TO BE) SCRATCH.FIL;T
         SCRATCH.FIL.1 => SCRATCH.FIL.100014;T [OK]





                                    6-21
                              USING DISK FILES


   Do not use recognition input to print the  second  file  name  in  the
   RENAME  command.   Recognition  prints  the  comment  !New generation!
   after the file  specification  and  causes  the  ;T  attribute  to  be
   ignored.

   You can assign any generation number to a temporary file.  If  you  do
   not  specify  a  generation  number,  the  system  assigns  the file a
   generation number of 100000  plus  your  job  number.   In  the  above
   example,  the  user's  job number is 14; the system added 100000 for a
   generation  number  of  100014.   Two  users  connected  to  the  same
   directory  can  both create temporary files; however, if one user logs
   off, the other user's temporary files are  not  deleted,  because  the
   files are identified by different job numbers.

   Refer to Appendix C of the TOPS-20 Commands  Reference  Manual  for  a
   complete list of file attributes.



   6.12  REGULATING DISK FILE STORAGE

   The system manager sets an upper limit on the amount of disk space for
   each  directory  on  the  system.   This  disk  space,  referred to as
   directory storage allocation, is allotted as a number of pages.

   Each directory receives a specific number of pages.  To see the number
   of  pages allocated to your directory, and the number of pages you are
   using, give the INFORMATION DISK-USAGE command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) DISK-USAGE (OF DIRECTORY) <SARTINI>
         PS:<SARTINI>
         37 Pages assigned
         50 Working pages, 50 Permanent pages allowed
         34142 Pages free on PS:

   In the example above, user  SARTINI  has  37  pages  assigned  to  his
   directory,  and  a  working  storage  allocation and permanent storage
   allocation of 50 pages.  There are 34142 free pages remaining on  this
   file structure.

   The  system  automatically  checks  your  working  storage  allocation
   whenever you create a new file page.  If you are over that allocation,
   it prints the message "?Disk or directory full, or quota exceeded" and
   does  not  let  you continue writing to your file.  You can delete any
   unimportant or temporary files and expunge the directory to get  under
   your working allocation.








                                    6-22
                              USING DISK FILES


   Whenever you give a LOGIN or LOGOUT  command  or  connect  to  another
   directory,  the system checks the permanent disk storage allocation of
   your connected directory.  If it is  exceeded,  the  system  prints  a
   message in the form:

        <directory> Over permanent storage allocation by n page(s)

                                  CAUTION

           If you exceed your  working  storage  allocation,  the
           system  programs  listed  in  Table  4-2  expunge  any
           deleted files.  When a system program expunges deleted
           files,  it prints a message; however, once you see the
           message, you cannot halt the expunging process.

   Depending upon the policy at your installation, if you do not regulate
   your own disk storage allocation, the operator may regulate it for you
   by running a system program  to  move  some  of  your  disk  files  to
   magnetic tape for short-term off-line storage.  This program looks for
   directories that are over quota and moves files from  the  directories
   until  they  are under quota.  The operator runs this program as often
   as required to bring directories under quota.  This  forced  migration
   of files from disk to tape is used to keep the system disk space free.

   The system manager determines which type of files the program moves to
   tape  storage.   However, if you want to specify a particular order in
   which you want the files moved when the operator runs the program, you
   can  include  a MIGRATION.ORDER file in your log-in directory.  In the
   MIGRATION.ORDER file, you can list the files  you  want  moved  first.
   For  example,  to request that temporary files and files with the .LST
   file type be migrated before your other files, place this line in  the
   MIGRATION.ORDER file:

        *.TMP, *.LST


   The  SET  FILE  RESIST  command  also  gives  you  some  control  over
   involuntary  file removal.  It delays migration of the specified files
   for as long as possible.

        @SET FILE RESIST (MIGRATION OF FILES) MEMO.INI
         MEMO.INI.1 [OK]

   The file MEMO.INI will be among the last files to be removed from  the
   disk.









                                    6-23
                              USING DISK FILES


   To see the files that will  "resist"  migration,  give  the  DIRECTORY
   command with the RESIST-MIGRATION subcommand:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) ,
        @@RESIST-MIGRATION (FILES ONLY) 
        @@

           PS:<TUCKER.USER>
         MEMO.INI.1
         USEDOC.DST.3
         USEPLN.DST.2

         Total of 3 files

   To see the files that were moved to off-line  storage  by  the  system
   program,  give  the DIRECTORY command.  Next to the names of the files
   that were moved, the system prints ;OFFLINE.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES)

           PS:<SARTINI>
         2TEST.DAT.3
         NEWACCT.LST.1;OFFLINE
         OVERVIEW.LST.10;OFFLINE
         SQUARE.B20.1

         Total of 4 files

   If you need to use the file, give the RETRIEVE command followed by the
   name  of  the file.  The RETRIEVE command notifies the system that you
   are requesting the restoration of the file from off-line storage.

        @RETRIEVE (FILES) MYTEST.DAT.1

         MYTEST.DAT.1 [OK]

   To see your retrieval request, give the INFORMATION RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS
   command.  The system prints a list of requests in the retrieval queue.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS

        Retrieval Queue:
         Name     Req#    Tape 1   Tape 2   User
         ------   ----    ------   ------   ---------------------
         ADVENT      6      5845     5641   ENGEL
         CHESS       7      5845     5641   ENGEL
         MYTEST     68      5854     5852   SARTINI
         OTHELL      9      5641     8459   ENGEL
         There are 4 jobs in the Queue (None in Progress)





                                    6-24
                              USING DISK FILES


   You can remove any retrieval  requests  before  the  contents  of  the
   off-line file are restored to disk by using the CANCEL command.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) RETRIEVE (ID) MYTEST
        [1 Job canceled]



   6.13  LONG TERM OFF-LINE FILE STORAGE

   If you have disk files that you do not use, but want to keep, you  can
   mark  these  files  for extended off-line storage by using the ARCHIVE
   command.  The operator periodically runs  a  program  that  moves  the
   files  marked  for  archiving  from disk to magnetic tape for off-line
   storage.  After the program moves  the  files  to  tape,  it  sends  a
   message  through  the  MAIL  program  telling  you  the  file has been
   archived and its contents deleted from the disk.  Your system  manager
   can tell you which files you should archive, and how long they will be
   stored.  The system manager can also tell you how often  the  operator
   runs the program to move the files marked for archiving.

   You can also use DUMPER for off-line storage.   Refer  to  the  DUMPER
   description in the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for more information.



   6.13.1  Archiving Files

   To mark a file for archiving, give the ARCHIVE  command,  followed  by
   the name of the file you want archived.

        @ARCHIVE (FILES) CHECK.TXT
         CHECK.TXT.1 [Requested]



   6.13.2  Getting Information about Archive Status of Files

   To see that the file is marked for  archiving,  give  the  INFORMATION
   ARCHIVE-STATUS command, followed by the name of the file.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) ARCHIVE-STATUS (OF FILES) CHECK.TXT
         CHECK.TXT.1 Archive requested

   You can also give the INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS command  without  any
   argument.   The  system prints a list of your files that are archived,
   and files for which archiving has been requested.







                                    6-25
                              USING DISK FILES


   Once you mark a file for archiving, the name of  the  file  no  longer
   appears  when  you give the DIRECTORY command.  To see which files are
   archived,  and  which  files  are  marked  for  archiving,  give   the
   subcommand  ARCHIVE  to  the  DIRECTORY  command.   The files that are
   already archived will have the comment ;OFFLINE next to the filename.

        @DIRECTORY,
        @@ARCHIVE
        @@

           PS:<SARTINI>

         CHAPT21.TCT.1;OFFLINE
         CHECK.TXT.1

         Total of 2 files

   When you mark a file for archiving, you cannot modify, delete, or copy
   the  file.   The  file  does  not  appear in your directory unless you
   include the ARCHIVE subcommand in the DIRECTORY command.



   6.13.3  Canceling an Archive Request

   If you decide that you do not want  to  archive  the  file,  give  the
   CANCEL  command  to  remove  the  archival  request.  You can give the
   CANCEL command as long as  the  file  is  still  in  archival  request
   status,  that  is,  as  long as the INFORMATION ARCHIVE-STATUS command
   shows that archive is requested but not completed.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) ARCHIVE (FOR FILES) CHECK.TXT
         CHECK.TXT.1 [OK]



   6.13.4  Retrieving an Archived File

   Once a file is archived, it is stored off-line on magnetic  tape.   If
   you  need  to  use  the  file  again,  give the RETRIEVE command.  The
   RETRIEVE command notifies the  system  that  you  are  requesting  the
   restoration  of  the  file from off-line storage.  To actually restore
   the file,  the  operator  mounts  the  magnetic  tape  containing  the
   archived file, and moves the file to your directory on disk.

        @RETRIEVE (FILES) CHAP21.TCT
         CHAP21.TCT.1 [OK]







                                    6-26
                              USING DISK FILES


   To see your retrieval request, give the INFORMATION RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS
   command.   The  system  prints a list of the requests in the retrieval
   queue.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS

        Retrieval Queue:
         Name   Req#    Tape 1  Tape 2  User
        ------  ----    ------  ------  ---------------------
        CHAP21    48      5520    5543  SARTINI
        There is 1 job in the queue (none in progress)

   Once your archived file  is  restored  to  disk,  you  must  copy  its
   contents  to  a new file before you modify it.  You must use a copy of
   the file because you cannot alter an archived file in  any  way,  even
   after it is restored to disk.

   You can  cancel  any  retrieval  requests  before  the  archived  file
   contents are restored to disk, by using the CANCEL RETRIEVE command.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) RETRIEVE (ID) CHAP21
        [1 Job Canceled]



   6.13.5  Deleting an Archived File

   If you decide that you will never need the tape copy  of  an  archived
   file,  delete  the file with the DISCARD command.  The DISCARD command
   does not delete the file itself, but it deletes the pointer from  your
   directory  to  the  file  copy  on tape.  The tape copy of the file is
   actually deleted when the operator recycles tapes that  contain  files
   that  have  passed  their  expiration dates and/or have their pointers
   deleted.

   After you give the DISCARD command, the  operator  sends  you  a  mail
   message  that  contains  information about the discarded file.  If you
   wish to use the tape copy, you may be able to recover  it  using  this
   information, as long as the tape has not yet been recycled.

   If you have a disk copy of  an  archived  file,  the  DISCARD  command
   restores this file to its normal status.



   6.13.6  Archiving Expired Files Automatically

   There are several dates associated with each file you create.  One  of
   these  dates  is  the on-line expiration date, which determines when a
   file's disk contents may be automatically moved to  off-line  storage.
   The  SET  DIRECTORY  ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES command enables this
   automatic archiving.  This command is discussed  at  the  end  of  the
   section.

                                    6-27
                              USING DISK FILES


   On-line expiration dates are displayed with the DIRECTORY command:

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) ,
        @@DATES (OF) ONLINE-EXPIRATION
        @@

          PS:<TUCKER.USER>
          Online expiration

          ARCHIV.MEM.4      3-May-88          
            .QNO.15         5-May-88          
            .RNO.15         21-Nov-88          
          COMAND.CMD.5      21-Nov-88          
          MEMO.INI.1        8-Apr-88          
          USER.RNO.2        8-Apr-88          

          Total of 6 files

   The system manager establishes a systemwide on-line  expiration  date,
   but  you  can  override  the  system  default  with  the SET DIRECTORY
   ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT command:

        @SET DIRECTORY ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT (OF DIRECTORY) -
        <TUCKER> (TO) 26-NOV-88

   You can specify a time interval rather than a specific date:

        @SET DIRECTORY ONLINE-EXPIRATION-DEFAULT (OF DIRECTORY) -
        <TUCKER> (TO) +30

   The command above sets the on-line expiration date to 30 days from the
   creation date.

   You can also establish on-line expiration dates for individual files:

        @SET FILE ONLINE-EXPIRATION (OF FILES) MEMO.INI (TO) +120
        MEMO.INI.1 [OK]

   If you want a file to be immediately available for archiving, give the
   SET FILE EXPIRED command:

        @SET FILE EXPIRED (FILES) PENDING.Q
        PENDING.Q.11 [OK]

   The command above sets the expiration date to today's date.

   When you are satisfied with the  on-line  expiration  dates  for  your
   files,  you can indicate that the system is to mark them for archiving
   when the expiration dates are reached:

        @SET DIRECTORY ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES (OF DIRECTORY) - 
         <TUCKER>


                                    6-28
                              USING DISK FILES


   You also have the choice of leaving expired files  in  your  directory
   until a possible forced migration:

        @SET DIRECTORY NO ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES (OF DIRECTORY) - 
         <TUCKER>

   This is the default setting for directories.

   To see if expired  files  in  your  directory  will  be  automatically
   archived, give the INFORMATION DIRECTORY command:

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) DIRECTORY (DIRECTORY NAME) <TUCKER>
        Name PS:<TUCKER>
             .
             .
        Archive online expired files
             .
             .


   The line "Archive  online  expired  files"  indicates  that  automatic
   archiving    will    take    place.    If   the   SET   DIRECTORY   NO
   ARCHIVE-ONLINE-EXPIRED-FILES command is in effect, this line does  not
   appear in the information display.



   6.14  VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE FILES

   Typically, you will have files that  are  not  currently  in  use  and
   cluttering your directory.  You can clean up a directory by moving the
   files to tape (archiving), or to other directories, or by making  your
   infrequently used files invisible.

   An invisible file is not displayed by a simple DIRECTORY  command  and
   is  not accessible to programs and EXEC commands.  The ARCHIVE command
   automatically makes  files  invisible.   When  you  RETRIEVE  archived
   files, they will remain invisible when restored to disk.

   To make a file invisible, use the SET FILE INVISIBLE command.  To make
   an invisible file visible again, use the SET FILE VISIBLE command.  To
   display your invisible files,  use  the  DIRECTORY  command  with  the
   INVISIBLE subcommand.











                                    6-29











                                 CHAPTER 7

                            USING MAGNETIC TAPE



   This chapter describes:

         o  Using magnetic tape storage (Section 7.1)

         o  Using unlabelled tapes (Section 7.2)

         o  Using labelled tapes (Section 7.3)



   7.1  USING MAGNETIC TAPE STORAGE

   Magnetic tape provides off-line storage for data.  You put  data  onto
   tape  for storage using the COPY command, DUMPER program, or a program
   of your own.  (For a complete description of the DUMPER program, refer
   to  the  TOPS-20  User  Utilities  Guide.)  Tapes  can  be labelled or
   unlabelled.  An unlabelled tape is identified only by a  gummed  label
   on the outside of the tape reel.  A labelled tape is identified by the
   information contained internally on the tape as well as a gummed label
   on the outside of the tape reel.  Refer to the TOPS-20 Tape Processing
   Manual for more information on labelled and unlabelled tapes.



   7.2  USING UNLABELLED TAPES

   Before you use an unlabelled tape, give the INFORMATION  SYSTEM-STATUS
   command  to  find  out  if  the tape allocation facility of TOPS-20 is
   enabled.  The process to gain and release access to  a  tape  differs,
   depending  upon  whether  this  tape  allocation  facility  is in use.
   (Refer to the TOPS-20 System Manager's Guide  for  an  explanation  of
   tape allocation.)







                                    7-1
                            USING MAGNETIC TAPE


   7.2.1  Using Unlabelled Tapes with Tape Allocation Enabled

   If tape allocation is  enabled  on  your  system,  you  can  mount  an
   unlabelled  tape by giving the MOUNT TAPE command followed by the name
   of the tape (the name that appears on the gummed label).   Before  you
   give  the  MOUNT TAPE command, tell the operator the name you selected
   for your tape or ask him to get the tape from the tape library.  After
   you  give  the  MOUNT  TAPE  command, you must wait until the operator
   mounts the tape, and the system prints a message telling you that  the
   tape is mounted.

        @MOUNT TAPE (NAME) ACE1:
        [Tape set ACE1, volume ACE1 mounted]
        [ACE1:  defined as MT0:]

   You can include the /NOWAIT switch with your MOUNT TAPE  command.   By
   including this switch, you do not have to wait for a response from the
   operator and you can continue working until the tape is mounted.  When
   you  use  the /NOWAIT switch, you can also check on your mount request
   by giving the INFORMATION MOUNT-REQUESTS command.

        @MOUNT TAPE (NAME) ACE1: /NOWAIT

   If you want to remove the request from the queue before  the  tape  is
   mounted,  type  a  CTRL/C  to  return  to command level, then give the
   CANCEL MOUNT command.  If you included a /NOWAIT switch with the MOUNT
   TAPE command, you can simply give the CANCEL MOUNT command.

   After the operator  mounts  the  tape,  the  system  sends  a  message
   advising  you  that  the  tape is ready for your use.  You can now run
   your program.

   When you complete your work, give the DISMOUNT TAPE command,  followed
   by the name of the tape.  The system prints a message telling you that
   the tape is dismounted.

        @DISMOUNT TAPE (NAME) ACE1:
        [Tape dismounted, logical name ACE1: deleted]



   7.2.2  Using Unlabeled Tapes with Tape Allocation Disabled

   If tape allocation is not enabled  on  your  system,  you  must  first
   assign  a tape drive for your job.  To find out which tape devices are
   available, give the INFORMATION AVAILABLE-DEVICES command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) AVAILABLE-DEVICES
        Devices available to this job:
         DSK, PS, ADMIN, MTA1, MTA2, LPT, CDR, PTY15, NUL
        Devices assigned to/opened by this job: TTY23



                                    7-2
                            USING MAGNETIC TAPE


   Assign one of the devices beginning with  'MTA'.   The  example  shows
   assigning drive 2.

        @ASSIGN (DEVICE) MTA2:

   After assigning the drive to your job, you can run the PLEASE  program
   and ask the operator to mount your tape.

        @PLEASE
        Enter text, terminate with CTRL/Z to wait for response
        Or ESC to send message and Exit
        Please mount tape TEST:<CTRL/Z>
        [PLSOPN Operator at GIDNEY has been notified at 11:18:32]

        11:36:04 From Operator at terminal 2
             =>Your tape is mounted

        Enter new text (Same terminators)

        Thanks<ESC>

   When you complete your work, give the UNLOAD  command.   This  command
   unloads  the  magnetic  tape  by rewinding it entirely onto the source
   reel.

   After you give the UNLOAD command, give  the  DEASSIGN  command.   The
   DEASSIGN  command  returns the device you had previously ASSIGNed back
   to the pool of available devices.  If you forget to do this, no  other
   user can use the device until you log out.



   7.2.3  Setting Tape Parameters

   You must make sure that you read and write the data on the  tape  with
   the  proper tape parameters set.  Give the INFORMATION TAPE-PARAMETERS
   command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) TAPE-PARAMETERS
         SET TAPE DENSITY 1600
         SET TAPE PARITY ODD
         SET TAPE FORMAT CORE-DUMP
         SET TAPE RECORD-LENGTH 512

   These parameters work for most tape transfers; if you have  to  change
   any of the parameters, give the SET TAPE command.

        @SET TAPE DENSITY (TO) 800

   These changed parameters remain in effect until you log off, or change
   the parameters.



                                    7-3
                            USING MAGNETIC TAPE


                                    NOTE

           Not every tape drive supports every parameter.   Check
           with  your system manager to find out what drive types
           are available on your system and which parameters work
           with each drive type.

   If you set a parameter by giving  a  DUMPER  command,  that  parameter
   affects  only  the  DUMPER  operations  and  does  not change your job
   defaults.  For a complete description of DUMPER, refer to the  TOPS-20
   User Utilities Guide.



   7.2.4  Positioning the Tape

   There are commands that position a magnetic tape:  BACKSPACE,  REWIND,
   and  SKIP.   The  BACKSPACE command backspaces the tape over a certain
   number of records or files on unlabeled  tapes,  and  over  a  certain
   number  of files on labeled tapes; the REWIND command rewinds the tape
   to the beginning of the tape; the SKIP command advances  the  magnetic
   tape  a  certain  number of records or files on unlabeled tapes, and a
   certain number of files on labeled tapes.

        @SKIP (DEVICE) MTA2: 4 FILES



   7.3  USING LABELLED TAPES

   The operator creates the labelled tapes  for  you  through  a  process
   called  initialization.   When  a  tape  is  initialized,  the  system
   actually writes specific information on the tape.   Included  in  this
   information is a volume identifier, also called a VOLID.  The VOLID is
   a unique number assigned to the tape.

   Once the operator creates the labelled tape, you can  give  the  MOUNT
   TAPE  command  followed  by the tape volid or the setname you selected
   for your tape(s).  In the following example, the /NEW switch specifies
   that  you  are creating a new tape with the tape setname ABCD:.  For a
   complete list of switches to use with the MOUNT TAPE command, refer to
   the TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual.

        @MOUNT TAPE (NAME) ABCD:/NEW
        [Tape set ABCD, volume 002001 mounted]
        [TEST:  defined as MT2:]

   After the operator  mounts  the  tape,  the  system  sends  a  message
   advising  you  that the tape is ready for your use and which drive you
   have been assigned.  You can now run your program.




                                    7-4
                            USING MAGNETIC TAPE


   If your program requires additional tapes to  complete  the  job,  the
   operator  will  automatically  mount the additional tapes.  The system
   does not notify you of the volids of the additional  tapes.   To  find
   out  the  volids  of the additional tapes you can give the INFORMATION
   VOLUMES command, followed by the tape set name to obtain a list of the
   volume  identifiers  for  each tape in the tape set.  In the following
   example, the tape set name ABCD:  contains three tapes with the volids
   of 002001, 002002, and 002003:

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) VOLUMES (OF TAPE) ABCD:
        Volumes of tape set ABCD:  002001, 002002, 002003

   To read an existing tape set containing several volumes,  include  the
   tape setname and the /VOLIDS:  switch in the MOUNT TAPE command.

        @MOUNT TAPE (NAME) ABCD:/VOLIDS: 002001,002002,002003
        [Tape set ABCD, volume 002001 mounted]
        [ABCD: defined as MT2:]

   You can also mount a specific volume in the tape set by specifying the
   /START  switch  followed  by  the volid for that specific volume.  For
   example, if you want to mount the second volume in the tape  set  name
   ABCD:, give the following command.

        @MOUNT TAPE (NAME) ABCD:/VOLIDS:002001,002002,002003  -
        /START:VOLUME 002002
        [Tape set ABCD, volume 002002 mounted]
        [ABCD:  defined as MT0:]

   The operator mounts the tape, and the system prints a message  telling
   you that the tape that you requested is mounted.

   If you include the /NOWAIT switch in the MOUNT TAPE  command  you  can
   check  on  your  request  to mount the tape, by giving the INFORMATION
   MOUNT-REQUESTS command.  The system prints a list of mount requests in
   the queue, and indicates the status of the request.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) MOUNT-REQUESTS

        Mount Queue:
        Volume     Status   Type  Dens   Write    Req#   Job#   User
        -------   --------  ----  ----  -------  ------  ----  ---------
        MCBFT2    MTA2      Tape  1600             32      18  SROBINSON
        ASDF      MTA3      Tape  defa  Enabled    73      36  KONEN
        002002    MTA0      Tape  6250  Enabled    74       7  SARTINI

        There are 3 requests in the queue







                                    7-5
                            USING MAGNETIC TAPE


   If you want to remove your mount request  from  the  queue,  give  the
   CANCEL  MOUNT  command,  followed by the tape setname.  You must first
   give a CTRL/C to get out of the MOUNT command before  you  can  cancel
   the mount request.  If you included the /NOWAIT switch, you can simply
   give the CANCEL MOUNT command.  You can give the CANCEL MOUNT  command
   as  long  as the request is in waiting status, that is, as long as the
   operator has not mounted the tape.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) MOUNT ABCD:
        [1 mount request canceled]

   When you no longer need to access the tape,  give  the  DISMOUNT  TAPE
   command, followed by the tape setname.

        @DISMOUNT TAPE ABCD:
        [Tape dismounted, Logical name ABCD:  deleted]






































                                    7-6











                                 CHAPTER 8

             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS



   This chapter describes:

         o  Running system programs (Section 8.1)

         o  Giving commands to system programs (Section 8.2)

         o  Getting information about system features (Section 8.3)

         o  Running user programs (Section 8.4)

         o  Controlling programs (Section 8.5)

         o  Running programs without destroying memory (Section 8.6)

         o  Running multiple programs (Section 8.7)



   8.1  RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS

   The TOPS-20 system has many system programs.  To get a  complete  list
   of  the  programs  available, contact your system manager.  The HELP ?
   command prints a list of the programs explained by the HELP program.

   In general, a system program produces an  output  file  by  performing
   some  operation  on  an  input  file.  Some programs perform different
   functions, depending on the file type  of  the  input  file;  however,
   unless  you specifically request it, the program does not destroy your
   input file.  You can give a particular name to your output file or let
   it  take a default name.  The program creates default names by keeping
   the name of the input file and changing the file type.  For  instance,
   the  default  output  name  used  by  the  RUNOFF program is the input
   filename with the file type .MEM.






                                    8-1
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   To run any of the system programs provided with TOPS-20, type the name
   of  the program, and press RETURN.  The following example shows how to
   start the DUMPER program:

        @DUMPER                  !Type DUMPER and press RETURN.
        DUMPER>                  !DUMPER starts
                                 !And waits for a command



   8.2  GIVING COMMANDS TO SYSTEM PROGRAMS

   Once the system program responds with its prompt,  you  can  give  the
   program  a  command.   There  are two types of prompts from the system
   program.

   Some programs respond by printing an asterisk on  the  terminal.   You
   can then type a command in the following format:

        desination-filespec = source-filespec

        destination file  specification  =  source  file specification(s)
        /switch(es)

   You cannot use recognition on file specifications or switches when you
   run any of the programs listed in Table 4-2, Special System Programs.

   Other system programs respond by printing a prompt that identifies the
   program, such as the prompt for the DUMPER program.

        @DUMPER
        DUMPER>

   You can use recognition on commands and arguments to these programs.




















                                    8-2
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   8.2.1  Example:  Using a System Program

   The FILCOM (for FILe COMparison) program which compares two files  and
   indicates the differences between them, works as follows:

        1.  Create two files that are similar but not identical.  You may
            create  two files of your own or use the files created in the
            following example:

            @CREATE (FILE) FIRST.FIL
            Input:  FIRST.FIL.1
            00100           TYPE 101
            00200   101     FORMAT ('THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN FIRST.')
            00300           TYPE 102
            00400   102     FORMAT ('BUT THE TWO PROGRAMS ARE SIMILAR.')
            00500           END
            ^E

            [FIRST.FIL.1]
            @

            @CREATE (FILE) SECOND.FIL
            Input:  SECOND.FIL.1
            00100           TYPE 101
            00200   101     FORMAT ('THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN SECOND.')
            00300           TYPE 102
            00400   102     FORMAT ('BUT THE TWO PROGRAMS ARE SIMILAR.')
            00500           END
            *E

            [SECOND.FIL.1]
            @


        2.  Start the FILCOM program by typing FILCOM  and  pressing  the
            RETURN  key.   When FILCOM is ready, it prints an asterisk on
            your terminal:

                 @FILCOM

                 *

        3.  Tell FILCOM which files to compare and what to  do  with  the
            results of the comparison.  For this example, type the line:

                 *TTY:=FIRST.FIL,SECOND.FIL

            This line tells FILCOM to compare the two files and print the
            results  on  your  terminal  (TTY  stands  for terminal.) If,
            instead, you want to store the results in the file  PROG.DIF,
            type the line:

                 *PROG.DIF=FIRST.FIL,SECOND.FIL

                                    8-3
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


        4.  Press RETURN at the end of the line to execute the command

            *TTY:=FIRST.FIL,SECOND.FIL
            File 1) DSK:FIRST.FIL[4,16]     created: 0837 10-Jun-1988
            File 2) DSK:SECOND.FIL[4,16]    created: 0839 10-Jun-1988

            1)1   00200   101 FORMAT ('THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN FIRST.')
            1)    00300    TYPE 102
            ****
            2)1   00200   101 FORMAT ('THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN SECOND.')
            2)    00300    TYPE 102
            **************

            %files are different

            *

   In the comparison, lines preceded by a 1) are  from  the  first  file,
   FIRST.FIL.   Lines  preceded  by  a  2)  are  from  the  second  file,
   SECOND.FIL.  FILCOM puts an extra number beside the lines that differ,
   and  then  prints the line.  After each of the differing lines, FILCOM
   prints the next line (for example, TYPE 102), so that you  can  easily
   find your place in the files.

   After the first comparison, FILCOM prints  another  asterisk  to  show
   that  it  is ready to do more work.  This time, let FILCOM compare the
   files but print only the second file.  If there  are  any  differences
   between  the  second  file  and  the  first,  request  FILCOM to put a
   vertical bar in the left column beside any such line.  The  switch  /U
   does this.

        *TTY:=FIRST.FIL,SECOND.FIL/U

            00100         TYPE 101
        :   00200 101     FORMAT ('THIS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN SECOND')
            00300         TYPE 102
            00400 102     FORMAT ('BUT THE TWO PROGRAMS ARE SIMILAR.')
            00500         END

        %files are different

        *

   Now, to exit FILCOM, type a CTRL/C.  The system prints the @.

        *^C
        @

   You can run many system programs in this manner.  Some programs behave
   differently.  For help, type HELP and the program name.  If you cannot
   obtain any information, contact your system manager.



                                    8-4
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   8.3  GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT SYSTEM FEATURES

   The HELP program gives you useful information about the  commands  for
   various  programs  of the TOPS-20 system.  The simplest way to run the
   HELP program is to type HELP and press the RETURN key.   TOPS-20  then
   responds with the general instructions for obtaining information.

        @HELP

        HELP Command ====
        The HELP command prints helpful documentation on  various  system
        features, The command

         @HELP
        will print this message on your terminal.

         @HELP NAME
        will look for, and print out information about the system feature
        names in "NAME".  For example,

         @HELP EDIT
        will print out information about the EDIT program.

         @HELP ?
        will give a list of features for  which  HELP  is  available  and
        retype to wait for any additional input.

        [End of HELP.HLP]
        @

   To get information about a system feature, type HELP,  followed  by  a
   space  and  a question mark.  The system prints a list of features for
   which it has information.

        @HELP ? one of the following:
|        68274     8700       ACCT20  ACL     ACTGEN  ADJPSX  ALGDDT
|        ALGOL     APL        APLSF   ASTROL  BLAST   BLIS10  BLIS11
|        BLISS     BLSCRF     BOX     CALC    CALMNT  CALN    CBL74
|        CHANGE    CHECKD     CHESS   CHKPNT  CMPTXT  CMS     CN
|        CNVDSK    COBDDT     COBOL   CONGEN  CONTEN  CONTNT  CONV20
|           .
|           .
|           .
|        SNOBOL    SORT       SOUP    STEP    SYSERR  SYSJOB  TAR
|        TCX       TERMINAL   TGHA    TMSTAP  TOC     TRAK20  TRANSF
|        TRANSL    TTYINI     TUTIO   TV      TYPVF7  ULIST   UNITS
|        US        USAG20     USAH20  VAXTAP  VTECO   WATCH   WATCH-NEW
|        XEROX     XOUT
          or confirm with carriage return





                                    8-5
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   To get help on a specific feature, type HELP and the name of a  system
   program  as  an  argument.  TOPS-20 then responds with the information
   available about that program.

        @HELP FILCOM
        FILCOM V21B(60)

        FILCOM compares two files in either ASCII mode
        or binary depending upon switches or file name extensions.
        All standard binary extensions are recognized as binary by
        default.
        Switches are :-
        /A  compare in ASCII mode
        /B  allow compare of Blank lines
        /C  ignore Comments and spacing
        /E  file is in .EXE format
        /S  ignore Spacing
        /H  type this Help text
        /#L Lower limit for partial compare
                 or number of Lines to be matched
                 ( # represents an octal number)
        /#U Upper limit for partial compare
        /Q  quick compare only, give error message if files differ
        /U  compare in ASCII Update mode
        /W  compare in Word mode but don't expand files
        /X  expand files before word mode compare

        @

   Note that many programs also have a HELP  command.   /H  is  the  help
   command  for programs that have an * prompt, while HELP is the command
   for programs using the program name and > prompt; for example, DUMPER.



   8.4  RUNNING USER PROGRAMS

   To run your own executable program in your connected  directory,  give
   the RUN command.  In the following example, run the program LESTSQ:

        @RUN (PROGRAM) LESTSQ

   Files with  the  file  type  .EXE  contain  executable  programs.   An
   executable  program  is  a  program  that  has  already been compiled,
   loaded, and saved.  (Refer to Section 9.1.)









                                    8-6
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   To run another user's program, give the file  specification  with  the
   RUN command:

        @RUN (PROGRAM) <HOLLAND>TEST

   You must have read and/or execute access to the file and access to the
   directory.



   8.5  CONTROLLING PROGRAMS

   You can control programs by using three control  characters:   CTRL/C,
   CTRL/O  and  CTRL/T.   CTRL/C halts the execution of a program; CTRL/O
   controls output to your  terminal;  CTRL/T  checks  the  status  of  a
   running program.



   8.5.1  Typing CTRL/C to Halt Execution

   You may want to stop your program for several reasons.

       o  Unexpected things may happen in your program and  it  does  not
          complete execution.

       o  You may write your program  to  get  information  from  another
          file,  and  during execution of the program find that the other
          file does not exist.

       o  You may want to perform some other task.

      To stop an executing program or command, type  two  CTRL/Cs.   Only
      one  CTRL/C echoes on the terminal.  The program (or command) stops
      and returns you to command level.  In the  following  example,  you
      decide to stop your program.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) SQRT.ALG
        ALGOL:  SQRT
        LINK:  Loading

            ALGOL  Running at 701105 Used 0:00:04.5 in 0:01:49
        ^C
        @

   You can now give any command that does  not  change  the  contents  of
   memory;  for  example,  the  TERMINAL command.  (You can give commands
   that change memory if you have  "kept"  forks  in  memory.   Refer  to
   Section  8.7  Running Multiple Programs).  When you are finished, give
   the CONTINUE command and the program resumes where it left off.   (The
   CONTINUE  command  will  not  continue  a  TOPS-20  command  that  you
   interrupted.)


                                    8-7
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   Some programs (such as APL, BASIC, and EDIT) intercept the CTRL/C  and
   do  not  return you to TOPS-20 command level.  In these special cases,
   refer to the description  of  the  particular  program  to  return  to
   TOPS-20 command level.

   The system does not respond immediately to a single CTRL/C, but  waits
   for  the  time  when  you  would  normally  give input to the program.
   However, the system processes two CTRL/Cs immediately.



   8.5.2  Typing CTRL/O to Stop Output to Your Terminal

   To stop terminal output but not execution, type  CTRL/O.   The  system
   prints:

        ^O...

   and stops all output to the terminal.  The program (or command)  still
   executes, but no output appears on the terminal.  When the program (or
   command) finishes, the system prints the TOPS-20 prompt.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.FOR

           PS:<MILLER>
         ARDVRK.FOR.1
         BASTST.FOR.3
         ^O...

   If you stop output on the terminal and want to resume  printing  later
   during  the  execution  of  the  same program or command, type another
   CTRL/O.

        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) *.CBL

           PS:<MILLER>
         ANDTST.CBL.6
         BEHIND.CBL.2
         DEVCHR.CBL.4
         ^O...
         WOBBLE.CBL.3
         XTMP.CBL.9
         Total of 34 files


   Each successive pair of CTRL/Os stops and resumes terminal output.

   The effect of CTRL/O is cancelled when the program  requests  terminal
   input.





                                    8-8
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   8.5.3  Typing CTRL/T to Print the Run Status

   You can check the progress of your program even while it  is  running.
   To do this, type CTRL/T.

   The response from CTRL/T shows:

        1.  The current time

        2.  The status of your program

        3.  The amount of computer time used

        4.  The time elapsed since you logged in

   In the example below, you type a CTRL/T immediately after the computer
   prints  ALGOL:SQRT.   At  that  time,  the  program  is  executing the
   instruction stored in memory location 540016.  Up to this  point,  you
   have  used  15.9 seconds of computer time while being logged in for 17
   minutes and 2 seconds.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) SQRT.ALG
        ALGOL:  SQRT<CTRL/T>
        09:36:35 SQRT Running at 540016  Used 00:00:15.9  in 0:17:02,
        Load  2.08
        LINK:  Loading
        [LNKXCT SQRT Execution]

         TYPE THE VALUE OF X:  4

         THE SQUAREROOT OF     4.000  IS     2.000

        End of execution.
        @

   Depending on when you press CTRL/T, other possible responses are:

        IO WAIT AT location      This means that your program is probably
                                 waiting for you to type something.

        HALT AT location         This  means  that   your   program   has
                                 finished.

   The symbol "location" is a 6-digit octal number that tells  you  which
   instruction in computer memory is currently being executed.

   Typing a CTRL/T does not interfere with the running of your program in
   any  way.   However,  if  your program is printing information on your
   terminal at the same time that you type a CTRL/T,  the  response  from
   CTRL/T is mixed with the information from your program.




                                    8-9
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   The information is in the form:

        time name status Used CPU-time in logged-in-time, Load average

   The status message tells you the status of  the  program.   Table  8-1
   lists some of the common status messages.


   Table 8-1:  CTRL/T Status Messages


   _______________________________________________________________________

     Message             Means the Process is:
   _______________________________________________________________________

     RUNNING AT pc       Running
     IO WAIT AT pc       Doing input or output
     HALT AT pc          Stopped
     FORK WAIT AT pc     Waiting for a process to terminate
     SLEEP AT pc         Temporarily suspended

     pc is  the  memory  location  of  the  current  instruction  being
     executed.  You can cause this location to be displayed as either a
     symbol or an octal address by using the SET TYPEOUT MODE  command.
     Refer  to the TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual for information on
     SET TYPEOUT MODE.
   ________________________________________________________________________


   The load average gives a rough indication of current system  use,  and
   thus  helps  you estimate the length of time your program will take to
   run.  Higher load averages tend to indicate heavy use and slow  system
   response.  Refer to the TOPS-20 WATCH document for further information
   on load averages.

   If you stop the program by typing a CTRL/C, the system may precede any
   of  the  messages  in Table 8-1 with ^C FROM.  If a process terminates
   unexpectedly, the CTRL/T message prints in the form:

        HALT:  reason

   where reason can be one of the messages listed in Table 8-2.











                                    8-10
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   Table 8-2:  Unexpected Process Termination Messages


   __________________________________________________________________

        CHANNEL n INTERRUPT AT pc
                  There is a software interrupt on  channel  n  when
                  executing the instruction located at pc.

        OVERFLOW AT pc
                  There is an integer overflow  when  executing  the
                  instruction at location pc.


        FLOATING OVERFLOW AT pc
                  There is a floating point overflow when performing
                  a floating point operation at location pc.

        PUSHDOWN OVERFLOW AT pc
                  There is  an  overflow  during  a  pushdown  stack
                  operation at location pc.

        END-OF-FILE AT pc
                  There is  an  unexpected  end-of-file  encountered
                  while executing the instruction at location pc.

        IO DATA ERROR AT pc
                  There is  an  input  or  output  data  error  when
                  executing the instruction at location pc.

        FILE ERROR 3 INTERRUPT AT pc
        FILE ERROR 4 INTERRUPT AT pc
                  There  is  a  file  error  while   executing   the
                  instruction at location pc.

        ILLEGAL MEMORY READ AT pc
        ILLEGAL MEMORY WRITE AT pc
        ILLEGAL EXECUTE AT pc
                  There is an illegal attempt to  access  memory  at
                  location pc.

        FORK TERMINATION INTERRUPT AT pc
                  There is  a  software  interrupt  that  terminated
                  another   fork   (process)   while  executing  the
                  instruction at location pc.

        FILE OR SWAPPING SPACE EXCEEDED AT pc
                  There is no more room in the system memory or disk
                  storage   while   executing   the  instruction  at
                  location pc.
   _______________________________________________________________________



                                    8-11
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   8.6  RUNNING PROGRAMS WITHOUT DESTROYING MEMORY

   If you are executing a long-running program and find a  file  missing,
   you  can  stop  the program without destroying the contents of memory,
   run another program (such as an editor) to create  the  missing  file,
   and  return to continue your original program.  Before running another
   program to create the file, type two CTRL/Cs to halt the  program  and
   then  give  a  PUSH command.  The PUSH command creates a new, inferior
   TOPS-20 command level and a fresh copy of memory.  You can now  run  a
   program  without affecting the program in the superior TOPS-20 command
   level.  When you finish,  give  the  POP  command  to  return  to  the
   previous memory and command level.  Finally, give the CONTINUE command
   to resume the execution of your program.

                                    NOTE

           If you run another program  without  giving  the  PUSH
           command,  the new program will replace the old program
           in memory, and you will not be able  to  continue  the
           old program.

   The following example illustrates how to run a FORTRAN program.  As it
   nears  completion,  the  program requires a file you forgot to create.
   Stop the program; give the PUSH command; create the file; give the POP
   command; and continue the program.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) RANK.FOR      !Execute the program
        FORTRAN: RANK
        LINK:   Loading
        [LNKXCT RANK Execution]

        %FRSOPN File was not found    !The file was not found
        Unit=1 DSK:NUMBER.DAT/ACCESS=SEQIN/MODE:ASCII

        Enter new file specs. End with $(ALT)
        *^C                           !type CTRL/C to stop
        @PUSH (COMMAND LEVEL)         !Save the program and set up
                                       a new copy of memory
         TOPS-20 Command processor 6.1(7)
        @CREATE (FILE) NUMBER.DAT
             .
             .
             .
        @POP (COMMAND LEVEL)          !Return to the last command level
        @CONTINUE                     !Resume execution
        NUMBER.DAT                    !Type the name of the file
        STOP                          !The program finishes

        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.38  ELAPSED TIME: 3.87:49
        EXIT



                                    8-12
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   When you need to run a program and do not want to destroy the  current
   contents  of  memory,  give  the  PUSH  command,  run  the appropriate
   program, give the POP command and continue the first program.  The POP
   command  returns  you  to  the  preceding level.  You can give as many
   pairs of the PUSH and  POP  commands  as  you  need.   If  the  system
   temporarily  does not have enough resources to give you a new level of
   TOPS-20, it cancels the PUSH command and prints the message:

        ?Insufficient resources available

   Reissue the command, and if you still get errors, you may  have  given
   too  many  PUSH commands without any intervening POP commands.  Give a
   POP command.  If the system cannot execute a POP command,  it  cancels
   the command and prints the message:

        ?No higher command level

   When you give a PUSH command, the contents of memory are preserved  in
   their  exact  state and cannot be changed until you give a POP command
   to return to that level.



   8.7  RUNNING MULTIPLE PROGRAMS

   In addition to the PUSH and POP  commands,  TOPS-20  provides  another
   method  of  running multiple programs without destroying memory.  This
   feature, called "Multiforking," allows you to have  multiple  programs
   at the same TOPS-20 command level (EXEC).  Each program resides in its
   own address space.  This space is called  a  "fork"  or  a  "process."
   Multiforking  allows  you  to go from an editing program to a compiler
   and back again without reloading either program.  Furthermore, you can
   run multiple programs and leave your terminal free for other work.

   Figure 8-1 illustrates the structure of multiple  forks  created  with
   the  PUSH  command.  Note that the forks are organized in a hierarchy.
   Each PUSH command creates an inferior EXEC.  To address a higher fork,
   you  must POP back up the hierarchy.  Each time you POP, you erase the
   inferior EXEC and its forks.















                                    8-13
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


     1.Using PUSH and POP

                      --------------------
                      |       EXEC       |
                      |                  |
                      --------------------
                      |       EDT        |
                      --------------------
                               |
                               | @PUSH
                               v
                      --------------------
                      |       EXEC       |
                      |                  |
                      --------------------
                      |       BLISS      |
                      --------------------
                               |
                               | @PUSH
                               v
                      --------------------
    ---TTY----        |       EXEC       |
    |        |--------|                  | @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
    |        |        --------------------  =>LINK(3):
    ----------        |       LINK       |  ^C from Running at 700304,
                      --------------------  0:00:02.8


     2.Using Multiforking

                      --------------------
    ---TTY----        |       EXEC       | @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
    |        |--------|                  |    EDT(1):Kept,HALT at 460015,
    |        |        --------------------    0:00:01.7
    ----------        | EDT | BLISS| LINK|    BLISS(2):Kept,Background,
                      --------------------    IO wait at 404426,0:00:02.1
                                           => LINK(3):^C from Running
                                              at 700304, 0:00:00.8


   Figure 8-1:  Methods of Running Multiple Programs


   Now look at the structure of multiple forks created with  multiforking
   in  Figure  8-1.   Note that there is only one EXEC command level, and
   the forks are organized parallel  to  each  other.   Because  of  this
   structure,  any  fork  can  be  addressed without erasing any existing
   forks.  Since all the forks belong to the same EXEC,  the  INFORMATION
   FORK-STATUS  command  displays the status of all forks.  With the PUSH
   and POP method, you can only see the status  of  the  "current"  fork.
   The  current  fork is the fork that TOPS-20 commands refer to when you
   do not give a fork name as a command argument.   In  the  fork  status
   display, an arrow (=>) points to the current fork.

                                    8-14
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   You can control forks with the multiforking-class  commands  discussed
   in the following sections.



   8.7.1  Saving Forks

   Normally, any time you load a program, the new program takes the place
   of  or "resets" the program in the current fork.  You can preserve the
   contents of a fork with the KEEP command.  The KEEP  command  gives  a
   fork a "kept" status.  A kept fork is not cleared from memory when you
   run another program.  Instead, a new  fork  is  created  for  the  new
   program.

   In the following example, you have the EDIT program  loaded,  and  you
   need  to  run  the  BLISS  program while preserving the state of EDIT.
   First, display  the  fork  status  with  the  INFORMATION  FORK-STATUS
   command.   Then,  make  the  EDIT  fork a kept fork to protect it from
   being reset by BLISS.  Next, redisplay the fork status:

        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
         => EDIT (1): HALT at 6254, 0:00:22.8
        @KEEP (FORK)
        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
         => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:22.8

   Now, load the BLISS program and exit BLISS to check the fork status:

        @BLISS
        BLISS>/EXIT
        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:22.8
         => BLISS (2): HALT at 6065, 0:00:00.2

   Note that the arrow indicates that BLISS is now the current fork.

   Forks are named after the program they contain  and  numbered  in  the
   order they were created.  In the multiforking class commands, the fork
   name and number are interchangeable.

   You can execute a program in a kept fork by typing only the fork  name
   or  enough  letters  of the fork name to distinguish it from any other
   fork name  or  TOPS-20  command.   For  information  on  automatically
   KEEPing  forks,  see  the  SET PROGRAM command in the TOPS-20 Commands
   Reference Manual.









                                    8-15
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


   8.7.2  Changing the Current Fork

   Multiforking-class commands always refer to the  current  fork  unless
   you  specify  a  fork name as a command argument.  Other EXEC commands
   always refer to the current  fork  and  do  not  accept  a  fork  name
   argument.   The FORK command changes the current fork so that the EXEC
   commands refer to a new current fork.  Use the FORK command before any
   EXEC  command  that  only refers to the current fork, such as EXAMINE,
   DEPOSIT, and INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE.

   In the next example, you need to know how many pages are being used by
   the EDIT program.  Since the command INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE provides
   memory information about the current fork, which  is  now  BLISS,  you
   must  first  make  EDIT the current fork.  Give the command FORK EDIT,
   and check the fork status to note that EDIT is the new  current  fork.
   Then give the INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE command.

        @FORK (IS) EDIT 
        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
         => EDIT (1): Kept, ^C from IO wait at 2476, 0:00:00.5
            BLISS (2): HALT at 3744, 0:00:00.9
        @INFORMATION MEMORY-USAGE



   8.7.3  Creating Background Forks

   A fork that is running while your terminal is at EXEC command level or
   at  another  program  command level is called a "background" fork.  To
   place the BLISS  program  in  a  background  fork,  type  the  command
   CONTINUE BLISS to make BLISS the current fork, and enter BLISS command
   level.  (Note that if BLISS was a kept fork, typing only  BLISS  would
   invoke the BLISS fork.)

   At the BLISS> prompt, enter a filename to  start  the  BLISS  program.
   Then,  type  two  CTRL/Cs  (the  first  CTRL/C does not appear on your
   terminal) to halt BLISS and bring you  back  to  EXEC  command  level.
   Check the status of BLISS with the INFORMATION FORK-STATUS command.

        @CONTINUE BLISS
        BLISS>PROBE.BLI
        ;File: PUBLIC:<DBONIN.FORK>PROBE.BLI.3
        ^C
        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:22.8
         => BLISS (2): ^C from Running at 155471, 0:00:54.2

   Now, continue BLISS with the  CONTINUE  command  and  the  /BACKGROUND
   switch.   The  /BACKGROUND switch places the program in the background
   and lets you stay at EXEC command level.




                                    8-16
             RUNNING SYSTEM PROGRAMS AND OTHER USERS' PROGRAMS


        @CONTINUE /BACKGROUND
        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:22.8
         => BLISS (2): Background, Running at 6065, 0:00:54.2

   With BLISS running in a background fork, your terminal is now free for
   other  work.   You  can  give  other  EXEC commands, run EDIT or a new
   program.  A new program does not clear the  unkept  BLISS  fork  while
   BLISS  is in the background.  The system notifies you when BLISS wants
   input by ringing the terminal bell and printing  the  message  [BLISS:
   wants the TTY].

   Because EDIT is in a kept fork, you can continue  EDIT  at  its  start
   address by typing EDIT.

        @EDIT
        [Starting]
        Edit: CHECK.TXT
        *

   The [Starting] message indicates that the kept fork was  continued  at
   its  start  address.   You  can  set  kept  forks to continue at their
   continue, reenter, or start address with  the  command,  SET  PROGRAM.
   (For  more  information  on  the  SET PROGRAM command, see the TOPS-20
   Commands Reference Manual).



   8.7.4  Deleting Forks

   Forks are valuable system resources.  The maximum number available  on
   any  system  is  usually 512.  When all the system's forks are in use,
   new users cannot log in and the system displays the message  ?Full  No
   more  forks.  Also, when users already on the system attempt to create
   new  forks  the  system  displays  the  message  ?Insufficient  system
   resources.

   Therefore, you should always return your idle  forks  to  the  system.
   The RESET command clears forks from memory and makes them available to
   other users.

        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
         => EDIT (1): Kept, HALT at 6254, 0:00:22.8
            BLISS (2): Background, Running at 6065, 0:02:54.2
        @RESET EDIT
        @INFORMATION FORK-STATUS
            BLISS (2): Background, Running at 6065, 0:02:54.2

   Your system manager can restrict the number of forks allowed  to  each
   job.   Attempting  to  exceed  this  limit also results in the message
   ?Insufficient system resources.



                                    8-17











                                 CHAPTER 9

                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS



   This chapter describes:

         o  Producing a simple program (Section 9.1)

         o  Preparing a multi-module program (Section 9.2)

         o  Using the LOAD-class commands (Section 9.3)



   9.1  PRODUCING A SIMPLE PROGRAM

   To produce a simple program:

         o  Write the source program in a programming language

         o  Enter the source program into a file

         o  Execute (compile, load, and start) the program

   If you find errors after executing  the  program,  change  the  source
   program to eliminate the errors, and re-execute the program.



   9.1.1  The Source Program

   A source program is the program you input, in a programming  language,
   to  the  system.   The  file  containing  your program has a file type
   indicating the language in which the program is  written.   After  the
   system  translates  your program, it creates a new file containing the
   translation.  The new file has the same file name as the source  file,
   but  it has a file type of .REL (which stands for relocatable binary).
   This translated program is called an object program.





                                    9-1
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   To write the source program, choose one of the programming  languages:
   ALGOL,  BLISS, COBOL, FORTRAN, MACRO, or PASCAL.  The languages BASIC,
   APL and CPL do not produce object programs (.REL files).  To  write  a
   program  in one of these languages, follow the procedures described in
   the appropriate language manual.  (Refer to Appendix  D,  USING  BASIC
   for an explanation of how to enter and run a BASIC program.)

   The following example shows a FORTRAN program  that  requires  you  to
   type  a  number; the program then prints two times that number.  Enter
   this program into a file.

        C      THIS IS A SMALL FORTRAN PROGRAM
               TYPE 101
        101    FORMAT (' TYPE A NUMBER:  '$)
               ACCEPT 102,X
        102    FORMAT (F)
               Y=2*X
               TYPE 103,X,Y
        103    FORMAT (' TWO TIMES ',F,' IS ',F)
               STOP
               END



   9.1.2  Executing the Program

   Once you enter the source program into a file, do the following:

         o  Compile the source program to produce an object program.

         o  Load the object program into memory and combine it  with  any
            routines required from the appropriate system library.

         o  Start the program in memory.

   The language compiler or  assembler  translates  the  source  program,
   producing  an  object  program.   The  LINK  program places the object
   program in memory, and the START command starts the program.   You  do
   not  have  to  give  all  these  commands  to  perform  the individual
   functions.  Instead, you can give the EXECUTE command, which  performs
   the  functions  collectively.   The  COMPILE, LOAD, DEBUG, and EXECUTE
   commands are referred to as LOAD-class commands.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) SMALL.FOR
        FORTRAN: SMALL
        MAIN.
        LINK:   Loading
        [LNKXCT SMALL Execution]

        TYPE A NUMBER: 5




                                    9-2
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


        TWO TIMES      5.0000000  IS      10.0000000
        STOP

        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.07  ELAPSED TIME: 3.00
        EXIT



   9.1.3  Debugging the Program

   If your program does not run correctly the first time, check for:

        o  Syntax errors

        o  Execution errors

   To eliminate syntax errors, examine the line or lines  for  which  the
   compiler  or  assembler  prints  errors.   Edit  the source program to
   correct the errors and re-execute it.  Continue until your program  is
   successfully translated.

   If your program does not give the correct answer  after  it  executes,
   check for a logic error in the program.  To do this, you can carefully
   review the source program for any errors or you can  use  one  of  the
   system  debugging  programs:   COBDDT  for  COBOL programs; FORDDT for
   FORTRAN programs and DDT for most  other  programs.   These  debugging
   programs  allow you to stop at certain points in your program, examine
   the contents of the program,  make  changes,  and  then  continue  the
   program.   (For  more  information  refer  to  the appropriate TOPS-20
   language manual.)

   To get a listing of your compiled program, give  the  COMPILE  command
   with the /LIST switch; the listing file has the same name as your last
   source file and is output directly to the line printer.  When you give
   the  COMPILE  command,  the  system  scans  the  list  of  files to be
   compiled.  Only those files that are current  (a  source  program  not
   changed since the last compilation) are not recompiled.  If you have a
   current object program, you must include the /COMPILE switch to  force
   the  compiler  to  recompile  your source file.  The following example
   shows how to recompile the program SMALL and get a listing:

        @COMPILE (FROM) SMALL/LIST/COMPILE
        FORTRAN: SMALL
        MAIN.
        @








                                    9-3
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   To see the location of your program in the line printer output  queue,
   give the INFORMATION OUTPUT-REQUESTS command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) OUTPUT-REQUESTS

        Printer Queue:
        Job Name  Req#   Limit              User
        --------  ----   -----    --------------------------
        * SMALL   3891      52    SARTINI                     /Unit:1
           Started at 11:02:34, Printed 0 of 52 Pages
        There is 1 Job in the Queue (1 in Progress)

   The SMALL program is the only  job  listed  and  the  only  job  being
   printed.



   9.1.4  Saving the Program for Future Use

   Once you debug the program,  load  it  into  memory  (using  the  LOAD
   command)  and  save the loaded program in an .EXE file (using the SAVE
   command).  Refer to the  following  example.   The  .EXE  file  is  an
   executable memory image file.

        @LOAD (FROM) SMALL
        LINK:   Loading
        @SAVE (ON FILE)
         SMALL.EXE.1 Saved

   To run the program, give a RUN command.

        @RUN SMALL

        TYPE A NUMBER: 25

        TWO TIMES       25.0000000 IS    50.0000000
        THREE TIMES       25.0000000 IS    75.0000000
        STOP

        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.08 ELAPSED TIME: 6.42
        EXIT

   Using the .EXE file and a RUN command saves the system  from  checking
   to  see  that  the  object file is current and loading it into memory.
   Make an .EXE file only when your program is running correctly.  RUN is
   not  a LOAD-class command.  Therefore, if the source program for SMALL
   changes, giving the command RUN SMALL will  not  compile  the  program
   SMALL.





                                    9-4
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.2  PREPARING A MULTI-MODULE PROGRAM

   To produce a program  consisting  of  a  number  of  modules,  do  the
   following:

         o  Write the modules in a programming  language  and  enter  the
            modules into files

         o  Translate the modules, load them into memory,  and  then  run
            the program

   Sections 9.2.1 through 9.2.7 describe some helpful functions:

         o  Writing and entering modules into files

         o  Producing listings with cross-references to labels

         o  Creating and accessing subroutine libraries

         o  Saving the program for future use

         o  Saving arguments in indirect files

         o  Comparing files with the FILCOM program



   9.2.1  Writing and Entering Modules into Files

   Design the program and write the modules in  a  programming  language.
   Using  separate  files  for  the  modules  gives  you  flexibility  in
   debugging the program.  If there is an error in one module, you do not
   have  to recompile the other modules.  If you do not enter each module
   into a separate file and an error occurs in one of  the  modules,  you
   must recompile all modules in that file.

   The following example illustrates entering each module into a separate
   file:

        File COMP.FOR

                      TYPE 101
                101   FORMAT (' TYPE TWO NUMBERS: '$)
                      ACCEPT 102,A,B
                102   FORMAT (2F)
                      CALL ADDEM(A,B)
                      CALL DIFFER(A,B)
                      STOP
                      END





                                    9-5
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


        File ADDEM.FOR

                      SUBROUTINE ADDEM(A,B)
                      C = A + B
                      TYPE 101,C
                101   FORMAT (' THE SUM IS: ',F)
                      RETURN
                      END

        File DIFFER.FOR

                      SUBROUTINE DIFFER(A,B)
                      C = ABS(A - B)
                      TYPE 101,C
                101   FORMAT (' THE DIFFERENCE IS: ',F)
                      RETURN
                      END



   9.2.2  Executing the Program

   You can run the program by giving the EXECUTE  command.   The  FORTRAN
   compiler  processes  all  three  source modules and produces the three
   object programs; then the LINK program  loads  them  into  memory  and
   starts them.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) COMP,ADDEM,DIFFER
        FORTRAN: COMP
        MAIN.
        FORTRAN: ADDEM
             .
             .
             .
        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.16 ELAPSED TIME: 2.00
        EXIT



   9.2.3  Producing a Cross-Reference Listing

   Many programs contain numerous modules that are  significantly  larger
   than  those  shown  in the previous examples.  If you want to find the
   place where a variable is defined or used, you must search each module
   line  by  line.   However,  the  system  can  help  you  by creating a
   cross-reference listing that you can print on the line  printer.   The
   cross-reference listing shows where each variable is defined and used.






                                    9-6
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   The CREF (for Cross-REFerence) program produces the listing.   To  use
   the  CREF  program,  give  the  /CREF  switch, along with a LOAD-class
   command that compiles your  source  program.   After  the  program  is
   compiled,  your directory will contain a .CRF file in addition to your
   .REL file.  Thus, if you have the file TEST.FOR and give the command:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /CREF TEST

   your directory will contain the files TEST.FOR, TEST.REL and TEST.CRF.

   The .CRF file contains information for the CREF program.  When you are
   ready  to  produce  the  listing, give the CREF command.  This command
   produces listings for all the .CRF files in your  connected  directory
   that were created since you logged in.  The program sends the listings
   to the printer.  The following  example  produces  a  cross  reference
   listing for the COMP, ADDEM, and DIFFER programs.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) /CREF COMP,ADDEM,DIFFER  !Include /CREF
        FORTRAN: COMP
        MAIN.
        FORTRAN: ADDEM
             .
             .
             .
        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.15 ELAPSED TIME: 1.52
        EXIT
        @CREF                                   !Then run CREF
        CREF:   COMP
        CREF:   ADDEM
        CREF:   DIFFER

   If you already have object files for the programs,  give  the  COMPILE
   command  with the /CREF, /NOBINARY, and /COMPILE switches.  The system
   produces just the .CRF file, without producing an object file.

   The following  example  shows  how  to  produce  only  cross-reference
   listings:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /CREF /NOBINARY /COMPILE COMP,ADDEM,DIFFER
        FORTRAN: COMP
        MAIN.
        FORTRAN: ADDEM
        ADDEM
        FORTRAN: DIFFER
        DIFFER
        @CREF
        CREF:   COMP
        CREF:   ADDEM
        CREF:   DIFFER




                                    9-7
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   If you  have  a  COBOL  program,  the  /CREF  switch  puts  the  cross
   references  in  the listing file that it normally produces; you do not
   need to run the CREF program.

   Refer to the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for a  complete  description
   of CREF.



   9.2.4  Using Subroutine Libraries

   If you have a set of frequently used subroutines, you can  group  them
   in  a  single  object file called a library file, rather than keep the
   object files separate.  Then when you give a LOAD-class  command,  all
   you  need type is the one library file specification instead of a list
   of subroutine file specifications.  In addition, it is easier to  keep
   track  of  one  file,  especially  if  a group of users is sharing the
   subroutines.

   For example, if you have the subroutines OPREAD, OPWRIT,  CLREAD,  and
   CLWRIT,  which  may  be  called  by  the  main  program  WRITER,  your
   LOAD-class command is:

        @LOAD (FROM) WRITER,OPREAD,OPWRIT,CLREAD,CLWRIT

   If you place the four subroutines in a library, DOFILE,  your  command
   is shortened to:

        @LOAD (FROM) WRITER,DOFILE/LIBRARY

   The /LIBRARY switch causes the system to load only  those  subroutines
   that  are  actually  called.   If  you  use  the  library file and the
   /LIBRARY  switch,  after  writing  a  main  program  that  calls   the
   subroutines, you do not have to remember which subroutines the program
   calls to include the proper  file  specifications  in  the  LOAD-class
   command.

   A library file is produced by compiling the subroutines separately and
   then running the MAKLIB program to construct the library file.  MAKLIB
   is a program that manipulates .REL files.  If you need to  modify  any
   one  of  the  library  files, edit the source file, recompile, and use
   MAKLIB to replace the subroutine in the library file.

   Sections  9.2.4.1  through  9.2.4.5  show  how  to  create  a  library
   containing  four  subroutines,  use  the library, change a subroutine,
   then replace the old subroutine in the library with the new one.  Four
   subroutines:   OPREAD,  OPWRIT,  CLREAD,  and  CLWRIT are entered into
   files, compiled, then stored in the library, DOFILE.

   Refer to the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for a  complete  description
   of MAKLIB.



                                    9-8
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.2.4.1  Entering the Subroutines into Files - Enter  the  subroutines
   into separate files.

        File OPREAD.FOR

             SUBROUTINE OPREAD(NAME)
             OPREAD - OPENS A FILE FOR READING
             DOUBLE PRECISION NAME
             OPEN(UNIT=21,ACCESS='SEQIN',FILE=NAME)
             RETURN
             END

        File OPWRIT.FOR

             SUBROUTINE OPWRIT(NAME)
             OPWRIT - OPENS A FILE FOR WRITING
             DOUBLE PRECISION NAME
             OPEN(UNIT=21,ACCESS='SEQOUT',FILE=NAME)
             RETURN
             END

        File CLREAD.FOR

             SUBROUTINE CLREAD(NAME)
             CLREAD - CLOSES A FILE OPENED FOR READING
             DOUBLE PRECISION NAME
             CLOSE(UNIT=21,FILE=NAME)
             RETURN
             END

        File CLWRIT.FOR

             SUBROUTINE CLWRIT(NAME)
             CLWRIT - CLOSES A FILE OPENED FOR WRITING
             DOUBLE PRECISION NAME
             CLOSE(UNIT=21,FILE=NAME)
             RETURN
             END



   9.2.4.2  Compiling the Subroutines - After  entering  the  subroutines
   into files, compile them to produce four separate object files.

        @COMPILE (FROM) OPREAD,OPWRIT,CLREAD,CLWRIT
        FORTRAN: OPREAD
        OPREAD
        FORTRAN: OPWRIT
        OPWRIT
        FORTRAN: CLREAD
        CLREAD
        FORTRAN: CLWRIT
        CLWRIT

                                    9-9
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.2.4.3  Creating  the  Library  File - Create  the  library  file  by
   running  the  MAKLIB program.  After starting MAKLIB, type the name of
   the library file, followed by an equal sign.  Then type  the  name  of
   each object file, followed by the /APPEND switch.

        @MAKLIB
        *DOFILE=OPREAD/APPEND,OPWRIT/APPEND,CLREAD/APPEND,CLWRIT/APPEND

   If you want some switches to be in  effect  every  time  you  run  the
   MAKLIB  program,  you  can  create  a  SWITCH.INI file and include the
   switches.  When you issue a MAKLIB  command  line,  MAKLIB  reads  the
   SWITCH.INI  file  in  your  connected  directory and uses the switches
   specified in that file.  (Note that the EDIT  program,  on  the  other
   hand, reads the SWITCH.INI file in your logged-in directory.)

   The format of the line in the SWITCH.INI file is:

        MAKLIB/switch(es)

   Thus, if you always want to give the /LIST  switch  (which  lists  the
   names  of  the  modules that are contained in the master library) with
   MAKLIB, insert in the SWITCH.INI file the line

        MAKLIB/LIST

   Now, instead of typing the command

        @MAKLIB
        *MASTER=NEW/LIST

   you  can  type  the  following  command,  and  the  /LIST  switch   is
   automatically included in the command:

        @MAKLIB
        *MASTER=NEW


   If the switches occupy more than one line, use a hyphen at the end  of
   the first line and continue on the next line.

   Once you create the library file, you can list its  contents  on  your
   terminal  by  giving  a  MAKLIB  command  with the /LIST switch in the
   command below.  The first number following the subroutine name is  the
   highest  relocatable  address  it  occupies,  and  the  second  number
   indicates its length; both numbers are octal.

        *TTY:=DOFILE/LIST
                Listing of Modules
        Produced by MAKLIB Version 2.2(104) on 26-Mar-88 at 15:00:48

                **************************



                                    9-10
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


        DSK:DOFILE.REL[4,164] Created on 26-Mar-88 at 15:00:00

        OPREAD  400016  000007
        OPWRIT  400016  000010
        CLREAD  400016  000007
        CLWRIT  400016  000010

   To end MAKLIB, type a CTRL/C.



   9.2.4.4  Using the Library  File - To  use  the  library  file,  first
   create  a  main  program  that  uses  the subroutines.  LOAD this main
   program and the library file into  memory.   Notice  that  the  WRITER
   program  in  the example below does not use all the subroutines.  When
   you give the LOAD command with the /LIBRARY switch, the  system  loads
   only the subroutines, OPWRIT and CLWRIT.

        File WRITER.FOR

                      DOUBLE PRECISION NAME,DAY
                      CALL DATE(DAY)
                      CALL OPWRIT('DATE.FIL')
                      TYPE 101,DAY
                101   FORMAT (' UPDATING AS OF: ',A10)
                      WRITE (21,102) DAY
                102   FORMAT (' => UPDATED ON: ', A10)
                      CALL CLWRIT('DATE.FIL')
                      STOP
                      END

   After entering the main program, load it with  the  library  file  and
   start it.  Remember to include the /LIBRARY switch.

        @LOAD (FROM) WRITER,DOFILE/LIBRARY
        FORTRAN: WRITER
        MAIN.
        LINK:   Loading

        EXIT
        @START
        UPDATING AS OF:  26-Mar-88
        STOP

        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.41 ELAPSED TIME: 1.33
        EXIT







                                    9-11
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.2.4.5  Changing a Subroutine in the Library - To change a subroutine
   in the library, edit the source file, recompile the subroutine and use
   MAKLIB to update the library file.  After editing the file, compile  a
   new object file.

        @COMPILE (FROM) OPWRIT.FOR
        FORTRAN: OPWRIT
        OPWRIT

   Now, run the MAKLIB program.  First, check the contents of the library
   file to be sure you are updating the proper file.

        @MAKLIB
        *TTY:=DOFILE/LIST
                Listing of Modules
        Produced by MAKLIB Version 2A(67) on 26-Sep-88 at 15:05:06

                **************************

        DSK:DOFILE.REL[4,164] Created on 26-Sep-88 at 15:00:00

        OPREAD  400016  000007
        OPWRIT  400016  000010
        CLREAD  400016  000007
        CLWRIT  400016  000010

   Second, update the library file.  Type the name  of  the  new  library
   file followed by an equal sign.  Type the name of the library file you
   want to update and the /MASTER:  switch.   After  /MASTER:   type  the
   name  of the subroutine you are replacing and a comma.  Last, type the
   name of the  file  containing  the  new  subroutine  followed  by  the
   /REPLACE switch.  Press RETURN.  When the system completes the update,
   it prints an asterisk.

        *DOFILE=DOFILE/MASTER:OPWRIT,OPWRIT/REPLACE

   You can now check the new library to be sure that the  new  subroutine
   is  included.  As you can see, the length of the OPWRIT subroutine has
   changed to include the additional statements.

        *TTY:=DOFILE/LIST
                Listing of Modules
        Produced by MAKLIB Version 2A(67) on 26-Sep-88 at 15:10:10

                ***************************

        DSK:DOFILE.REL[4,164] Created on 26-sep-88 at 15:09:00

        OPREAD  400020  000007
        OPWRIT  400035  000015
        CLREAD  400020  000007
        CLWRIT  400020  000010
        *^C

                                    9-12
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   Load the main program with the  new  library.   You  do  not  have  to
   recompile  the  main program or any of the other subroutines to change
   OPWRIT.  After loading the program, save it for future use, then start
   the program.

        @LOAD (FROM) WRITER,DOFILE/LIBRARY
        LINK:  Loading
        @SAVE
         WRITER.EXE.1 Saved
        @START
        [DATE.FIL    OPENED]
        UPDATING AS OF:   26-Sep-88
        STOP

        END OF EXECUTION
        CPU TIME: 0.18 ELAPSED TIME: 0.86
        EXIT


   Refer to the TOPS-20 User Utilities Guide for more information on  the
   MAKLIB program.



   9.2.5  Loading and Saving the Program for Future Use

   The example below shows how to load the main program and  the  library
   file.   Instead  of loading all four subroutines in DOFILE, the system
   loads only the two that the program actually uses (OPWRIT and CLWRIT).

        @LOAD (FROM) WRITER,DOFILE/LIBRARY
        LINK:   Loading

        EXIT

   Give the SAVE command to save the program.  To run the program  later,
   give  the  RUN  command.   Note  that  if you specified a name in your
   program by using the PROGRAM statement, the name  of  the  saved  file
   will reflect that name.

        @RUN (PROGRAM) WRITER

   Never save a program after you have started it; some storage areas may
   not get properly cleared during restarting.










                                    9-13
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.2.6  Saving Arguments in Indirect Files

   If the arguments for a LOAD-class command are complex, you  can  store
   them  in  a  file  called  an indirect file.  Later, when you give the
   LOAD-class command, specify the file where the arguments  are  stored,
   rather  than  typing  the  entire  line.   Instead  of  receiving  the
   arguments directly  from  your  terminal,  the  system  receives  them
   indirectly  from the file.  In this case precede the indirect filename
   with an @ sign.

   If you give the indirect command file a file type of .CMD, you do  not
   have  to include a file type when giving its file specification.  This
   example shows the line in a command file that will  compile  the  four
   subroutines:

        OPREAD,OPWRIT,CLREAD,CLWRIT

   To use the file in a LOAD-class command, precede it with  an  @.   You
   can  use  recognition in typing the file specification.  If you do not
   give a file type, the system uses file type .CMD.

        @COMPILE (FROM) @D
        FORTRAN: OPREAD
        OPREAD
        FORTRAN: OPWRIT
        OPWRIT
        FORTRAN: CLREAD
        CLREAD
        FORTRAN: CLWRIT
        CLWRIT

   This example shows an indirect file you can use to create the  program
   WRITER and to search the library:

        WRITER.FOR,DOFILE.REL/LIBRARY



   9.2.7  Comparing Changes in Files

   To run the FILCOM program, type FILCOM and press  RETURN;  the  system
   prints an asterisk.  Type a command to FILCOM in the form:

       destination-filespec = source-filespec, source-filespec2,/switches

   The destination file is the file that contains  the  differences.   It
   can  be  printed in a file or on your terminal (TTY:).  The first file
   is the one that will be listed first in the list of  differences,  and
   the  second  file  is the one that will be listed second.  The list of
   switches specifies any special parameters for properly performing  the
   comparison.



                                    9-14
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   First, change one line in the file WRITER.FOR and save the new file in
   UPDATE.FOR.  This example uses the EDIT editor.

        @EDIT (FILE) WRITER.FOR.1 (OUTPUT AS) UPDATE.FOR
        Edit: WRITER.FOR.1
        *F=>$
        00700   102   FORMAT (' => UPDATED ON: ', A10)
        *SUPDATED$ADDED NEW DATA$.
        00700   102   FORMAT (' => ADDED NEW DATA ON: ', A10)
        *E

        [UPDATE.FOR.1]

   There are now two files:   WRITER.FOR,  which  contains  the  original
   line,  and  UPDATE.FOR, which contains the modified line.  The example
   below shows how to compare the two files and output the differences to
   your terminal.  Type a CTRL/C to end FILCOM.

        @FILCOM                            !Start FILCOM

        *TTY:=WRITER.FOR,UPDATE.FOR        !Type the command
        FILE 1) DSK:WRITER.FOR  CREATED: 1554 2-MAR-88
        FILE 2) DSK:UPDATE.FOR  CREATED: 1556 24-MAR-88

        1)1     00700   102   FORMAT (' => UPDATED ON: ', A10)
        1)      00800         CALL CLWRIT('DATE.FIL')
        ****
        2)1     00700   102   FORMAT (' => ADDED NEW DATA ON: ', A10)
        2)      00800         CALL CLWRIT('DATE.FIL')
        **************

        %files are different

        *^C                                !Type a CTRL/C to
                                           !end FILCOM

   For more information on the  FILCOM  program,  see  the  TOPS-20  User
   Utilities Guide.



   9.3  USING THE LOAD-CLASS COMMANDS

   The LOAD-class (COMPILE,  LOAD,  EXECUTE,  DEBUG)  commands  help  you
   produce  programs easily and correctly.  The four commands perform all
   the functions you need to compile (or assemble) and debug a program:

   COMPILE        The COMPILE command  causes  the  appropriate  language
                  processor   to  produce  object  programs  from  source
                  programs.




                                    9-15
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   LOAD           The  LOAD  command  causes  the  appropriate   language
                  processor to produce an object program and then load it
                  into memory.

   EXECUTE        The EXECUTE command  causes  the  appropriate  language
                  processor  and  LINK to produce an object program, load
                  it into memory, and then start its execution.
   DEBUG          The  DEBUG  command  causes  the  appropriate  language
                  processor  and  LINK to produce an object program, load
                  it and the appropriate debugging program  into  memory,
                  then start execution of the debugging program.

   In addition to the functions listed  above,  the  LOAD-class  commands
   perform some helpful and timesaving functions by:

        1.  Recognizing the programming language in which you write  your
            program(s) if you use the standard file types

        2.  Recompiling only out-of-date source programs

        3.  Remembering arguments of the last LOAD-class command when you
            omit the arguments to a current command

        4.  Taking arguments from an indirect file

        5.  Concatenating files to produce one source program

        6.  Passing switches to the LINK program

        7.  Specifying special actions with switches

   Sections 9.3.1 through 9.3.6 describe some useful  ways  you  can  use
   these features.

   Section 9.3.1 describes object programs and their uses.  You may  skip
   this  section,  but  the  information is valuable in understanding the
   flexibility that relocatable programs provide.



   9.3.1  Object (Relocatable) and Executable Programs

   The main function of any LOAD-class command is to  produce  an  object
   program.   (Refer  to  Figure 9-1.)  The source program is stored in a
   source file with a file type that indicates the programming  language.
   (Table  9-1 contains a list of the standard file types.)  By compiling
   the source program with a LOAD-class command, you produce  the  object
   program  stored  in  a  file  having a filename the same as the source
   filename.  The object program is relocatable, which means you can load
   it   into  memory  with  subroutines,  or  as  a  subroutine,  without
   recompiling.  Hence, the object file has a  file  type  of  .REL  (for
   relocatable) and is often called a .REL file.  To run the program, you


                                    9-16
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   must load the object program into memory.  At that time,  the  various
   subroutines  and  main programs are linked.  The loaded program is now
   executable; it may be saved in a disk file with the same name  as  the
   main source program and the file type .EXE (for executable).


                           Source file= name.typ
                             |----------------|
                             |                |
                             | Source program |
                             |                |
                             |----------------|
                                     |
                                     |
                                     |  Compiling (or assembling)
                                     v
                           Object file= name.REL
                             |----------------|
                             |                |
                             | Object program |
                             |                |
                             |----------------|
                                     |
                                     |
                                     |  Loading
                                     v
                                   Memory
                           |--------------------|
                           |                    |
                           | Executable program |
                           |                    |
                           |--------------------|
                                     |
                                     |
                                     |  Saving
                                     v
                         Executable file= name.EXE
                           |--------------------|
                           |                    |
                           | Executable program |
                           |                    |
                           |--------------------|


   Figure 9-1:  Source, Object, and Executable Programs


   Any program you run must be in executable form.  To form an executable
   program,  you  must  compile  the source program, then load the object
   program into memory.  After you have the executable program in memory,
   you can save it for future use or start its execution.



                                    9-17
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   In creating an executable program, you must go through the process  of
   compiling  and  loading.   Should  you use the same subroutine in more
   than one program, you can reuse the object program  when  loading  the
   modules  into  memory.   By  eliminating the needless compilation, you
   save both time and computer charges.



   9.3.1.1  Using Relocatable Object Programs - Once you compile a source
   program  into an object program, you can load that object program into
   memory with any combination of cooperating  programs  and  produce  an
   executable  program.  (The word program, as it is used here, refers to
   both main programs and subroutines.)

   The examples below show how to use  the  FILLER  subroutine  in  three
   different programs, without having to recompile it each time.

   In the first example, FILLER is used with the  main  program,  TESTER.
   To run TESTER, give the command:

        @EXECUTE (FROM) TESTER,FILLER

   The system compiles TESTER and FILLER, loads  them  into  memory,  and
   then starts the execution of TESTER.

   The second program, LAYOUT also has another subroutine,  TTYOUT,  that
   you must include in the EXECUTE command.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) LAYOUT,FILLER,TTYOUT

   The system compiles LAYOUT and TTYOUT, loads  them  into  memory  with
   FILLER and executes LAYOUT.

   The third program, GAMMA, has a POLAR subroutine that is  included  in
   the EXECUTE command.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) GAMMA,POLAR,FILLER

   When typing the file specifications, you do not have to place them  in
   any specific order.



   9.3.2  Selecting a File and Recognizing the Programming Language

   When you give a filename as an argument to a LOAD-class  command,  you
   do  not  have to include the file type.  For example, you can give the
   command:

        @COMPILE (FROM) SMALL
        FORTRAN:  SMALL
        MAIN.


                                    9-18
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   The system found the file SMALL.FOR and  compiled  it  using  FORTRAN.
   The  file  type  .FOR  identifies to the system that the file contains
   FORTRAN source code and should be compiled using FORTRAN.

   When you do not include a file  type  in  a  LOAD-class  command,  the
   system  searches  for a file name with a file type that matches a file
   type in Table 9-1.  The order in Table 9-1, is the order in which  the
   system searches for a matching file.

   Upon finding a matching file, the system (if  necessary)  compiles  it
   using  the language compiler specified by the file type.  For example,
   if the file type is .CBL, the system  uses  the  COBOL  compiler.   If
   there  is  no  file  type,  or if the file type is not one of the file
   types in Table 9-1, the system defaults to the FORTRAN compiler.  Note
   that  your installation may modify this list to include other language
   processors.


   Table 9-1:  LOAD-Class Command Standard File Types

   __________________________________________________________________

     File Type        Language Compiler
   __________________________________________________________________

     MAC              MACRO
     CBL              COBOL-68 or COBOL-74
     C74              COBOL-74
     C68              COBOL-68
     74C              COBOL-74
     68C              COBOL-68
     ALG              ALGOL
     B10              BLISS-10
     BLI              BLISS-10
     B36              BLISS-36
     SIM              SIMULA
     PAS              PASCAL
     SNO              SNOBOL
     FAI              FAIL
     SAI              SAIL
     FOR              FORTRAN
     REL              Object Program, do not compile
   __________________________________________________________________


   For example, if you type the file name PAYROL, the  system  looks  for
   PAYROL.,  PAYROL.MAC,  PAYROL.CBL,  PAYROL.C74, PAYROL.C68, and so on.
   If none of those files exists, the system prints the message:  %Source
   file missing - PAYROL.  If PAYROL.CBL exists; the system would compile
   PAYROL.CBL using COBOL.




                                    9-19
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   If you have the files PAYROL.CBL and PAYROL.MAC and give a  LOAD-class
   command  listing the name PAYROL, the system uses the file PAYROL.MAC.
   If you also have the file PAYROL..1, the system  uses  it  instead  of
   using PAYROL.MAC.  If PAYROL..1 needed compiling, the system would use
   the FORTRAN compiler.



   9.3.2.1  Using Nonstandard File Types - If you include a file type  in
   your  file  specification, the system examines the file type to select
   the proper translator.  If the file type is not one  of  the  standard
   file types shown in Table 9-1, the system uses the FORTRAN compiler.

        @COMPILE (FROM) TEST.REF
        FORTRAN: TEST
        MAIN.

   If you want to use a nonstandard file type on a  non-FORTRAN  program,
   include one of the compiler switches after the file specification.

        @COMPILE (FROM) ENABLE.MON/MACRO
        MACRO: ENABLE



   9.3.2.2  Setting a Default Compiler - You can set a  default  compiler
   with  the  SET  DEFAULT  COMPILER-SWITCHES command.  For example, this
   command tells the system to use the PASCAL compiler whenever you  give
   a filename without a file type:

        @SET DEFAULT COMPILER-SWITCHES /PASCAL

   You can also define  a  file  type  to  mean  another  compiler.   For
   example,  this command tells the system that a file with the type .C68
   should compile with the COBOL-74 compiler instead of COBOL-68.

        @SET DEFAULT COMPILER-SWITCHES C68 /COBOL-74

   To  display  your  default  settings,  give  the  INFORMATION  DEFAULT
   COMPILER-SWITCHES command.  It is recommended that you put SET DEFAULT
   commands in your COMAND.CMD file.



   9.3.2.3  Using the File Type .REL - If you want to  use  a  particular
   object  file,  type  the  filename and the file type .REL.  The system
   does not attempt to compile this file; it simply loads it into memory.

        @LOAD (FROM) START.REL
        LINK:   Loading

        EXIT


                                    9-20
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   If you have an object program stored in a file with a file type  other
   than  .REL  (this  is  highly  discouraged),  include the /RELOCATABLE
   switch after the file specification.  Otherwise, the  system  attempts
   to compile the object program as a source program.

        @LOAD (FROM) MIDDLE.OBJ/RELOCATABLE
        LINK:   Loading

        EXIT



   9.3.2.4  Examples - If you have the file TRYIT.FOR.1 and you give  the
   following command:

        @EXECUTE (FROM) TRYIT

   the  system  uses  the  file  TRYIT.FOR.1.   If  you  have  the  files
   NXTONE.MAC and NXTONE.CBL, and give the following command:

        @EXECUTE (FROM) NXTONE

   the system searches Table 9-1 and finds .MAC before .CBL.   Therefore,
   the system uses the file NXTONE.MAC.

   If you have the files TABLE and TABLE.FOR, and give the command:

        @EXECUTE (FROM) TABLE

   the system uses the file TABLE as the source program and  compiles  it
   with FORTRAN (as the default).



   9.3.3  Compiling Only Out-of-Date Object Programs

   Whenever you give a LOAD-class command that requires a .REL file,  the
   system compiles an object program only if one or more of the following
   occurs:

        1.  There is no existing .REL file with the same filename.

        2.  The .REL file is out of date (which means that the .REL  file
            is older than the corresponding source file).

        3.  You give a /COMPILE switch to the LOAD-class command.








                                    9-21
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.3.4  Remembering Arguments to LOAD-Class Commands

   If you omit the arguments to a LOAD-class command, the system supplies
   the  arguments you specified in the last LOAD-class command containing
   a file specification or LINK switch.  For example,  if  you  give  the
   following sequence of commands:

        @COMPILE (FROM) TEST.FOR,SUB1.FOR
        @EXECUTE (FROM)

   the COMPILE command stores its arguments;  then,  when  you  omit  the
   arguments  to  the  EXECUTE command, the system uses the arguments you
   gave to the COMPILE command.

   Whenever you give a LOAD-class command, the system saves its arguments
   only  if  it  contains a source or object file specification or a LINK
   switch.    Otherwise, the system appends the saved  arguments  from  a
   previous  command to your current command.  The system does not change
   the saved arguments to include the contents of your  current  command.
   Suppose you give the command:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /CREF/COBOL MANCOB,TTYIN,TTYOUT,LPOUT

   then the command:

        @LOAD (FROM) /MAP

   The arguments from the COMPILE command  are  appended  to  the  single
   switch  you  gave in the LOAD command.  The system really executes the
   command:

        @LOAD (FROM) /MAP/CREF/COBOL MANCOB,TTYIN,TTYOUT,LPOUT

   If your next command is:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /COMPILE

   the system executes the command:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /COMPILE/CREF/COBOL MANCOB,TTYIN,TTYOUT,LPOUT

   Notice this command  does not include the /MAP switch.  The command:

        @EXECUTE (FROM) LINER.MAC

   would change the  saved  arguments  to  just  the  file  specification
   LINER.MAC.   If you give a command without a source file specification
   and there are no saved arguments to LOAD-class  commands,  the  system
   prints "?No saved arguments" and cancels the command.

        @EXECUTE
        ?No saved arguments


                                    9-22
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   9.3.5  Concatenating Files to Produce One Source Program

   Frequently it is useful to combine a parameter definition  file  or  a
   small  subroutine library with a main program.  The + sign appends the
   file following it to the file before it to produce one source program.
   The  example  below  shows  how  you  might use a + to produce a MACRO
   program.  The DEFS file contains parameter and storage definitions and
   the PROMPT file contains the main logic of the program.

        File DEFS.MAC

                        SEARCH MONSYM,MACSYM
               PRMTXT:  ASCIZ/NEXT COMMAND>/
                        T1==1
                        T2==2

        File PROMPT.MAC 
                        TITLE PROMPT
               PROMPT:  HRROI T1,PRMTXT    !Get address of string
                        PSOUT              !Print it
                        HALTF              !Stop
                        END PROMPT

        @COMPILE (FROM) DEFS+PROMPT
        MACRO:  PROMPT




   9.3.6  Specifying Special Actions with Switches

   You can supply various switches with the LOAD-class  commands.   Refer
   to the TOPS-20 Commands Reference Manual for a complete description of
   the LOAD-class commands.

   Many switches have a global effect if you type them  before  any  file
   specifications.  For instance, the command:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /CREF TAB,SIFT,WOB

   produces  a  cross-reference  listing  for  each  file  and   requires
   significantly less typing than if you had to type:

        @COMPILE (FROM) TAB/CREF,SIFT/CREF,WOB/CREF

   It may be easier to set some global switches and turn them off  for  a
   particular  file.  If you have a list of source files with nonstandard
   file types that you want to compile with FORTRAN, you  might  use  the
   command:

        @COMPILE (FROM) /FORTRAN SCHED.R1,ENA.R1,DIS.R1



                                    9-23
                  PRODUCING AND RUNNING YOUR OWN PROGRAMS


   Now suppose you add the routine MONINT.R1, which is a COBOL file;  you
   could modify your command as follows:

        @LOAD (FROM) /FORTRAN SCHED.R1,ENA.R1,MONINT.R1/COBOL,DIS.R1

   As a result of this command, all the files are compiled  with  FORTRAN
   except  MONINT.R1,  which  is  compiled with COBOL.  The /COBOL switch
   located after the file affects only the file it follows.

   However, if you add two COBOL programs, MON1 and  MON2,  your  command
   is:

        @LOAD /FORTRAN SCHED.R1,ENA.R1,DIS.R1,/COBOL MON1.R1,MON2.R1

   In that case, you have changed the global /FORTRAN switch  to  /COBOL,
   and each succeeding file is compiled using COBOL.






































                                    9-24











                                 CHAPTER 10

                                USING BATCH



   This chapter describes:

         o  Preparing a batch job (Section 10.1)

         o  Creating a control file (Section 10.1.1)

         o  Monitoring your batch job (Section 10.1.2)

         o  Submitting a control file (Section 10.1.3)

         o  Setting defaults for the SUBMIT command (Section 10.1.3.1)

         o  Checking a batch job (Section 10.1.4)

         o  Examining the output from a batch job (Section 10.1.5)

         o  Modifying a batch job (Section 10.2)

         o  Canceling a batch job (Section 10.3)



   10.1  PREPARING A BATCH JOB

   If you have a procedure that you execute frequently, you can submit it
   as a batch job rather than repeatedly executing it from your terminal.

   To prepare to submit  a  batch  job,  enter  the  commands  you  would
   normally  type  on a terminal into a file called a batch control file.
   You can submit a control file to the batch system via a  punched  card
   deck or your terminal.  Submitting this file creates a request for the
   system to run your job.  The batch system logs your job  in,  executes
   the commands stored in the batch control file, and after executing the
   last command in the file, ends the job by logging it off.   The  batch
   system records the input and output of the job in a log file.




                                    10-1
                                USING BATCH


   When you create a control file, use any filename and a  file  type  of
   .CTL.   Type  each  command and argument in full into the control file
   instead of abbreviated input.  You must precede each  TOPS-20  command
   and  subcommand with an @.  You must precede each program command with
   an *.

                                    NOTE

           If you are including subcommands in a control file:

            o  place only one @ before a subcommand.

            o  place an @ before the RETURN that  terminates  the
               entire command.

   You can create a BATCH.CMD file that is read by the system  when  your
   batch  job is run.  This file contains any TOPS-20 system commands you
   want executed every time you run the  batch  program.   The  BATCH.CMD
   file  is similar to the LOGIN.CMD file the system reads every time you
   log in.  Like the LOGIN.CMD file, a BATCH.CMD  file  usually  contains
   commands  such  as the DEFINE command (to define logical names).  Once
   the batch job is logged in, the system reads the  BATCH.CMD  file  and
   executes the commands contained in it.

   Your system manager can create a sytem-wide BATCH.CMD file.  The  file
   SYSTEM:BATCH.CMD  is  read  by  the  system  before  reading  your own
   BATCH.CMD file.

                                    NOTE

           Do not include TERMINAL commands in a BATCH.CMD file.

   The batch program does not recognize the TOPS-20  commands  listed  in
   Table  10-1.   If  you  include  them, the system issues a fatal error
   message.  Be certain you do not include these commands in your control
   file, BATCH.CMD file, or COMAND.CMD file.


   Table 10-1:  Illegal Commands in Batch Jobs


     |--------------------------|
     |          ATTACH          |
     | SET CONTROL-C-CAPABILITY |
     |      SET TIME-LIMIT      |
     |           TALK           |
     |--------------------------|







                                    10-2
                                USING BATCH


   10.1.1  Creating a Control File

   To create a control file, place all the commands you usually  type  on
   your  terminal  into  the  file.   The  following example shows how to
   create a control file that runs the  FILCOM  program  to  compare  two
   files and prints a file containing the comparisons:

        File TEST.CTL

             @FILCOM
             *SAMPLE.SCM=DATA.OLD,DATA.NEW
             @PRINT SAMPLE.SCM
             $



   10.1.2  Monitoring Your Batch Job

   You can include the SEND command in your batch control file to send  a
   message  informing  you  when  the batch job is done.  Use SEND's line
   number argument and not the user name argument for this purpose.(Refer
   to Chapter 3 for more information on using the SEND command).  You can
   also include a command to run one of the mail programs.  (Refer to the
   TOPS-20  User  Utilities Guide for information on the MAIL program or,
   if  you  are  using  the  DECmail/MS  mail  program,  refer   to   the
   TOPS-10/TOPS-20 DECmail/MS Manual).



   10.1.3  Submitting a Control File to Batch

   To submit a control file to batch, give the SUBMIT command followed by
   the  name of the control file.  The SUBMIT command places the job in a
   waiting line called the batch input queue.  When batch can accommodate
   another job, it selects one from the input queue.

   The example below shows how  to  submit  the  TEST.CTL  control  file.
   Because  the  control  file has the file type .CTL, you do not need to
   include the file type in the command.

        @SUBMIT (BATCH JOB) TEST
        [Job TEST Queued, Request-ID 105, Limit 0:05:00]

   You can submit more than one control  file  to  batch  with  the  same
   SUBMIT  command.   The  following example shows how to submit TEST.CTL
   and DATA.CTL:

        @SUBMIT (BATCH JOB) TEST,DATA
        [Job TEST Queued, Request-ID 106, Limit 0:05:00]
        [Job DATA Queued, Request-ID 107, Limit 0:05:00]

   Where you place switches in a SUBMIT command line determines the files
   affected by the switch.

                                    10-3
                                USING BATCH


   If you place a switch after  the  command  but  before  you  give  the
   filenames,  all  the  files are affected by the switch.  A switch that
   affects all files is called a global switch.  In the following example
   submit TEST.CTL and DATA.CTL using a global switch /AFTER:.

        @SUBMIT (BATCH JOB)/AFTER:8-Jun-88 TEST,DATA
        [Job TEST Queued, Request-ID 108, Limit 0:05:00]
        [Job DATA Queued, Request-ID 109, Limit 0:05:00]

   If you type a command followed by a filename, a  switch,  and  another
   filename,  only  the  file preceding the switch is affected.  A switch
   that affects only one file is called a local  switch.   The  following
   example shows how to submit TEST.CTL using a local /AFTER:  switch and
   DATA.CTL:

        @SUBMIT (BATCH JOB) TEST/AFTER:10-Jun-88,DATA
        [Job TEST Queued, Request-ID 110, Limit 0:05:00]
        [Job DATA Queued, Request-ID 111, Limit 0:05:00]



   10.1.3.1  Setting Defaults for the SUBMIT Command - If  you  want  the
   SUBMIT  command  to  always  contain  certain  switches,  give the SET
   DEFAULT SUBMIT command, followed by the switch or switches.   To  give
   the /OUTPUT:  switch with SUBMIT commands, place the following command
   in COMAND.CMD:

        @SET DEFAULT (FOR) SUBMIT /OUTPUT:NOLOG

   To avoid having to type the SET DEFAULT SUBMIT and its arguments every
   time  you log in to the system, put this command in a COMAND.CMD file.
   (Refer  to  Section   1.7   for   information   about   a   COMAND.CMD
   file.)  Whenever  you  give a SUBMIT command, the switches you specify
   in the SET DEFAULT command are automatically included  in  the  SUBMIT
   command.   To  see  the  defaults you have set for the SUBMIT command,
   give the INFORMATION (ABOUT) DEFAULTS (FOR) SUBMIT command.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) DEFAULTS (FOR) SUBMIT
         SET DEFAULT SUBMIT /OUTPUT:NOLOG

   Every time you give the SUBMIT command, the system includes the switch
   /OUTPUT:NOLOG in the command.



   10.1.4  Checking a Batch Job

   To  check  the  progress  of  the  batch  job,  give  the  INFORMATION
   BATCH-REQUESTS  command.   The system prints a list of all the jobs in
   the batch queue and their status.  Certain switches specified  in  the
   SUBMIT  command  appear  in the queue listing.  The system lists these
   switches if their value is not the default.


                                    10-4
                                USING BATCH


   To print only the status of your job, use the /USER  switch  with  the
   INFORMATION  BATCH-REQUESTS  command.   To print the status of another
   user's job, use the /USER:  switch, followed by the user's name.

        @INFORMATION (ABOUT) BATCH-REQUESTS

        Batch Queue:
        Job Name  Req#  Run Time            User
        --------  ----- --------  -----------------  
        * VNP20    102  00:07:00  SROBINSON                In Stream:1
            Job# 32 Running EXEC Runtime 0:00:00
        * CROSS    103  00:05:00  SROBINSON                In Stream:2
           Started at 08:31:09
          FOO        3  00:05:00  RETI                     /Proc:CALL37
          DATA     111  00:05:00  SARTINI
          GALAXY   104  00:10:00  SAMBERG
        There are 5 Jobs in the Queue (2 in Progress)



   10.1.5  Examining the Output from a Batch Job

   The system places the output from a batch job into a log file.  A  log
   file  has a filename that is the same as the job name, and a file type
   of .LOG.  Unless you specify otherwise, the system automatically sends
   the log file to the line printer, but also leaves a copy of it in your
   directory.

   Give the DIRECTORY command to  see  that  the  log  file  is  in  your
   directory with the control file.
        @DIRECTORY (OF FILES) TEST

           AURORA:<HIGGINS>
           TEST.CTL.1
             .LOG.1

        Total of 2 files

   The following example contains  the  log  file  from  the  batch  job,
   TEST.CTL.1.


                             17-Oct-88 13:20:34

   BATCON Version  5(6057)                 GLXLIB Version  5(1247)

               Job TEST Req #88 for EMORRILL in Stream 1

           OUTPUT:  Log                            TIME-LIMIT: 0:05:00
           UNIQUE:  Yes                            BATCH-LOG:  Append
           RESTART: No                             ASSISTANCE: Yes
           ACCOUNT: 341                            SEQUENCE:   1435


                                    10-5
                                USING BATCH


           Input from => PUBLIC:<EMORRILL>TEST.CTL.1
           Output to  => PUBLIC:<EMORRILL>TEST.LOG

   13:20:36 USER    TEAL, Accounting Dept., TOPS-20 Monitor 7(7)
   13:20:36 MONTR   Job 290 on TTY246 17-Oct-88 13:20:36
   13:20:39 MONTR  [PUBLIC Mounted]
   13:20:39 MONTR
   13:20:39 MONTR  [CONNECTED TO PUBLIC:<EMORRILL>]
   13:20:39 MONTR  @FILCOM
   13:20:41 USER
   13:20:41 USER   **SAMPLE.SCM=DATA.OLD, DATA.NEW
   13:20:43 USER
   13:20:43 USER   No differences encountered
   13:20:43 USER
   13:20:43 USER   *^C
   13:20:43 MONTR  @@PRINT SAMPLE.SCM
   13:20:44 MONTR  [Printer job SAMPLE queued, request #89, limit 3]
   13:20:44 MONTR  @
   13:20:46 MONTR  Killed by OPERATOR, TTY 233
   13:20:46 MONTR  Killed Job 290, User EMORRILL, Account 341, TTY 246,
   13:20:46 MONTR    at 17-Oct-88 13:20:46,  Used 0:00:02 in 0:00:12

   The system begins each line in the log file with the time the line was
   processed.  The system prints a code following the time that indicates
   the job state:  at TOPS-20 command level (MONTR) or at program command
   level  (USER).   Other codes may appear as well.  The remainder of the
   line contains system output and the lines in the control file.

   The system checks that the job is at TOPS-20 command level  before  it
   processes  a  TOPS-20  command  in  the control file.  Since the first
   command in the control file is FILCOM, the job enters  FILCOM  command
   level.   The  next  TOPS-20  command  in  the  control  file is PRINT.
   Because the job is at FILCOM command level, the  system  must  give  a
   CTRL/C  to  return  to  TOPS-20  command level before it processes the
   PRINT command.

   For a detailed description of  batch,  refer  to  the  TOPS-10/TOPS-20
   Batch Reference Manual.



   10.2  MODIFYING A BATCH JOB

   To change and/or add one or  more  switches  to  a  previously  issued
   SUBMIT  command,  give  the MODIFY command.  After you give the MODIFY
   command, type BATCH, followed by the first six letters of the jobname,
   or the request ID; then type the switch you want to change or add.







                                    10-6
                                USING BATCH


   You can modify almost all SUBMIT command switches.  To obtain  a  list
   of switches you can modify, give the MODIFY BATCH command, followed by
   a slash (/) and a question mark (?).  The  system  prints  a  list  of
   switches you can modify, and reprints the command line.

        @MODIFY (REQUEST TYPE) BATCH/? Switch, or parameter to modify, one 
        of the following:

         /AFTER:              /BEGIN:              /CARDS:
         /DEPENDENCY-COUNT:   /DESTINATION-NODE:   /FEET:
         /JOBNAME:            /OUTPUT:             /PAGES:
         /PRESERVE            /PRIORITY:           /PROCESSING-NODE:
         /RESTARTABLE:        /SEQUENCE:           /TIME:
         /TPLOT:              /UNIQUE:             /USER:
        @MODIFY (REQUEST TYPE) BATCH/

   In the following example, modify the batch job TEST.CTL by adding  the
   /AFTER:  switch and the date August 15, 1988:

        @MODIFY (REQUEST TYPE) BATCH (ID) TEST/AFTER:15-AUG-88
        [1 Job Modified]



   10.3  CANCELING A BATCH JOB

   To remove entries you have previously placed in the batch input queue,
   give  the  CANCEL  command.   After  you give the CANCEL command, type
   BATCH, followed by the first six letters of the jobname or the request
   ID of the job you want to remove.

   Once the CANCEL command removes the entry you specify from  the  batch
   queue,  the system notifies you of the removal by printing the message
   [1 Job Canceled].  If the system is processing the entry in the  queue
   when  you  give  the  CANCEL  command, it stops the job and prints the
   message, [1 Job Canceled, (1 was in progress)].

   In the following example, remove the batch job TEST.CTL.

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) BATCH (ID) TEST
        [1 Job Canceled]

   If you have several batch jobs running, you can  cancel  them  all  by
   using an *.  Give the CANCEL command, followed by the request type you
   want to cancel; then type an * instead of a job name.   The  following
   example shows how to remove all of your batch jobs:

        @CANCEL (REQUEST TYPE) BATCH *
        [2 Jobs Canceled]





                                    10-7











                                 APPENDIX A

                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS



   This appendix contains a brief explanation  of  the  commands  in  the
   TOPS-20  Command  Language.  The commands are grouped in categories of
   similar use.  Although some of these commands  are  not  described  in
   this manual, the purpose of this list is to make you aware of the full
   extent and capability of the TOPS-20 Command Language.  For a complete
   description  of  all  TOPS-20  commands, refer to the TOPS-20 Commands
   Reference Manual.



   A.1  SYSTEM ACCESS COMMANDS

   These commands allow you to gain and relinquish access to the  system,
   to change jobs, and to release and connect terminals to your job.

        ATTACH           Connects your terminal to a designated job.

        DETACH           Disconnects your terminal from the  current  job
                         without affecting the job.

        DISABLE          Returns a privileged user to normal status.

        ENABLE           Permits privileged users to  access  and  change
                         confidential system information.

        LOGIN            Gains access to the TOPS-20 system.

        LOGOUT           Relinquishes access to the TOPS-20 system.

        UNATTACH         Disconnects a terminal from a job; it  does  not
                         have to be the terminal you are using.








                                    A-1
                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS


   A.2  FILE SYSTEM COMMANDS

   The file system commands allow you to  create  and  delete  files,  to
   specify  where they are to be stored, to copy them, and to output them
   on any device.

        ACCESS           Grants ownership and group rights to a specified
                         directory.

        APPEND           Adds information from one or more  source  files
                         to a new or existing disk file.

        ARCHIVE          Marks a file for long-term off-line storage.

        BUILD            Allows  you  to  create,  change,   and   delete
                         subdirectories.

        CANCEL           Removes files from any of several system queues.

        CLOSE            Closes a file or files left open by a program.

        CONNECT          Removes you  from  your  current  directory  and
                         connects you to a specified directory.

        COPY             Duplicates a file in a destination file.

        CREATE           Invokes your defined editor to create a file.

        DELETE           Marks  the  specified   file(s)   for   eventual
                         deletion (disk files only).

        DEFINE           Associates a logical name with one or more file,
                         directory, or structure names.

        DIRECTORY        Lists  the  names  of  files  residing  in   the
                         specified  directory and information relating to
                         those files.

        DISMOUNT         Notifies the system that the given structure  or
                         magnetic tape is no longer needed.

        EDIT             Invokes your defined editor to modify a file.

        EXPUNGE          Permanently removes any deleted files  from  the
                         disk.

        END-ACCESS       Relinquishes ownership and  group  rights  to  a
                         specified directory.

        FDIRECTORY       Lists all the information about a file or files.

        MODIFY           Changes and/or adds  switches  to  a  previously
                         issued PRINT or SUBMIT command.

                                    A-2
                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS


        MOUNT            Requests that a structure or a magnetic tape  be
                         made available to the user.

        PERUSE           Invokes your defined editor to read an  existing
                         file in read-only mode.

        PRINT            Enters one or more files  in  the  line  printer
                         queue.

        RENAME           Changes one or more descriptors of  an  existing
                         file specification.

        RETRIEVE         Requests restoration of a file stored off-line.

        TDIRECTORY       Lists the names of all files in the order of the
                         date and time they were last written.

        TYPE             Types one or more files on your terminal.

        UNDELETE         Restores one  or  more  disk  files  marked  for
                         deletion.

        VDIRECTORY       Lists the names of all files, as well  as  their
                         protection,  size,  and  date and time they were
                         last written.



   A.3  DEVICE HANDLING COMMANDS

   These commands allow you to reserve a device prior  to  using  it,  to
   manipulate the device, and to release it once it is no longer needed.

        ASSIGN           Reserves a device for use by your job.

        BACKSPACE        Moves a magnetic tape drive back any  number  of
                         records or files.

        DEASSIGN         Releases a previously assigned device.

        EOF              Writes an end-of-file mark on a magnetic tape.

        REWIND           Positions a magnetic tape backward to  its  load
                         point.

        SKIP             Advances a magnetic tape one or more records  or
                         files.

        UNLOAD           Rewinds a magnetic tape until the tape is  wound
                         completely on the source reel.




                                    A-3
                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS


   A.4  PROGRAM CONTROL COMMANDS

   The following commands help you create, run, edit, and debug your  own
   programs.

        COMPILE          Translates a source module using the appropriate
                         compiler.

        CONTINUE         Resumes execution of a program interrupted by  a
                         CTRL/C or the FREEZE command.

        CREF             Runs  the  CREF   program   which   produces   a
                         cross-reference  listing and automatically sends
                         it to the line printer.

        CSAVE            Saves the program currently in memory so that it
                         may  be  used  by  giving  a  RUN  command.  The
                         program is saved in a compressed format.

        DDT              Merges the  debugging  program,  DDT,  with  the
                         current program and then starts DDT.

        DEBUG            Takes a source program, compiles  it,  loads  it
                         with  the  appropriate  debugger  and starts the
                         debugger.

        DEPOSIT          Places a value in an address in memory.

        ERUN             Runs  an  executable  program  in  an  ephemeral
                         (transitory) fork.
        EXAMINE          Allows you to examine an address in memory.

        EXECUTE          Translates, loads, and  begins  execution  of  a
                         program.

        FREEZE           Stops a running program.

        FORK             Selects  the  fork  to  which  TOPS-20  commands
                         apply.

        GET              Loads an executable program from  the  specified
                         file into memory, but does not start it.

        KEEP             Protects a fork from being cleared from memory.

        LOAD             Translates a program (if necessary) and loads it
                         into memory.

        MERGE            Merges an executable program  with  the  current
                         contents of memory.




                                    A-4
                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS


        POP              Stops the current active  copy  of  the  TOPS-20
                         command   level   and  returns  control  to  the
                         previous command level.

        PUSH             Preserves the contents of memory at the  current
                         command  level and creates a new TOPS-20 command
                         level.

        R                Runs a system program.

        REENTER          Starts the program currently  in  memory  at  an
                         alternate entry point specified by the program.

        RESET            Clears the current job.

        RUN              Loads an executable  program  from  a  file  and
                         starts  it  at  the  location  specified  in the
                         program.

        SAVE             Copies the contents of memory  into  a  file  in
                         executable   format.    If   memory  contains  a
                         program, you may  now  execute  the  program  by
                         giving the RUN command.

        SET              Sets  various  parameters  for   your   job,   a
                         directory, a file, or a device.

        START            Begins execution of a program previously  loaded
                         into memory.

        TRANSLATE        Translates  a  project-programmer  number  to  a
                         directory   name   or  a  directory  name  to  a
                         project-programmer number.

        UNKEEP           Cancels the kept status of a fork.



   A.5  INFORMATION COMMANDS

   These commands return information about TOPS-20  commands,  your  job,
   and the system as a whole.

        DAYTIME          Prints the current date and time of day.

        HELP             Prints information about system features.

        INFORMATION      Provides  information  about  your  job,  files,
                         memory,  errors,  system status, queue requests,
                         and other parameters.




                                    A-5
                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS


        SYSTAT           Outputs a summary of system users and  available
                         computing resources.



   A.6  TERMINAL COMMANDS

   The terminal commands allow you to clear your video  terminal  screen,
   to  declare  the  characteristics  of  your  terminal,  and to control
   linking to another user's terminal.

        ADVISE           Sends whatever you  type  on  your  terminal  as
                         input to a job connected to another terminal.

        BLANK            Clears the video terminal screen and  moves  the
                         cursor to the first line.

        BREAK            Clears a  terminal  links  made  with  the  TALK
                         command.

        RECEIVE          Allows your terminal to receive links and advice
                         from other users.

        REFUSE           Denies links and advice to your terminal.

        REMARK           Allows you to type many lines of text when using
                         the TALK command.

        SEND             Sends a message to another user's terminal.

        SET              Establishes certain job-wide characteristics for
                         the terminal.

        SET HOST         Connects the terminal to another system.

        TAKE             Accepts TOPS-20 commands from a file, just as if
                         you had typed them on your terminal.

        TALK             Links  two  terminals  so  that  each  user  can
                         observe  what  the other user is doing, yet does
                         not affect either user's job.

        TERMINAL         Declares the type of terminal you have, and lets
                         you    inform    TOPS-20    of    any    special
                         characteristics of the terminal.









                                    A-6
                              TOPS-20 COMMANDS


   A.7  BATCH COMMAND

   The TOPS-20 operating system also has a Batch System to which you  may
   submit jobs for later execution.

        SUBMIT           Enters a file  into  the  Batch  waiting  queue.
                         When   it  is  your  job's  turn,  the  commands
                         contained in the file are executed.














































                                    A-7











                                 APPENDIX B

                            STANDARD FILE TYPES



   Table B-1 lists the file types that have a  specific  meaning  to  the
   system  or to certain programs.  When you create a file for use with a
   particular program, you should assign the correct file type.   If  you
   do,  the system has more information about the file and can attempt to
   perform the correct function after you type a minimum set of  commands
   or  switches.  Normally, no penalty arises from assigning an undefined
   file type, but if you assign an incorrect file type,  the  system  may
   incorrectly interpret the file, especially when you use the LOAD-class
   commands.


   Table B-1:  Standard File Types

   ______________________________________________________________________

     File Type         Kind of File                   Meaning
   ______________________________________________________________________

        68C               Source           Source file in the  COBOL-68
                                           language

        74C               Source           Source file in the  COBOL-74
                                           language

        A10               ASCII            ASCII    version    of     a
                                           DECSYSTEM-20  program loaded
                                           by the PDP-11

        A11               ASCII            ASCII version  of  a  PDP-11
                                           program loaded by the PDP-11

        ABS               Object           Absolute    (nonrelocatable)
                                           program

        AID               Source           Source file in AID language

        ALG               Source           Source   file    in    ALGOL
                                           language

                                    B-1
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        ALP               ASCII            Printer forms alignment

        ATO               ASCII            PTYCON   automatic   command
                                           file

        ATR               Binary           Attribute  file  in   SIMULA
                                           language

        AWT               Binary           Data  for   automatic   wire
                                           tester

        BAK               Source           Backup file from TECO

        B10               Source           Source file in the  BLISS-10
                                           language

        B20               Source           Source    file    in     the
                                           BASIC-PLUS-2/20 language

        B36               Source           Source file in the  BLISS-36
                                           language

        BAS               Source           Source   file    in    BASIC
                                           language

        BCM               ASCII            Listing  file   created   by
                                           FILCOM (binary compare)

        BCP               Source           Source file in BCPL language

        BFR               ASCII            Copy of VTECO buffer

        BIN               Binary           Binary file

        BIX               ASCII            Output of  the  DSR  program
                                           for input to the TCX program

        BLB               ASCII            Blurb file

        BLI               Source           Source  file   in   BLISS-10
                                           language

        BOX               ASCII            Output  of  BOX  program   -
                                           picture     for    use    in
                                           specifications and manuals

        BTC               ASCII            Output of  the  DSR  program
                                           for input to the TOC program

        BUG               Object           Saved  to  show  a   program
                                           error



                                    B-2
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        BWR               ASCII            Beware file listing warnings
                                           about a file or program

        C68               Source           Source file in the  COBOL-68
                                           language

        C74               Source           Source file in the  COBOL-74
                                           language

        CAL               Object           CAL data and program files

        CBL               Source           Source file in  COBOL-68  or
                                           COBOL-74 language

        CCL               ASCII            Command file for LINK

        CDP               ASCII, Binary    Spooled  output   for   card
                                           punch

        CED               ASCII            Input to COPYED

        CFL               ASCII            RUNFIL command file

        CKP               Binary           Checkpoint core  image  file
                                           created  by  COBOL operating
                                           system

        CHN               Object           CHAIN file

        CMD               ASCII            Command file

        COB               ASCII            COBOL Source File

        COR               ASCII            Correction file for SOUP

        CPY               Binary           Copy of a crash  written  by
                                           SETSPD

        CRF               ASCII            CREF (cross-reference) input
                                           file

        CTL               ASCII            Batch control file

        DAT               ASCII, Binary    Data (FORTRAN) file,  output
                                           file   with   ANSI  carriage
                                           control

        DCT               ASCII            Dictionary of words

        DIR               ASCII            Directory   from   DIRECTORY
                                           command



                                    B-3
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        DMP               ASCII            COBOL compiler dump file

        DOC               ASCII            Listing of modifications  to
                                           the  most  recent version of
                                           the software

        DRW               Binary           Drawing  for  VB10C  drawing
                                           system

        ERR               ASCII            Error message file

        EXE               Object           Executable program

        FAI               Source           Source file in FAIL language

        FCL               Source           Source   file    in    FOCAL
                                           language

        FLO               ASCII            English language flowchart

        FOR               Source           Source   file   in   FORTRAN
                                           language

        FRM               ASCII            Blank form  for  handwritten
                                           records

        FTP               Source           FORTRAN test programs

        GND               ASCII            List  of  ground  pins   for
                                           automatic wirewrap

        HGH               Object           Nonsharable high segment  of
                                           a     TOPS-10    two-segment
                                           program

        HLP               ASCII            Help text files

        IDA               ASCII, Binary    COBOL ISAM data file

        IDX               ASCII,SIXBIT     Index file of a  COBOL  ISAM
                                           file

        INI               ASCII, Binary    Initialization file

        L36               Object           LIBRARY object file for  the
                                           BLISS-36 language

        LAP               ASCII            Output   from    the    LISP
                                           compiler

        LIB               ASCII            COBOL source library



                                    B-4
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        LOG               ASCII            Batch, PTYCON  or  LINK  log
                                           file

        LOW               Object           Low  segment  of  a  TOPS-10
                                           two-segment program

        LPT               ASCII            Spooled  output   for   line
                                           printer

        LSP               Source           Source file in LISP language

        LST               ASCII            Listing  data   created   by
                                           assemblers and compilers

        MAC               Source           Source   file    in    MACRO
                                           language

        MAN               ASCII            Manual (documentation) file

        MAP               ASCII            LINK map file

        MEM               ASCII            Formatted text file produced
                                           by the DSR program

        MID               Source           Source file  in  MIDAS  (MIT
                                           Assembler) language

        MIM               Binary           Snapshot of MIMIC simulator

        MSB               Object           MUSIC compiler binary output

        MUS               Source           MUSIC compiler input

        N                 Source           Source   file   in    NELIAC
                                           language

        NEW               All              New version of a program  or
                                           file

        OBJ               Object           PDP-11  relocatable   binary
                                           file

        OLD               Source, Object   Backup source program

        OPR               ASCII            Installation  and   assembly
                                           instructions

        OVR               Object           COBOL overlay file

        P11               Source           Source  program  in   MACX11
                                           language



                                    B-5
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        PAL               Source           Source file in PAL 10 (PDP-8
                                           assembler)

        PAS               Source           Source file  in  the  PASCAL
                                           language

        PCO               ASCII            Program change order

        PL1               Source           Source file in PL1 language

        PLM               ASCII            Program logic manual

        PLO               Binary           Compressed plot output

        PLT               ASCII            Spooled output for plotter

        PPL               Source           Source file in PPL language

        PTP               ASCII, Binary    Spooled      output      for
                                           paper-tape punch

        Qxx               ASCII            Edit backup file

        R36               Source           LIBARY source file  for  the
                                           BLISS-36 language

        RAM               ASCII            DECSYSTEM-20 microcode

        REL               Object           Relocatable binary file

        REQ               Source           LIBARY source file  for  the
                                           BLISS-36 language


        RIM               Object           RIM loader file

        RNO               ASCII            Programming   specifications
                                           in DSR input

        RSP               ASCII            SCRIPT  response  time   log
                                           file

        RSX               All              Files for RSX-11

        RUN               ASCII            Command file for SYSJOB

        SAI               Source           Source file in SAIL language

        SAV               Object           Low    segment    from     a
                                           one-segment TOPS-10 program

        SCD               ASCII            Differences in directory


                                    B-6
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        SCM               ASCII            Listing  file   created   by
                                           FILCOM (source compare)

        SCP               ASCII            SCRIPT control file

        SEQ               ASCII, SIXBIT    Sequential COBOL data  file,
                                           input to ISAM program

        SHR               Object           A TOPS-10 sharable program

        SIM               ASCII            Source   file   in    SIMULA
                                           language

        SMP               Source           Source   file   in    SIMPLE
                                           language

        SNO               Source           Source   file   in    SNOBOL
                                           language

        SPC               ASCII            Corrected  file  for   SPELL
                                           program

        SPD               ASCII            Dictionary for SPELL program

        SPM               ASCII            File of mispelled words  for
                                           SPELL program

        SPT               ASCII            SPRINT - created files

        SPU               ASCII            File of uppercase words  for
                                           SPELL program

        SPX               ASCII            File  of  exception  (error)
                                           lines for SPELL program

        SRC               ASCII            Source files

        STB                                Symbol table file

        STD               ASCII            Standards

        SYM               Binary           LINK symbol file

        SYS               Binary           Special system files

        TEC               ASCII            TECO macro

        TEM               ASCII, Binary    Temporary files

        TMP               ASCII, Binary    Temporary files




                                    B-7
                            STANDARD FILE TYPES


        TPB               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a .BLB file

        TPC               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a .CCO file

        TPD               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a .DOC file

        TPE               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           error message text

        TPH               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a .HLP file

        TPL               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a logic manual

        TPM               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a .MAN file

        TPO               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           a programming specification

        TPP               ASCII            Typeset input for  producing
                                           an .OPR file

        TSK               Object           An RSX-11 task image

        TST               All              Test data

        TV                ASCII            Command file for TV

        TXT               ASCII            Text file

        UPD               ASCII            Updates  flagged  in  margin
                                           (FILCOM)

        WCH               ASCII            SCRIPT monitor (WATCH) file

        WRL               ASCII            Wirelist

        XOR               Binary           Module data for XOR tester

        XPN               Object           Expanded  save  file  (FILEX
                                           and LINK)

        Zxx               ASCII            EDIT original file (all xx)
   _______________________________________________________________________





                                    B-8











                                 APPENDIX C

                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT



   This appendix shows you how to enter, run, edit,  rerun  and  print  a
   FORTRAN program.



   C.1  ENTERING YOUR FORTRAN PROGRAM

   Type the FORTRAN program show below into  a  file  called  ADDTWO.FOR.
   (See  Chapter  5,  Section  5.1.1, EDIT.) This program contains errors
   that you will learn to correct in sections C.2.2 through C.2.6 of this
   appendix.

        @CREATE (FILE) ADDTWO.FOR
        Input: ADDTWO.FOR.1
        00100        C  THIS PROGRAM ADDS TWO NUMBERS.
        00200        <TAB>   TYPE 191
        00300        101<TAB>FORMAT  ('TYPE TWO NUMBERS.')
        00400        <TAB>   ACCEPT 102,X,Y
        00500        <TAB>   Z=C+Y
        00600        <TAB>   Z=X+Y
        00700        <TAB>   TYPE 103,X,Y,Z
        00800        103<TAB>FIRMAT  (' ADDING  ',F,' TO ',F,' GIVES ',F)
        00900        <TAB>   END
        00100        <ESC>
        *E

        [ADDTWO.FOR.1]
        @

   Now that your program is in the file, run it to find any errors.

        1.  Type EXECUTE, and press the ESC key.

        2.  The system prints (FROM).

        3.  Type the filename and file type of your program.

        4.  Press the RETURN key.

                                    C-1
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


   The file type .FOR causes  the  FORTRAN  compiler  to  translate  your
   program.

        @EXECUTE (FROM) ADDTWO.FOR
        FORTRAN: ADDTWO
        00800   103     FIRMAT  (' ADDING ',F,' TO ',F,' GIVES ',F)
        ?FTNNRC Line:00800 Statement not recognized

        Underlined labels

          103      102      191

        ?FTNFTL    MAIN.        4 fatal errors and no warnings
        LINK:    ?LNKSUP Loading suppressed

        EXIT
        @

   The program contained the following errors:

        1.  In line 200, 191 should be 101.

        2.  In line 800, the word FORMAT is misspelled as FIRMAT.

        3.  Between lines 400 and 500, there should be  FORMAT  statement
            102.

        4.  Line 500 should be deleted.



   C.2  EDITING YOUR FORTRAN PROGRAM

   You can remove the errors in your program by using the EDIT program.



   C.2.1  Starting EDIT

   You can start edit after you see the @ prompt:

        1.  Type EDIT and press the ESC key.

        2.  The system prints (FILE).

        3.  Type the name of your file.

        4.  Press the RETURN key.






                                    C-2
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


   EDIT prints the word "Edit:"; repeats the name of your file, and  then
   prints an asterisk.

        @EDIT (FILE) ADDTWO.FOR
        Edit: ADDTWO.FOR.1
        *

                                    NOTE

           If you type the name of a file that  does  not  exist,
           EDIT prints:

           ?FILE   NOT   FOUND,   CREATING   NEW   FILE    INPUT:
           name,type,generation 00100

           This allows you to create a new file.  If you mistyped
           the  filename  or  file type, you should end this EDIT
           session and start over:

           1.  Press the ESC key and type EQ (for End and Quit).

           2.  Press the RETURN key.

           3.  The system prints the @.

           4.  Type a new EDIT command with an existing filename.

   After you see the asterisk, you can use any of the commands  described
   in this chapter to change your file.



   C.2.2  Printing a Line

   The first error in ADDTWO.FOR occurs in line 200.  To view the  error,
   print line 200 on your terminal.

   To print a line:

        1.  Type P.

        2.  Type the number of the line that you want to print.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

   The command P200 prints line 200.

        *P200
        00200        TYPE 191
        *




                                    C-3
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


   To check the other errors, you can print a group of lines:

        1.  Type P.

        2.  Type the number of the first line that you want to print.

        3.  Type a colon.

        4.  Type the number of the last line that you want to print.

        5.  Press the RETURN key.

   The command P300:900 prints lines 300 through 900, inclusive.

        *P300:900
        00300  101  FORMAT (' TYPE TWO NUMBERS.')
        00400       ACCEPT 102,X,Y
        00500       Z=C+Y
        00600       Z=X+Y
        00700       TYPE 103,X,Y,Z
        00800  103  FIRMAT ('ADDING ',F,' TO ',F,' GIVES ',F)
        00900       END
        *



   C.2.3  Inserting a Line

   To insert a line into your file:

        1.  Type I.

        2.  Type the number that you want to give to your new line.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

        4.  EDIT prints the line number.

        5.  Type the line.

        6.  Press the RETURN key again.

   The command I450 inserts the new line number 450 into you program.

        *I450
        00450  102<TAB> FORMAT (2F)
        *

   After you press the RETURN key at the end of the inserted  line,  EDIT
   may  print  another  line number.  You can then type another line.  If
   you don't want to type another, press the ESC  key.   EDIT  prints  an
   asterisk; you can now give any EDIT command.


                                    C-4
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


        *I1000
        01000  C THIS IS A COMMENT AT THE END OF A PROGRAM -
        01100  C WHEN EDIT PRINTS THE NEXT NUMBER, YOU CAN TYPE A LINE.
        01200  C TO STOP INSERTING, PRESS THE ESC KEY.
        01300<ESC>
        *



   C.2.4  Deleting a Line

   To delete a line in your file:

        1.  Type D.

        2.  Type the number of the line that you want to delete.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

        4.  EDIT confirms that it deleted the line.

   Line 500 of ADDTWO.FOR should be deleted; the variable C should be  an
   X.   Line  600 contains the correction.  The command D500 deletes line
   500 on page 1 of the file.

        *D500
        1 LINES (00500/1)  deleted
        *

   To delete more than one line:

        1.  Type D.

        2.  Type the number of the first line.

        3.  Type a colon.

        4.  Type the number of the last line.

        5.  Press the RETURN key.

   The command D1000:1200 deleted lines 1000 through 1200, inclusive.

        *D1000:1200
        3 LINES (01000/1:01200)  deleted
        *








                                    C-5
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


   C.2.5  Replacing a Line

   To replace a line:

        1.  Type R.

        2.  Type the number of the line that you want to replace.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

        4.  EDIT prints the line number.

        5.  Type the new line.

        6.  Press the RETURN key.

        7.  EDIT prints a message giving the line numbers of any  deleted
            lines.

   The error in line 200 of ADDTWO.FOR occurs because 191 should be  101.
   The command R200 replaces line 200.

        *R200
        00200      <TAB>      TYPE 101
        1 LINES (00200/1)  deleted
        *



   C.2.6  Changing a Line Without Completely Retyping It

   To replace an existing group of characters on a line with a new  group
   of characters:

        1.  Type S.

        2.  Type the existing group of characters.

        3.  Press the ESC key (EDIT prints a $).

        4.  Type the new characters.

        5.  Press the ESC key.

        6.  Type the line number that  contains  the  existing  group  of
            characters.

        7.  Press the RETURN key.

        8.  EDIT prints the revised line on your terminal.




                                    C-6
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


   In line 800 of ADDTWO.FOR, the word  FIRMAT  should  be  corrected  to
   FORMAT.   The  command SFIRMANT<$>FORMAT<>800 replaces the word FIRMAT
   with FORMAT.

        *SFIRMAT<ESC>FORMAT<ESC>800<RET>
        00800  103     FORMAT   (' ADDING ',F,' TO ',F,' GIVES ',F)
        *




   C.2.7  Saving a File

   To finish your EDIT session and save the edited file, type E and press
   the  RETURN key.  EDIT prints the name of your file and returns you to
   TOPS-20 command levels.

        *E

        [ADDTWO.FOR.2]
        @



   C.3  RERUNNING A FORTRAN PROGRAM

   After editing your program, run it again to find out if it works.

   To reexecute a FORTRAN program, type EXECUTE and press the RETURN key.
   You  do  not  have  to  give  the  name  of the file.  If you omit the
   filename, TOPS-20 executes the  file  that  you  named  in  your  last
   EXECUTE command.  In this case, TOPS-20 executes ADDTWO.FOR.

        @EXECUTE
        FORTRAN: ADDTWO
        MAIN.
        LINK:   Loading
        (LNKXCT ADDTWO execution)
        TYPE TWO NUMBERS.
        34,78
        ADDING      34.0000000 TO     78,0000000 GIVES    112,0000000
        CPU time 0.25   Elapsed time 10.03
        @











                                    C-7
                      CHANGING YOUR PROGRAM USING EDIT


   C.3.1  Typing Out Your Program

   To see a final copy of your FORTRAN program printed on your terminal

        1.  Type TYPE.

        2.  Press the ESC key.

        3.  The system prints (FILE).

        4.  Type the filename and file type of your file.

        5.  Press the RETURN key.

            @TYPE (FILE) ADDTWO.FOR
            00100    C THIS PROGRAM ADDS TWO NUMBERS.
            00200            TYPE 101
            00300    101     FORMAT (' TYPE TWO NUMBERS.')
            00400            ACCEPT 102,X,Y
            00450    102     FORMAT  (2F)
            00600            Z=X+Y
            00700            TYPE 103,X,Y,Z
            00800    103     FORMAT (' ADDING ',F,' TO ',F,' GIVES ',F)
            09000            END
            @





























                                    C-8











                                 APPENDIX D

                                USING BASIC



   If you want to enter and run a BASIC program using BASIC-PLUS-2,  type
   in  your  program  directly  to  BASIC;  you should not use EDIT.  The
   following sections show how to start BASIC, and  then  how  to  enter,
   save, run, edit, rerun, and list your program.  Section D.10 shows you
   how to leave BASIC.



   D.1  STARTING BASIC

   After you see the @, type BASIC, and  press  the  RETURN  key.   BASIC
   prints READY.

        @BASIC

        READY

   Once BASIC prints READY,  you  can  use  any  of  the  BASIC  commands
   discussed  in  this  section.   You must not, however, use any TOPS-20
   command or recognition input.



   D.2  ENTERING YOUR PROGRAM

        1.  After you see READY, type NEW to enter a new file  into  your
            working area in the computer.  Press the RETURN key.

                 READY
                 NEW
                 New Program Name--








                                    D-1
                                USING BASIC


        2.  After you see New  Program  Name--,  type  a  name  for  your
            program, and press the RETURN key.  The program name can have
            up to 39 letters and numbers.  The  following  example  shows
            using the name SQUARE for the new program name:

                 New program name--SQUARE

                 READY

        3.  After you see READY, begin typing your  program.   Type  line
            numbers at the beginning of each line of your program.  Press
            the RETURN key at the end of each line.

   The example shows a BASIC program as it was  originally  entered;  the
   program contains an error that is corrected later in this section.

        100!SQUARE.B20 - THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES A SQUAREROOT.
        200 PRINT "TYPE A NUMBER."
        300 INPUT X
        400 Y = SQR(X)
        500 PRINT "THE SQUAROOT OF ";X;" IS ";Y
        600 STOP
        700 END 



   D.3  SAVING YOUR PROGRAM

   After you enter your program into your working area,  type  SAVE,  and
   press  the  RETURN key.  When you see READY, it means that BASIC saved
   the program you just typed into your storage  area.   By  saving  your
   program,  you  can run it at a later time without having to reenter it
   into the computer.  (Refer to Section D.9).

        SAVE

        READY

   To see a list of the files saved in your storage area,  type  CATALOG,
   and press the RETURN key.

        CATALOG

        ADDTWO.FOR.2
        FACTOR.B20.1
        RANDOM.B20.2
        SQRT.ALG.2
        SQUARE.B20.1

        READY




                                    D-2
                                USING BASIC


   D.4  RUNNING YOUR PROGRAM

   To run the program in your working  area,  type  RUN,  and  press  the
   RETURN  key.   You wil see the name of your program, the time, and the
   date.  When you see READY, your program has finished running.

        RUN

        SQART.B20
        Friday, June 10, 1988 09:13:16

        TYPE A NUMBER.
         ? 45.668
        THE SQUAREOOT OF  45.668  IS  6,75781
        STOP at line 00600 of MAIN PROGRAM

        Compile time: 0.054 secs
        Run time: 0.138 secs            Elapsed time: 0:00:08

        READY



   D.5  EDITING YOUR PROGRAM

   To edit the program in your working area:

        1.  Type the number of the line that you want to change.

        2.  Type the new contents of the line.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

                 500 PRINT "THE SQUAREROOT OF ";X;" IS ";Y



   D.6  RENAMING YOUR PROGRAM

   To rename an existing BASIC program in your storage area:

        1.  Type RENAME.

        2.  Type the new program name.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

                 RENAME SQART

                 READY




                                    D-3
                                USING BASIC


   D.7  RERUNNING YOUR PROGRAM

   Now that you have changed your program, run it to make  sure  that  it
   works properly.

        RUN

        SQUARE.B20
        Friday, June 10, 1988 09:11:44

        TYPE A NUMBER.
         ? 45.668
        THE SQUAREROOT OF 45.668  IS  6.75781
        STOP at line 00600 of MAIN PROGRAM

        Compile time: 0:086 secs
        Run time: 0.229 secs            Elapsed time: 0:00:10

        READY



   D.8  LISTING YOUR PROGRAM

   To get a final copy of your corrected program, type  LIST,  and  press
   the RETURN key.

        LIST

        SQART.B20
        Tuesday, February 6, 1988 11:03:31

        00100!SQUARE.B20 - THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES A SQUAREROOT.
        00200 PRINT "TYPE A NUMBER."
        00300 INPUT X
        00400 Y = SQR(X)
        00500 PRINT "THE SQUAREROOT OF ";X;"  IS ";Y
        00600 STOP
        00700 END

        READY

   To list a single line of your program, type LIST, type the line number
   of the line, and press the RETURN key.

        LIST 500

        SQART.B20
        Tuesday, February 6, 1988 11:03:40

        00500 PRINT "THE SQUAREROOT OF ";X;"  IS ";Y

        READY

                                    D-4
                                USING BASIC


   D.9  RUNNING AN EXISTING PROGRAM

   To run an existing BASIC program, you must do two things:

        1.  Move a copy of the program from your storage area  into  your
            working area.

        2.  Type the RUN command.

   To move a copy of an existing program into your working area  and  run
   the program:

        1.  Type OLD.

        2.  Type the program name.

        3.  Press the RETURN key.

        4.  Type RUN.

        5.  Press the RETURN key.
            OLD FACTOR

            READY
            RUN<RET>

            FACTOR
            Tuesday, February 6, 1988 11:28:46

            FIND THE FACTORIAL OF:
             ? 6<RET>
            THE FACTORIAL OF 6 IS 720

            RUNTIME: 0.563 SECS                ELAPSED TIME: 0:00:51

            READY



   D.10  LEAVING BASIC

   To leave BASIC, type MONITOR, and press the RETURN key.  When you  see
   the @, you can type any TOPS-20 command.

        MONITOR
        @

   To leave BASIC and log out automatically, type BYE.






                                    D-5
                                        


                                   INDEX



               -A-                     Character (Cont.)
                                         exclamation point, 2-12, 3-3
   Abbreviated input, 2-9                hyphen, 2-12
     combined with recognition, 2-11     percent sign, 4-9
   ACCESS command, 6-11                  question mark, 2-5
   Accessing directories, 6-11           specifying special, 4-10
   Accounts, 1-15                        wildcard, 4-9
   ALGOL programming language, 9-1     COBDDT program, 9-3
   APPEND command, 6-14                COBOL programming language, 9-1
   Appending files, 6-14               COMAND.CMD file, 1-17
   ARCHIVE command, 6-25               Command
   Archiving, 6-25                       fields, 2-4
     archiving expired files           Command file, 1-16
         automatically, 6-27             BATCH.CMD, 10-2
     cancelling requests for, 6-26       COMAND.CMD, 1-17
     deleting archived files, 6-27       indirect, 9-14
     listing archived files, 6-26        LOGIN.CMD, 1-16
     retrieving archived files, 6-26   Commands
   Assembler, 9-2                        see also individual commands
   ASSIGN command, 7-3                   components of, 2-1
   Assigning devices, 7-3                device handling, A-3
   Autobaud terminal line, 1-10          file system, A-2
                                         informational, A-5
               -B-                       program control, A-4
                                         system access, A-1
   Background fork, 8-16                 terminal, A-6
   BASIC programming language, 9-2     COMPILE command, 9-2, 9-3, 9-15
   Batch control file, 10-1            Compiler, 9-2
   Batch job, 10-1                       concatenating files for, 9-23
     cancelling, 10-7                    defaults, 9-19
     checking status of, 10-4          CONNECT command, 6-9
     modifying, 10-6                   Connecting to directories, 6-8
   Batch log file, 10-5                CONTINUE command, 8-12
   BATCH.CMD file, 10-2                Control character
   Baud rate, 1-10                       CTRL/C, 8-7
   BLISS programming language, 9-1       CTRL/F, 4-11
                                         CTRL/H, 2-14
               -C-                       CTRL/O, 8-8
                                         CTRL/Q, 1-8, 1-9
   CANCEL ARCHIVE command, 6-26          CTRL/R, 2-14
   CANCEL BATCH command, 10-7            CTRL/S, 1-8, 1-9
   CANCEL MOUNT command, 7-2, 7-6        CTRL/T, 8-9
   CANCEL PRINT command, 6-18            CTRL/U, 2-14
   CANCEL RETRIEVE command, 6-25         CTRL/V, 4-10
   Character                             CTRL/W, 2-14
     asterisk, 4-9                     Control file
     at sign in batch, 10-1              batch, 10-1
     colon, 4-3                        Control key, 1-2


                                  Index-1
                                        


   COPY command, 6-13                              -F-
   Copying files, 6-13
   CREATE command, 5-4                 FILCOM program, 8-3, 9-14
   .CRF file, 9-7                      File
   Cross-reference listing, 9-6          batch log, 10-5
   Current fork, 8-16                    cross-reference, 9-7
                                         .EXE, 9-4
               -D-                       executable, 8-6
                                         expired, 6-28
   DAYTIME command, 2-2                  generation number, 4-6, 4-7,
   DDT program, 9-3                          4-11
   DEBUG command, 9-2, 9-16              indirect command, 9-14
   Debugging a program, 9-3              invisible, 6-29
   DECmail/MS program, 3-6, 3-7          library, 9-8, 9-11
   Defaults, 2-12                        MIGRATION.ORDER, 6-23
     compiler, 9-20                      name, 4-5
   DEFINE command, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15      protection code, 4-8, 6-5, 6-6
   DELETE command, 6-20                  .REL, 9-1
   Delete key, 1-2, 2-14                 specification, 4-1
   Deleting files, 6-20                  structure, 6-2
   Device names, 4-2, 4-3                temporary, 4-8, 6-21
   Devices                               types, 4-6, B-1
     assigning, 7-3                      visible, 6-29
   Directories                         File attributes, 4-8
     accessing, 6-11                   Files
     connecting to, 6-8                  appending, 6-14
   Directory                             archiving, 6-25
     log-in, 4-3, 6-2                    comparing, 8-3, 9-14
     names, 4-3                          copying, 6-13
     protection number, 6-4              creating, 5-1
     storage allocation, 6-22            deleting, 6-20
   DIRECTORY command, 2-11               editing, 5-1
   Disk storage allocation, 6-22         erasing, 6-20
     permanent, 6-22                     migrating, 6-23
     working, 6-22                       printing, 6-15
   DISMOUNT STRUCTURE command, 6-3       renaming, 6-14
   DISMOUNT TAPE command, 7-2            restoring deleted, 6-20
   DUMPER program, 4-7, 6-25, 7-1,       retrieving archived, 6-26
       7-4                             FORDDT program, 9-3
                                       Fork, 8-13
               -E-                       background, 8-16
                                         current, 8-16
   EDIT command, 5-4                     kept, 8-15
   EDIT program, 5-1                   FORK command, 8-16
   Editor programs, 5-1                FORTRAN programming language, 9-1
   EDT-20 program, 5-3
   Erasing files, 6-20                             -G-
   Escape key, 1-2, 2-8, 4-11
   Executable program, 8-6             Generation number
   EXECUTE command, 9-2, 9-6, 9-16       file, 4-6, 4-7, 4-11
   Executing a program, 9-2, 9-6       Global switch, 10-4
   EXPUNGE command, 6-20               Group, 6-4


                                  Index-2
                                        


   Guidewords, 2-2, 2-8                Line speed
                                         terminal, 1-10
               -H-                     Line width
                                         terminal, 1-19
   HELP command, 8-5                   LINK program, 9-2
                                       Links
               -I-                       terminal, 3-3
                                       Load average, 8-10
   INFORMATION commands                LOAD command, 9-2, 9-8, 9-16
     ALERTS, 2-15                      LOAD-class commands, 9-2
     ARCHIVE-STATUS, 6-25                default arguments, 9-22
     AVAILABLE-DEVICES, 7-2              saving arguments, 9-14
     BATCH-REQUESTS, 10-4                using, 9-15, 9-16
     DEFAULTS, 6-19                    Loading a program, 9-17
     DISK-USAGE, 6-22                  Local switch, 10-4
     FORK-STATUS, 8-17                 Log-in directory, 6-2
     JOB-STATUS, 6-10                  Logical names, 4-13, 4-15
     LOGICAL-NAMES, 4-14               LOGIN command, 1-12
     MOUNT-REQUESTS, 7-2, 7-5          LOGIN.CMD file, 1-16
     OUTPUT-REQUESTS, 6-16               define logical names in, 4-13
     RETRIEVAL-REQUESTS, 6-24          LOGOUT command, 1-18
     STRUCTURE, 6-3
     SYSTEM, 3-5
     TAPE-PARAMETERS, 7-3                          -M-
     TERMINAL-MODE, 1-5, 1-7
     VOLUMES, 7-5                      MACRO programming language, 9-1
                                       Magnetic tape
               -J-                       see tape
                                       MAKLIB program, 9-8, 9-10
   Job, 1-12                           Memory
     see also batch job                  preserving contents of, 8-12,
                                             8-13
               -K-                     Messages
                                         CTRL/T status, 8-10
   KEEP command, 8-15                    process termination, 8-11
   Kept fork, 8-15                       system identification, 1-5
   Key                                 Migration of files, 6-23
     Control, 1-2                      MIGRATION.ORDER file, 6-23
     Delete, 1-2, 2-14                 MODIFY BATCH command, 10-6, 10-7
     Escape, 1-2, 2-8, 4-11            MODIFY PRINT command, 6-18
     Return, 1-3                       Modules
     Space, 1-3                          programming, 9-5
     Tab, 1-3                          Mount count, 6-3
                                       MOUNT STRUCTURE command, 6-3
               -L-                     MOUNT TAPE command, 7-2, 7-4
                                       Multiforking, 8-13
   Labelled tapes, 7-1
     using, 7-4
   Library file, 9-8
     creating a, 9-10                              -N-
     subroutine, 9-8
     using a.LM0, 9-11                 NUL: device name, 4-3


                                  Index-3
                                        


               -O-                     .REL file, 9-1
                                       REMARK command, 3-3
   Object program, 9-1, 9-2, 9-16      RENAME command, 6-14
   Off-line storage, 6-23              RESET command, 8-17
   On-line expiration date, 6-27       Restoring files, 6-20
                                       RETRIEVE command, 6-24, 6-26
               -P-                     Return key, 1-3
                                       RUN command, 8-6, 9-4
   Page length
     terminal, 1-19                                -S-
   Passwords, 1-14
     protecting, 1-15                  SAVE command, 9-13
     selecting, 1-14                   SEND command, 3-8
   PERUSE command, 5-4                 Session-Remark, 1-16
   PLEASE program, 3-9, 3-10, 7-3      SET ACCOUNT command, 4-8
   POBOX, 4-16                         SET ALERT command, 2-15
   POP command, 8-12, 8-13             SET AUTOMATIC command, 2-16
   PRINT command, 6-15                 SET DEFAULT COMPILER-SWITCHES
   Print requests                          command, 9-20
     cancelling, 6-18                  SET DEFAULT PRINT command, 6-19
   Printing files, 6-15                SET DEFAULT SUBMIT command, 10-4
   Process, 8-13                       SET DIRECTORY command, 6-27, 6-28
   Process termination messages,       SET DIRECTORY PASSWORD command,
       8-11                                1-15
   Programs                            SET FILE EXPIRED command, 6-28
     see also individual programs      SET FILE INVISIBLE command, 6-29
     controlling, 8-7                  SET FILE PROTECTION command, 6-8
     multi-module, 9-5                 SET FILE RESIST command, 6-23
     object, 9-1, 9-2, 9-16            SET FILE VISIBLE command, 6-29
     relocatable object, 9-18          SET MAIL-WATCH command, 3-13
     running system, 8-1               SET SESSION-REMARK command, 1-16
     running user, 8-6                 SET TAPE DENSITY command, 7-3
     saving, 9-13                      SET TYPEOUT MODE command, 8-10
     source, 9-1, 9-2, 9-16            Source program, 9-1, 9-2, 9-16
   Project-programmer number, 4-4,     Space bar, 1-3
       4-5                             Special characters
   Protection code                       see characters
     directory, 6-4                    START command, 9-2
     file, 4-8, 6-5                    Storage allocation
   Public structure, 6-2                 see Disk storage
   PUSH command, 8-12, 8-13            Structure
                                         file, 6-2
               -R-                       public, 6-2
                                       Subcommand, 2-3
   RECEIVE SYSTEM-MESSAGES command,    SUBMIT command, 10-3
       3-10                            Subroutines, 9-8
   Recognition input, 2-8              SYSTAT command, 3-1
     with file specifications, 4-11,
         4-12                                      -T-
   REFUSE LINKS command, 3-12
   REFUSE SYSTEM-MESSAGES command,     Tab key, 1-3
       3-10                            Tab stops, 1-3


                                  Index-4
                                        


   TALK command, 3-3                   Terminal output
   Tape                                  controlling, 1-8
     allocation, 7-1                   TERMINAL PAUSE command, 1-8
     labelled, 7-1, 7-4                TERMINAL SPEED command, 1-10
     setname, 7-4                      TERMINAL WIDTH command, 1-19
     setting parameters for, 7-3       TOPS-20 commands
     system backup, 2-16                 components of, 2-1
     unlabelled, 7-1, 7-2              TRANSLATE command, 4-5
     volume identifier, 7-4            TV program, 5-3
   Terminal characteristics, 1-5
     line width, 1-19                              -U-
     page length, 1-19
     speed, 1-10, 1-11                 UNDELETE command, 6-20
     terminal type, 1-6                Unlabelled tapes, 7-1, 7-2
   TERMINAL command, 1-6, 1-7          UNLOAD command, 7-3
   TERMINAL INHIBIT command, 3-12      User names, 1-14
   Terminal input
     abbreviated, 2-9                              -V-
     recognition, 2-8
   TERMINAL LENGTH command, 1-19       VOLID, 7-4
   TERMINAL NO FORMFEED command,       Volume identifier, 7-4
       1-20
   TERMINAL NO INDICATE command,                   -W-
       1-20
                                       Wildcard characters, 4-9





























                                  Index-5